High-level System Research Articles

Advancing haptic realism: modelling grasp contact vibrations for enhanced virtual environment interaction

Abstract In haptic technology, achieving realistic tactile feedback is crucial for enhancing the user experience in virtual environments. Previous studies lack effective methods for transmitting high-frequency vibrations crucial for realistic tactile feedback in haptic interfaces, highlighting the need for our research to address this gap. This paper explores the application of a tactile gripping interface to transmit the high-frequency vibrations produced when contacting a hard object's surface. These short vibrations improve the tactile sensation of hard virtual surfaces when overlaid on traditional position-based force feedback within a haptic environment. The enhanced realism of virtual objects is achieved by effectively estimating the vibration composition from user-induced parameters. This work presents a prototype grasping interface and empirically demonstrates this device's utility. We examine empirical grasp contact data, recorded and interpreted, to recognise the relationship between dynamic user-controlled parameters and the resulting vibration transients. This relationship effectively incorporates these changing dynamics to model the grasp impact and estimate the essential system parameters to understand the influence of the user's grasp force. Through our multi-point grasping interface design, this work demonstrates a mathematical relationship between the user's grasp force and the high-frequency vibrations from contact with hard surfaces. The study found that the proposed haptic interface had an RMSE of 0.05, demonstrating the system's high level of accuracy. This low RMSE value indicates that the predicted vibrations closely matched the actual measured vibrations, proving the effectiveness of our methods through objective validation.

System Design of an Online Marketplace Towards the Standardisation of Sustainable Energy Efficiency Investments in Buildings

Nowadays, the increase in sustainable investments, especially when it comes to energy efficiency in buildings, has been recognised as an important pillar towards reductions in energy consumption. In this context, there is a need for efficient and user-friendly digital tools that can support decision-making procedures for all involved parties in the energy efficiency value chain. The scope of this paper is to present a high-level architecture and system design of the energy efficiency marketplace developed within the framework of the ENERGATE project, an EU-funded initiative aiming to assist Building Owners, Project Implementors, and Financial Institutions to collaborate and execute energy-efficient building renovations. To this end, structured data through predefined information entries will be collected. This will facilitate the interactions between heterogenous stakeholders and contribute to the standardisation of processes. The paper focuses on the functional description of the system design of the ENERGATE platform by defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and structured data, as well as highlighting the requirements of potential platform users and design principles to meet the necessary requirements while ensuring security, reliability, and effectiveness.

Multimodal neurophenomenology of advanced concentration absorption meditation: An intensively sampled case study of Jhana.

Using a combination of fMRI, EEG, and phenomenology ratings, we examined the neurophenomenology of advanced concentrative absorption meditation, namely jhanas (ACAM-J), in a practitioner with over 23,000 h of meditation practice. Our study shows that ACAM-J states induce reliable changes in conscious experience and that these experiences are related to neural activity. Using resting-state fMRI functional connectivity, we found that ACAM-J is associated with decreased within-network modularity, increased global functional connectivity (GFC), and desegregation of the default mode and visual networks. Compared to control tasks, the ACAM-J were also related to widespread decreases in broadband EEG oscillatory power and increases in Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZ, a measure of brain entropy). Some fMRI findings varied by the control task used, while EEG results remained consistent, emphasizing both shared and unique neural features of ACAM-J. These differences in fMRI and EEG-measured neurophysiological properties correlated with specific changes in phenomenology - and especially with ACAM-J-induced states of bliss - enriching our understanding of these advanced meditative states. Our results show that advanced meditation practices markedly dysregulate high-level brain systems via practices of enhanced attention to sensations, corroborating recent neurocognitive theories of meditation as the deconstruction of the brain's cortical hierarchy. Overall, our results suggest that ACAM-J is associated with the modulation of large-scale brain networks in both fMRI and EEG, with potential implications for understanding the mechanisms of deep concentration practices and their effects on subjective experience.

Chemerin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target.

