High Level Of Social Security Research Articles

The Danish Economy, 1973–2009: From National Welfare State to International Market Economy

ABSTRACT A number of long-term trends in the Danish economy changed around 1973. The decades before were characterized by the establishment of a welfare state with a high level of social security and an optimistic attitude to public planning. Many periods during the subsequent decades have witnessed a struggle against different specific economic problems, including how to pay for the welfare state. But the whole period since 1973 has been characterized by an overall movement from a national welfare state to a more international and market-oriented economy. The development can be divided into four separate phases based on changes in government and different policies: 1973–1982 is characterized by escalating economic problems, 1982–93 with an improvement in the macroeconomic balance except in employment, and 1993–2001 with a highly successful improvement, including in employment. During the period 2001–2009 the government did not show the same willingness to make reforms, but this period’s liberal-conservative government is the symbol of the transformation to a market economy.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF PUBLIC POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF POLICE OFFICERS OF UKRAINE

Public policy as regards the police officers social protection is a purposeful and organized activity of public administration subjects, which in the process of exercising their powers through a set of administrative, legal, economic, and social measures contributes to the development of both short- and long-term programs of social protection of the police officers in order to protect their rights and legitimate interests in accordance with the conditions of service, status of the person and their family members during service and upon its completion. Following the analysis of the international experience of social protection of police officers and taking into account the current situation in Ukraine, we can conclude the national police staff members do not enjoy the high level of social security. This leads, above all, to improper performance by police officers of their professional duties, as well as to corruption risks, a negative phenomenon in society, which cancels out the implementation of reforms and development of the State in all areas. In this regard, there is an urgent need to review the existing legislation on social security for compliance both with international standards, and with current national legal and economic circumstances. In particular, we are talking about decent financial support, provision of free housing on lease at the expense of budget funds, introduction of decent monetary compensation for participation in military operations, payment of one-time allowance, etc. At the same time, due to the lack of a significant part of budget allocations, the issue of financing the social security of the police officers in Ukraine remains critical, in particular in terms ofpolice officers’ pensions and the provision of insurance benefits due to disability or death of a police officer while on duty. The article offers real steps to specific qualitative changes to be implemented without delay. After all, today police officers protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. Today they need an independent social protection and confidence in the future.

Disputes in the sphere of social security: ways of prevention, essence and methods of resolution in the countries of the European Union

The article examines the European experience of considering disputes in the field of social security, the ways of their prevention, the essence and methods of resolution, the possibility of borrowing positive assets of foreign states in the law enforcement practice of Ukraine is considered.
 Having analyzed the European experience of resolving disputes in the field of social security, three ways of their possible settlement are distinguished: 1) with the help of special courts on social security issues (sectoral justice); 2) through a civil process in general courts; 3) by means of conciliation and arbitration procedures.
 It was determined that a social model has developed in European countries, which is based on such values ​​common to all EU member states, such as: a close connection between the level of economic development and social progress; high level of social security, which is universal in nature; developed legislation; equal opportunities and fight against discrimination; production democracy; dialogue of social partners within the framework of contractual relations; availability of developed social infrastructure; the key role of the state in solving social problems; the struggle for employment and eradication of the phenomenon of social rejection and poverty; decent salary; social justice and solidarity in society. These basic values ​​also formed the basis of consideration and resolution of disputes in the field of social security. The listed values ​​should form the foundation of the Ukrainian theory and practice of social disputes. It was determined that the national specifics and practice of each European state provide for the use of various methods of resolving social disputes with recourse to social courts, reconciliation services, mediation, arbitration and mediation. The activity of social courts is based on the principles of tripartite cooperation (tripartism). Court cases are considered by a panel consisting of a professional judge and two non-professional judges.
 In addition, state mediation and mediation are effective measures for the pre-trial resolution of social disputes in the EU countries. They contribute to the relief of the judicial system, saving time and financial resources of the parties to the dispute. These institutions are little known for Ukraine and, at the same time, promising.

სოციალური სამართლიანობის ღირებულებითი ასპექტები

Most people today associate social justice with the equality of all citizens before the law, a decent wage, a high level of social security for people with disabilities, equal access to health care, education, culture, and etc. We analyze value aspects of social justice and define the importance and role of values in human life. The substantive relationship between the concepts of value and well-being is studied. Important aspects of social justice such as: social, legal and political are discussed separately. The demand for social justice in modern Georgian society is analyzed. An assessment of the role of social justice in the development of society is given. Analyzing the value aspects of social justice, we would like to point out that social justice is the category and working tool by which we evaluate various social and political phenomena, adopted laws, results of ongoing reforms, socio-economic status of Georgia, social groups and classes, distribution of public good and etc.

Стратегия развития человеческого капитала Дальнего Востока России

The Russian Far East is a territory of particular importance for the strategic development of the country. The Far-Eastern federal district is in many respects unique for Russia in terms of a number of social, economic and demographic indicators. The purpose of this article is to analyze the state strategy for the development of human capital in the Russian Far East, which has been formed at the present time. The object of this study is the human capital of the Far-Eastern region of Russia, the subject field covers issues related to the strategies for the development of human capital in these territories. It is noted that the main challenge for the development of the Far-Eastern territories of Russia is demographic problems (natural decline and migration outflow of the population) and the existing imbalance in the labor market, characterized by a shortage of qualified personnel. The analysis of publications and statistical data in the field of the studied problems is carried out, the results obtained by the authors in the course of the study aimed at identifying the migration intentions and strategies of young people in a particular region (on the example of the Primorsk territory) are presented. Attention is focused on the need to ensure the development and maintenance of a high level of social security and safety of the population, quality and standard of living in parallel with economic development. The article considers various state instruments aimed at attracting and securing the population in the territories of the Far East of Russia. The necessity of developing a strategy for attracting, developing and preserving human capital in the Far-Eastern regions of the Russian Federation is shown, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of these territories and the trends in the transformation of the economic system as a whole.

On guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to money security

The article considers the issues of guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to financial security, in particular, the definition of "guarantees of protection of the policeman's right to financial security", defines the purpose, objectives and functions of the investigated guarantees, and outlines the structure of basic guarantees. Thus, guarantees for the protection of the right of police officers to financial security are considered as a set of legal and organizational-legal means, methods and conditions by which the police and state bodies ensure the real restoration of the violated right to remuneration.
 It is concluded that today the guarantees of protection of the police officer's right to monetary security are a special manifestation of guarantees of protection of the employee's right to remuneration. This position allows us to draw the following conclusions: (1) the extension to the police of labor law and other guarantees of protection of labor rights of employees contributes to the expansion of the set of human-centered principles available in labor law in this area. This does not allow the state to subject police officers to labor exploitation, which degrades their human dignity, and obliges them to properly ensure and protect the right of these officers to a decent reward for their work; (2) as the real existence of guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine is still far from adequate, the guarantees of protection of the police officer's right to financial security are not sufficiently perfect. Meanwhile, it should be borne in mind that the importance of police work, as well as ensuring a high level of social security of these officers has led to the creation and operation of a legal mechanism to protect the right of police officers to a decent reward. conditions under which a police officer may confirm and protect the right to financial security by all means and methods available to him, which do not endanger the state of national security of the state.

The social assistance system in Poland and its financing in 2015-2018 as a factor of the stabilization of the socio-economic policy of the state in turbulent conditions

Most developed countries in the world strive to provide their citizens with adequate living conditions and ensure a high level of social security. This security system also includes social assistance, which is the last level of state policy in supporting its citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Apart from fulfilling a protective role, the social welfare system also plays a stabilizing role in the socio-economic policy of the state. Problems related to the social system and financial resources allocated to their functioning from the state budget are the subject of many scientific publications around the world. Meanwhile, in Poland, there are few scientific publications on the effectiveness and financing of expenditure for social purposes, including the social assistance system. Identifying the level of financial resources allocated to the social assistance system may be the first step to rationalizing the system of financial transfers from the state budget. The article aims is to identify the level of budgetary expenditure allocated in Poland in 2015-2018 to the social assistance system. The analyzes carried out indicate that in the period 2015-2018, budget expenditure on the social assistance system and supporting families increased. In 2018, these expenses accounted for as much as 12.7% of the total state budget expenditure. There is a noticeable tendency consisting of reducing financial resources allocated to social assistance while increasing budgetary transfers directed to families with children - government's "Family 500+" program.