Background: Chemerin, an adipokine implicated in inflammatory, metabolic, and adipogenic processes, has been detected in high serum concentration in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and seems to play a role in PCOS pathogenesis. Moreover, at present, no comprehensive and critical document is available in the literature on this topic. The aim of the current study was to comprehensively review the latest available data to confirm the evidence about the association between chemerin and PCOS, highlighting its potential role as an upcoming biomarker and therapeutic target. Methods: A search in the literature of studies published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, focusing on research related to chemerin, PCOS, and PCOS-related features, comorbidities, and complications. A qualitative structured synthesis of key findings was performed according to the specific thematic areas selected, including and discussing clinical data on women with PCOS and experimental studies in humans and animal models of PCOS. Results: Available data confirm increased serum levels of chemerin in women with PCOS compared with controls, independent of obesity and body mass index. Chemerin is associated with insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovarian dysfunction in PCOS individuals, inhibiting folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Experimental animal models underscore chemerin's regulatory roles through its receptors within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and peripheral tissues. High systemic levels of chemerin in PCOS may also be related to the increased risk of pregnancy complications, especially gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. Conclusions: The current review study highlights the role of chemerin in PCOS pathophysiology, severity, and associated comorbidities and complications, assessing its value as a future biomarker and foreshadowing its potential as a therapeutic target.

Development Models, Key Characteristics, and Implications of High-Level Modern Apprenticeship Systems: A Case Study of Britain, Germany, and the United States

With the upgrading of modern industrial structures and the advent of the digital age, higher education in vocational training at the undergraduate level plays a crucial role in adapting to the demands of economic transformation, cultivating high-level technical skills talents, and enhancing the appeal of vocational education. The high-level modern apprenticeship systems in countries such as the UK, Germany, and the US exhibit distinct features in areas such as top-level design coordination, operational mechanism collaboration, standard system construction, and quality assurance supervision. Drawing on their advanced experiences is beneficial for filling the gaps in policies, improving operational efficiency, responding to the demands of the era, and addressing questions of quality in China's undergraduate-level vocational education modern apprenticeship system.

Vehicle identification and analysis based on lightweight yolov5 on edge computing platform

Abstract With the accelerating process of urbanization, the role of intelligent transportation systems in urban traffic management has become more crucial. Nevertheless, traditional surveillance cameras only possess the ability to capture videos and lack the capacity for vehicle detection. Consequently, in order to enhance the intelligent capabilities of front-end surveillance cameras and achieve lightweight model deployment, this research has designed a lightweight detection model that can be deployed on embedded devices. Deploying detection models on embedded devices requires a high level of storage and system computing power, and there exist issues such as model speed, model accuracy, model size, and energy efficiency that are difficult to address in existing studies.Specifically, based on YOLOv5, we first use lightweight structures to replace the C3 module and introduce GSConv and Slim Neck structures to replace the Neck of YOLOv5 in order to reduce the model's parameters and computational complexity. After replacing the model structure, we use global channel pruning to remove redundant information, and use asymmetric quantization to convert model parameters from floating point numbers to fixed point numbers, significantly reducing the model's size and load time, and improving the inference speed. For the target tracking part, we combine the ByteTrack target tracking algorithm with the proposed model, effectively reducing the impact of target occlusion on detection and improving the correlation between video frames. In terms of data recording, detection information such as vehicle color, license plate number, and road blockage level can be uploaded to the database server, and the model's detection results can be encoded using the H.264 video encoding format and uploaded to the streaming media server through streaming media protocols. In the experimental part, we selected the embedded Rk3399pro as the deployment object and achieved 97.8% accuracy in the vehicle counting task, meeting the real-time performance requirements of 31FPS.

An Innovative Applied Control System of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines Based on Neuro-Fuzzy Networks

This study focuses on helicopter turboshaft engine innovative fault-tolerant fuzzy automatic control system development to enhance safety and efficiency in various flight modes. Unlike traditional systems, the proposed automatic control system incorporates a fuzzy regulator with an adaptive control mechanism, allowing for dynamic fuel flow and blade pitch angle adjustment based on changing conditions. The scientific novelty lies in the helicopter turboshaft engines distinguishing separate models and the fuel metering unit, significantly improving control accuracy and adaptability to current flight conditions. During experimental research on the TV3-117 engine installed on the Mi-8MTV helicopter, a parametric modeling system was developed to simulate engine operation in real time and interact with higher-level systems. Innovation is evident in the creation of the failure model that accounts for dynamic changes and probabilistic characteristics, enabling the prediction of failures and minimizing their impact on the system. The results demonstrate high effectiveness for the proposed model, achieving an accuracy of 99.455%, while minimizing the loss function, confirming its reliability for practical application in dynamic flight conditions.

Understanding Elderly Drivers' Perception of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: A Systematic Review of Perceived Risks, Trust, Ease of Use, and Usefulness.

Elderly drivers often face safety challenges due to age-related declines in cognitive, sensory, and motor functions. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) offer a potential solution by enhancing safety and mobility. This systematic review investigates the factors influencing the perception and usage of ADAS among elderly drivers, focusing on perceived safety, usefulness, trust, and ease of use. Older adults show a preference for Level 1 ADAS, which they perceive as safer. Although they acknowledge the usefulness of ADAS in supporting their autonomy, skepticism remains regarding higher-level systems, primarily due to concerns about reliability and invasiveness. Trust and ease of use are essential factors influencing their acceptance. The review identifies common themes and barriers to the adoption of these technologies and emphasizes the need for senior-friendly interfaces and targeted training. The findings indicate that addressing these issues can significantly improve the safety and mobility of elderly drivers. The successful adoption of ADAS among older adults depends on balancing safety, control, and ease of use, with gradual and supportive integration fostering greater acceptance and trust. This study outlines practical implications for stakeholders, emphasizing the need for user-friendly ADAS design, public awareness campaigns, government incentives, insurance discounts, and community training to enhance adoption among older drivers.

Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC Run 2

The CERN LHC provided proton and heavy ion collisions during its Run 2 operation period from 2015 to 2018. Proton-proton collisions reached a peak instantaneous luminosity of 2.1× 1034 cm-2s-1, twice the initial design value, at √(s)=13 TeV. The CMS experiment records a subset of the collisions for further processing as part of its online selection of data for physics analyses, using a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the high-level trigger, a streamlined version of the offline reconstruction software running on a large computer farm. This paper presents the performance of the CMS high-level trigger system during LHC Run 2 for physics objects, such as leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum, which meet the broad needs of the CMS physics program and the challenge of the evolving LHC and detector conditions. Sophisticated algorithms that were originally used in offline reconstruction were deployed online. Highlights include a machine-learning b tagging algorithm and a reconstruction algorithm for tau leptons that decay hadronically.

Model Checking Distributed Protocols in Must

We describe the design and implementation of Must, a framework for modeling and automatically verifying distributed systems. Must provides a concurrency API that supports multiple communication models, on top of a mainstream programming language, such as Rust. Given a program using this API, Must verifies it by means of a novel, optimal dynamic partial order reduction algorithm that maintains completeness and optimality for all communication models supported by the API. We use Must to design and verify models of distributed systems in an industrial context. We demonstrate the usability of Must's API by modeling high-level system idioms (e.g., timeouts, leader election, versioning) as abstractions over the core API, and demonstrate Must's scalability by verifying systems employed in production (e.g., replicated logs, distributed transaction management protocols), the verification of which lies beyond the capacity of previous model checkers.

Dietary patterns related to attention and physiological function in high-altitude migrants.

High altitude exposure negatively affects human attentional function. However, no studies have explored the regulation of attentional and physiological functions from a dietary perspective. A total of 116 Han Chinese students from Tibet University who were born and raised in a plain area and had been living in Tibet for > 2 years were recruited. All participants were male migrants. A food frequency questionnaire, complete blood count, and attention network test were performed on the participants. Pearson's correlation was applied to assess the reliability and validity of the food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was utilized to extract dietary patterns. A linear mixed model was employed to account for individual differences. The results showed that the five main dietary patterns were coarse grain, alcohol, meat, protein, and snacking dietary patterns. Furthermore, individuals who adhered to the coarse grain dietary pattern and had high mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed better attentional performance. Individuals with high alcohol consumption and systemic immune-inflammation index levels exhibited worse attentional performance. These findings imply that high-altitude migrants should include more coarse grains in their daily diet and avoid excessive alcohol consumption to improve attention.