Social security of the region and directions of its provision

Regional social policy often acts as the activity of the subject in the person of federal authorities and public organizations. The main goal of such a policy is to achieve equal living conditions, developed infrastructure and social structures of the region. And the general coordination of state, regional and local interests is actually implemented with great difficulty and is very often replaced by centralized management. Since regions and subjects become targeted objects of federal authorities, regions are not always able to realize their own interests. To avoid this situation, the regions need to establish their independence in solving social problems. Currently, the social and economic development of the state directly depends on the level of development of the regions. The concept of "economic security" and "social security" are closely related to each other, since the economic security of both the country and the regions mainly consists of socio-economic indicators. In other words, the economic security of the state and its subjects depends on the level of their social security. As a result of the conducted research, threats to the economic (including social) security of the region were identified. The assessment of the level of social security of the regions that are part of the Central Black Earth Economic Region was carried out using the methodology of Gaifullin A. Yu.and Gaifullina M.M. (Institute of Socio-Economic Research), which showed a fairly high level of social security of the object under study – the Voronezh Region. Determined the effectiveness of regional social policy and the ways and measures to improve the social policy of the region, in particular, it is recommended to pay attention to demographic component of the social security, living standards of the population, education and culture, and strengthen the rule of law.

ФІНАНСОВА СТІЙКІСТЬ ПЕНСІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The current period of social development is marked by institutional changes in the country's pension system, which last more than ten years and which have led to the creation of new pension institutions, the creation of a legal framework for future retirees. The need to reform pension insurance institutions in Ukraine is due to the demographic and economic problems of our pension system.In addition to economic and demographic factors outside the pension system, within the latter there are significant internal problems with maintaining the institution of early retirement, loss of insurance function and loss of earnings due to retirement due to retirement age and the mismatch between insurance rates associated with pension obligations.Measures to improve the pension system in order to achieve a socially acceptable level of pensions have yielded a number of positive results, but at the same time it is clear that the pension system in Ukraine still needs further restructuring, as reforms in this area do not have long-term financial reforms. Ensured stability and a balanced budget of the pension fund.Ongoing measures aimed at improving the pension system, achieving a socially acceptable level of pensions have made it possible to achieve a number of positive results, but at the same time it is clear that the pension system in Ukraine currently needs further transformations. whereas the reforms implemented in this area have not made it possible to achieve long-term financial stability and a balanced budget for the pension fund.There is no doubt that the emerging modern pension system should be adequate in accordance with the current conditions of socio-economic development of our country, as well as comply with international standards of pension provision, global trends in the development of pension institutions. The degree of effectiveness of a country's pension system can be determined on the basis of the high level of social security of pensioners provided by the pension institutions existing in that country.The degree of effectiveness of a country's pension system can be determined on the basis of the high level of social security of pensioners provided by the pension institutions existing in that country. At the same time, in modern society, older people, as shown by empirical studies, belong to those categories of the population who are less satisfied with their own lives and their quality than others; in addition, there has been a recent trend of a relative decline in the level of material security for pensioners.

A Model of Population Change Based on The Kinetic Theory of Aging of Living Systems.