Impaired mucosal IgA response in patients with severe COVID-19

ABSTRACT Several studies have investigated the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, focusing particularly on the systemic humoral immune response and the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. IgA antibodies play a crucial role in protecting against respiratory viral infections but have also been associated with the pathophysiology of COVID-19. We performed a prospective study of 169 COVID-19 patients – 50 with critical/severe (ICU), 47 with moderate (Non-ICU), and 72 with asymptomatic COVID-19 – to explore the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that the early systemic IgA response strongly induced in patients with severe disease did not block IgG neutralization functions and activated FcRs more effectively than IgG. However, even if SIgA levels were high, mucosal IgA antibodies could not control the infection effectively in patients with severe disease. Our findings highlight the complexity of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting high systemic levels of IgA with strong neutralizing capacity in severe cases, together with higher levels of IgA-FcR activation than in asymptomatic patients. They also suggest the need for further research to fully understand the role of IgA and its structural alterations in mucosal tissues in cases of severe disease and the impact of these antibodies on disease progression.

Trust, regulation, and stewardship of the medical profession in India

In this paper we discuss the consequences of commercialisation of medicine and the associated shift in professional values, identity, and practices for patients, doctors, and health care organisations in India. We do so within the broader frame of the widely reported fall in trust in the health system in India, and with a view to reflect on how trust may be restored to a level which sustains a different but effective type of relationship between the medical profession and society. We draw on interviews with high-level health system and social actors in India to shed light on the key influences which shape the stewardship and governance of the health care system and the medical profession in the light of mounting evidence of and concerns around the erosion of public and patient trust in these institutions in India. Analysis is presented through four interrelated thematic articulations. Two themes highlight the practices of doctors and the actions of patients which contributed to changes in their relations and particularly a decline in trust. Two further themes focus on the policy and practice implications for regulation and stewardship of the health system and the medical profession.

Decreased Systemic Monocyte Colony Protein-1 (MCP-1) Levels and Reduced sCD14 Levels in Curcumin-Treated Patients with Moderate Anxiety: A Pilot Study.

Psychosocial stress may alter cortisol and/or affect the normal functioning of the immune system. Curcuminoids can promote beneficial effects in neuropsychiatric diseases. We evaluated whether curcumin supplementation for 15 consecutive days (1800 mg/day) would decrease systemic MCP-1, sCD14, and TNF alpha levels in patients with moderate anxiety (n = 81). A total number of 81 subjects were enrolled in this study, divided into the following groups according to their Hamilton scores: a control group including patients without anxiety who were not taking curcumin (Cont, n = 22) and an anxiety group including patients with moderate anxiety (Anx, n = 22). The curcumin-treated patients experienced moderate anxiety, and they take curcumin for 15 consecutive days (Anx-Cur (after), n = 15, 1800 mg/day). An evaluation of 128 patients was conducted, which allowed for their assignment to the study groups according to their scores on Hamilton scale II. The cortisol levels were quantified in salivary samples through ELISA (ng/mL), and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were measured in plasma via the TBARS assay as an index of lipoperoxidation. Several systemic proinflammatory cytokines (pg/mL: MCP-1, TNF alpha, IL-1 beta) and mediators were quantified through ELISA (pg/mL), including systemic sCD14 levels as a marker of monocyte activation. A two-way bifactorial ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the contributions of the anxiety factor (Anx) and/or curcumin factor (Cur) in all the tested markers, including interactions between both factors. High systemic MCP-1 and elevated sCD14 levels were observed in patients with moderate anxiety, which were reduced with curcumin supplementation. In addition, curcumin prevented cortisol overexpression and decreased MDA levels as an antioxidant response in these patients. Collectively, curcumin presented anti-chemotactic effects by reducing systemic MCP-1 levels in anxiety. Curcumin decreased systemic MCP-1 as well as sCD14 levels in patients with moderate anxiety.

Altered co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors on monocyte subsets in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites from the Leishmania (L.) donovani complex. VL is characterised by uncontrolled parasite replication in spleen, liver and bone marrow, and by an impaired immune response and high systemic levels of inflammation. Monocytes have been poorly characterised in VL patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of markers involved in the regulation of T cell responses on different subsets of monocytes from the blood of VL patients and healthy non-endemic controls (HNEC). Monocytes can broadly be divided into three subsets: classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Our results show that the percentages of all three subsets stayed similar at the time of VL diagnosis (ToD) and at the end of anti-leishmanial treatment (EoT). We first looked at co-stimulatory receptors: the expression levels of CD40 were significantly increased on classical and intermediate, but not non-classical monocytes, at ToD as compared to EoT and HNEC. CD80 expression levels were also increased on intermediate monocytes at ToD as compared to EoT and HNEC, and on classical monocytes only as compared to HNEC. The levels of CD86 were similar at EoT and ToD and in HNEC on classical and intermediate monocytes, but significantly higher at EoT on non-classical monocytes. We also looked at an inhibitory molecule, PD-L1. Our results show that the expression levels of PD-L1 were significantly higher on all three monocyte subsets at ToD as compared to HNEC, and to EoT on classical and intermediate monocytes. These results show that monocytes from the blood of VL patients upregulate both co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors and that their expression levels are restored at EoT.

Resection of the adipose fin from rainbow trout acutely alters the cerebral transcriptome and respiratory frequency

As many as 100 million salmonid fish are tagged annually by removing the adipose fin, usually for recovery statistics and the fishing industry. In a multi-parametrical approach, we evaluated the response to resection of the adipose fin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss over the course of 72 h. Both the concentrations of lactate and the cerebral transcriptomes differed in rainbow trout early after adipose fin clipping compared to the matching intact controls. The number of differentially expressed genes significantly increased, first in the midbrain and later in the forebrain, in fin-clipped compared to intact trout. Several of these genes were predicted to be involved in pain-induced and synaptogenesis-related pathways, suggesting that adipose fin resection may affect the architecture of neuronal networks. In an experimental setup applying swimming tunnels, we tested whether removal of the adipose fin had any consequences on the behavior of fin-clipped versus intact trout exposed to a regularly recurring water flow. Concomitant with increased and prevailing breath frequencies after repeated exposure to water flows, we observed a marked transcriptional response in the forebrain of fin-clipped trout compared with intact unchallenged controls at later time points after the resection. The resulting list of differentially expressed genes was assigned to a broad range of signaling pathways involved in trans-synaptic signaling, neuronal interaction dynamics, and neuroplasticity. Taken together, our findings suggest that resection of the potentially flow-sensory adipose fin alters pathways related to pain perception and likely enhances the physiological response to the current, probably indicating increased physical effort. We also deduce from the transcriptomic data that amputation of the adipose fin leads to reorganization of the high-level integration system in the brain. The short-term effects observed in the present study require further validation to estimate the prevailing stress for the organism. Nevertheless, we propose considering alternative tagging methods for salmonid fish that do not conflict with fish welfare, as the amputation of the adipose fin may have more far-reaching physiological effects than previously assumed.