Abstract The possibility of applying the kinetic theory of aging of biological species published earlier by the authors of this work to assess and predict changes in the number of specific populations is evaluated. The populations of the USA, China and Russia, as well as the population of mice observed in the experiment "mouse paradise" of the American scientist John Calhoun are considered. To this end, a historically consistent analysis of the main previously proposed multi-scenario mathematical models describing demographic data and predicting the dynamics of the population was performed. The results of these models show a decrease in the population growth rate, a tendency toward a limit with an increase in historical time, the achievement of such a limit in some developed countries with a relatively high level of social security, a subsequent decrease in the number and further uncertainty of the final population outlook in the distant future. In addition, these models made it possible to establish that the observed population growth in developed countries is unambiguously accompanied by its aging - a relative predominant increase in the number of elderly people compared to the number of the younger generation (people are aging, the population of countries is aging). In this work, the assumption was made and confirmed that the dynamics of the aging of the population of the countries of the World corresponds to the dynamics of aging of a person of one generation and is mathematically described by the differential equation of the kinetic theory of aging of living systems of the same type with close values of the parameters. The biophysical meaning of the parameters of the kinetic equation reflects G. Selye's concept of the determining role of stress in human life and populations. An analysis of the changes in the numbers of the considered populations of humans and mice at various stages of their development is qualitatively commented on from the standpoint of comparative tension according to G. Selye. To assess the degree of aging of a biological object of one population in kinetic theory, the probability of death during life is selected as an indicator of aging. In this work, the probability of reaching the maximum population size was chosen as an indicator of the aging of a biological object of various populations. The published literature predicts various options for changing the population after reaching a maximum - maintaining the reached maximum level and decreasing to a certain limit, less than the maximum achieved. In this paper, based on an analysis of its results and an analogy with the complete degeneration of mice in the “mouse paradise” experiment, a conclusion is drawn about a hypothetically possible third variant of the limiting decrease in the population - its complete degeneration.

Analysis and Forecast Based on the Kinetic Equation for Changing the Numerical Composition of Living Systems

The possibility of applying the kinetic theory of aging of biological species published earlier by the authors of this work to assess and predict changes in the number of specific populations is evaluated. The populations of the USA, China and Russia, as well as the population of mice observed in the experiment "mouse paradise" of the American scientist John Calhoun are considered. To this end, a historically consistent analysis of the main previously proposed multi-scenario mathematical models describing demographic data and predicting the dynamics of the population was performed. The results of these models show a decrease in the population growth rate, a tendency toward a limit with an increase in historical time, the achievement of such a limit in some developed countries with a relatively high level of social security, a subsequent decrease in the number and further uncertainty of the final population outlook in the distant future. In addition, these models made it possible to establish that the observed population growth in developed countries is unambiguously accompanied by its aging - a relative predominant increase in the number of elderly people compared to the number of the younger generation (people are aging, the population of countries is aging). In this work, the assumption was made and confirmed that the dynamics of the aging of the population of the countries of the World corresponds to the dynamics of aging of a person of one generation and is mathematically described by the differential equation of the kinetic theory of aging of living systems of the same type with close values of the parameters. The biophysical meaning of the parameters of the kinetic equation reflects G. Selye's concept of the determining role of stress in human life and populations. An analysis of the changes in the numbers of the considered populations of humans and mice at various stages of their development is qualitatively commented on from the standpoint of comparative tension according to G. Selye. To assess the degree of aging of a biological object of one population in kinetic theory, the probability of death during life is selected as an indicator of aging. In this work, the probability of reaching the maximum population size was chosen as an indicator of the aging of a biological object of various populations. The published literature predicts various options for changing the population after reaching a maximum - maintaining the reached maximum level and decreasing to a certain limit, less than the maximum achieved. In this paper, based on an analysis of its results and an analogy with the complete degeneration of mice in the “mouse paradise” experiment, a conclusion is drawn about a hypothetically possible third variant of the limiting decrease in the population - its complete degeneration.

EFFECT OF THE EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS ON THE SOCIAL SECURITY LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The effect of the healthcare and education systems on the level of social orientation of economic development has been studied. It has been identified that low level of social orientation of the countries indicates the existence of national security threats in both economic and social spheres; that requires development of an efficient economic policy taking into consideration the goals of national sustainable development. Social factors have been classified into the following groups: demographic factors; indicators of the education system development; indicators of the labour market conditions; indicators of the healthcare system development; indicators of the system of private income distribution and socioeconomic inequality. Two main components of social security have been specified based on the sustainable development goals and security factors: education system development and healthcare system development that are characterized by the corresponding groups of indicators. The indicators have been systematized taking into account dynamics of their boundary values and potential trends of changes; the indicators have been applied as the criteria to identify possible critical threats or risks to the security; they also make it possible to timely consider and support the sustainability and security of social development. According to the results of integral estimation, certain countries have been determined to belong either to a group with optimally high security level or to the one with the lowest level. The research results prove the importance of the healthcare and education sectors in the context of both reaching the sustainable development goals and providing high level of social security. JEL: I15, I25, H55, Q01.