Lymphocyte Levels and Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiovascular Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

A year ago, in a sample of 113 patients, our research group found that a high number of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period was correlated to a poor prognosis in cardiovascular surgeries. This study is an expansion of the initial study in order to confirm this finding. We analyzed the data of 338 consecutive patients submitted to cardiovascular surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass performed at Hospital Universitário Ciências Médicas (Belo Horizonte/Brazil) from 2015 to 2017. We analyzed 39 variables with the outcomes death, hospital stay, and intensive care unit stay. The value of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period > 2175.0/mm³ was an indicator of poor prognosis in this sample (P<0.001). The variables female sex, age, high level of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, increased stay in the intensive care unit and in the ward, elevation of creatinine in the preoperative period and at intensive care unit discharge, elevation of the percentage of immediate postoperative period segmented neutrophils, high immediate postoperative period neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, fasting hyperglycemia, preoperative critical condition, reintubation, mild or transient acute renal failure, surgical infection, cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic cross-clamping and mechanical ventilation durations also had an impact on the mortality outcome. The value of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period > 2175.0/mm3 was an indicator of poor prognosis in cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshop for Somalia: An interactive and participatory approach for operationalizing the One Health roadmap

BackgroundNational Bridging Workshops (NBW) are a tool for reviewing collaboration gaps between line ministries relevant to the One Health framework. MethodsThe NBW for Somalia was held on November 11–13, 2023 in Nairobi, Kenya with support from WHO and WOAH. Participants included representatives from the Somali government both national and sub-national (including Ministry of Health; Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range; Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; and Ministry of Environment and Climate Change). Other participants included representatives from non-governmental organizations, academia and the quadripartite. Structured sessions guided participants through a step-by-step process, starting from identifying gaps to collectively developing solutions. The design of these sessions aimed to foster active engagement and collaboration with the outcomes of each session contributing to the subsequent one. ResultsA total of 60 participants partook in the exercise, representing human health (35%), animal health (27%), agriculture (13%), environmental health (7%) and other relevant sectors (18%). Eighty-three percent of participants represented the national level and 17% the sub-national level. The collaborative effort yielded a joint roadmap comprising 36 activities and 11 objectives. Priority objectives included: development of national joint surveillance systems for selected One Health threats (41/47 votes, or 87% of the total votes); establishment of a high-level ministerial system to govern and coordinate One Health activities (30/47; 64%); and establishment of emergency funding structures for priority zoonotic diseases along with development of a 5-year national investment plan for One Health (27/47; 57%). A total of 94% of activities required low or moderate cost to be implemented, and 90% of activities were identified to have a likely high impact on multisectoral collaboration. The timeline for implementing the activities is projected to span one to two years. ConclusionThe workshop promoted high-level engagement, national ownership, and leadership in addressing health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. The resulting co-created roadmap will be integrated into the National Action Plan for Health Security, supporting ongoing One Health efforts in Somalia.

Early Validation of High-Level System Requirements with Event Calculus and Answer Set Programming

AbstractThis paper proposes a new methodology for early validation of high-level requirements on cyber-physical systems with the aim of improving their quality and, thus, lowering chances of specification errors propagating into later stages of development where it is much more expensive to fix them. The paper presents a transformation of a real-world requirements specification of a medical device—the Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump—into an Event Calculus model that is then evaluated using Answer Set Programming and the s(CASP) system. The evaluation under s(CASP) allowed deductive as well as abductive reasoning about the specified functionality of the PCA pump on the conceptual level with minimal implementation or design dependent influences and led to fully automatically detected nuanced violations of critical safety properties. Further, the paper discusses scalability and non-termination challenges that had to be faced in the evaluation and techniques proposed to (partially) solve them. Finally, ideas for improving s(CASP) to overcome its evaluation limitations that still persist as well as to increase its expressiveness are presented.

Research on the Teacher Education Training System Under the Perspective of Deep Learning

In the context of informatization, deep learning has become an important way of education and teaching. In order to implement the requirements of the reform of the teacher education training system in the new era and meet the social demand for high-quality teachers, this paper explores the teacher education training system under the perspective of deep learning. Taking university teacher education as the research object, through a preliminary investigation of the university teacher education training system, the current status of the teacher education training system is grasped as a whole, and through literature combing and content analysis, the theoretical interpretation of deep learning is explored, and the research on the teacher education training system under the perspective of deep learning is explored, so as to establish and improve the teacher education training system and respond to national policies to build a high-level teacher training system.