MULTILATERALITY OF UKRAINE'S SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Introduction. Ensuring social security at the level of an individual, society or state is a central concept of activity of all branches of government in Ukraine, as it is a guarantee of public perception of the activities of public institutions and successful implementation of reforms. The lack of stability in Ukrainian society is particularly relevant to the task of ensuring multi-level social security and encourages the deepening and development of organizational and managerial principles of its regulation. Methods. The dialectical method of scientific cognition, complex, systematic, logical approaches, as well as a sociological survey were used to identify the state, problems and directions of providing social security, the sample size of which was 2515 respondents in 110 settlements of Ukraine, statistical error (probability 0,95, design effect 1,5) did not exceed 3,2% for metrics close to 50% and not less than 0,7% for metrics close to 1% and 99%. Results. Based on the hierarchy of the construction and functioning of social systems, there is reason to argue that the social security system is a complex multilevel system, which is formed and operates in the plane of objective and subjective processes from the influence of many factors of internal and external origin. A high level of social security is achieved by creating favourable conditions for ensuring a sufficient standard of living for the population and is characterized by the size of real incomes and the volume of economic benefits. Social security management is a purposeful activity of social security entities that develop and implement governmental, regulatory, coordinating, controlling, regulatory and organizational-managerial influences on social security objects for the purpose of forecasting, timely detection, prevention and neutralizing threats. Discussion. Further research should be carried out in the direction of developing the scientific basis of state regulation of social security, aimed at timely response to and elimination of social threats, formation of targeted mechanisms for achieving social security, coordination and interaction of authorities. Keywords: social progress, public administration, social security system, national security, social risks, social and economic interests.

Functional Analysis of the Modern Civil Society through the Lens of Welfare State

The growing opportunities of the civil society institution and its specific influence on the processes occurring at the current stage of economic development highlights the current importance of this study. This necessitates an objective need to examine the concept and essence of welfare state (social state), as well as to analyze the civil society as an element influencing its formation, ensuring the prospects of development and formation of real rule-of-law democratic state. Thus, this article aims to study the current state of civil society institution and to justify the need for ensuring the high level of social security for its citizens, on the basis of social partnership and social responsibility of the state, business structures and civil society. 
 
 The main research methods that enabled to comprehensively examine the studied problem were the analysis of theoretical and regulatory legal acts, study of the foreign experience. The article presents the results of legal regulation analysis and problems related to the formation of civil society institution in Kazakhstan.

Use of the Tax Prism Method When Forming Tax Part of the Budget

Abstract The tax prism method is developed for the assessment of tax part of the budget as well as for forecasting the influence of tax optimisation on it. There are certain trends in global practice. Developing and transition economies are characterised by low tax burden. Economically developed countries with a high level of social security of population are characterised by high tax burden. The analytical and graphic-analytical research for the purpose of determination of optimum size of the taxation using the tax prism has been conducted. In addition to the concept of ‘tax prism’, concepts such as static and dynamic tax prisms have been introduced, allowing to consider changes in the part of the budget of interest in connection with a possibility of taxation subjects to reduce the size of a tax burden by various methods of tax optimisation, and also to consider the influence of other factors on it. The use of this approach helps effectively to enhance the tax legislation by modelling high-quality and quantitative consequences of one or another changes and innovations.

Polityka społeczna w Polsce wobec przemian europejskiego modelu społecznego

The European social model is a vision of society that combines sustainable economic growth with the reduction of economic and social inequalities through income redistribution, ensuring a high level of social security and universal access to basic social services. Some economists argue that the last three decades have witnessed a rapid transition towards a new minimal welfare state, in the wake of the rising importance of services (post-industrialism), globalisation, population ageing, changing family and gender relations. In that perspective, the European social model is more chimera than reality. The author argues that the existing social democratic model of the welfare state is likely to be a response to the challenges social policy currently faces. Furthermore, the social democratic model corresponds well with the assumptions of the European social model. With the transformation of the early 1990s, Poland abandoned its socialist welfare system. Although it is debatable whether current social policy in Poland can be classified according to any of Esping-Andersen's well-known welfare types, changes in the labour market will be crucial for the size and shape of the Polish welfare state in the future. The sustainability of the generous welfare state ultimately depends on the citizens' participation in the labour force participation.

The flexibility of flexicurity: The Danish model reconsidered

During the last five to ten years, much attention internationally has been focused on the concept of flexicurity, and especially on the Danish model of flexicurity. Some have even talked about the Danish ‘magic formula’ of flexicurity. The Danish flexicurity model has been characterized by a special relation between flexibility, social security and active labour market policy, where a high level of social security is seen as a precondition for a labour market characterized by flexibility. In this article it is argued that the Danish labour market is characterized by having not just one model of flexicurity, but two. These two models cover different parts of the labour market and different segments of employees. The first model (the blue-collar flexicurity model) – the one that is often focused on in the literature – covers primarily skilled and unskilled workers on the labour market. The second model (the white-collar flexicurity model) – one seldom mentioned in the literature – covers primarily employees with middle-range or high-range education and qualifications.

Social Security and Well-Being of the Unemployed in 42 Nations

It is generally believed that life is better in nations with a high level of social security. Yet earlier studies have found no difference in average health and happiness between nations that differ in state welfare effort. While these previous studies focused on general population averages, the subjects of this study are the unemployed. As the unemployed are likely to benefit most from a high level of social security, one would expect the unemployed to be happier in nations with a generous social security system than in nations where the government is less open handed. Data for 1990 are available for 42 nations. Social security is indicated as the expenditures in percentage of GDP. Well-being is measured by self-reports of health, overall happiness, life satisfaction, and mood. Again hardly any relation was found between well-being and social security expenditures: on three of the four well-being indicators the unemployed in welfare states reported about the same levels of well-being as the unemployed in non-welfare states. When the analysis is restricted to 23 first world nations, the outcome is about the same. Comparison over time reveals that in typical welfare states changes in social security expenditures are related to changes in well-being levels of the unemployed, but such a pattern is not so obvious in nations with less generous state welfare. It is concluded that in general the level of social security has hardly any beneficial (or detrimental) effect on the well-being of the unemployed. Possible explanations for this outcome are explored.

Welfare state development and employment in the Netherlands in comparative perspective

In recent years it has been said that the Dutch welfare state has been made fit for employment growth. This development is praised as part of the so-called Dutch 'Delta model' which since the mid-1980s has been very succesful in labour market terms. Some 20 years ago, when unemployment started to soar, the high level of social security was seen, by contrast, as an aspect of the 'Dutch disease'. Employing a typology based on regulative assumptions of dealing with market risks and aberrations, this paper briefly analyses the subsequent stages of Dutch welfare state development: from a predominantly Christian- paternalist system to social-democratization from the mid-1960s and then to a certain degree of liberalization since the mid-1980s. The structural or institutional inertia of the original system should not be overlooked, however. Comparative investigation reveals that the current Dutch welfare state, in spite of retrenchment measures, still belongs to the most generous ones in the western world, which allows only for relatively low, though rising, levels of poverty and inequality. And it is questionable whether and to what extent retrenchment has contributed to the impressive, although largely part-time-based rise in the Dutch employment rate. In any case non-employment, broadly understood as different from registered unemployment, has not declined in the Netherlands. It has been redistributed to other categories, particularly to the disability scheme. Like other continental countries, the Netherlands still seems to face the dilemma of work and welfare.

Behavior Problems and Traumatic Events of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors

Objective: The present study examined the traumatic events and behavior symptoms of 46 unaccompanied refugee minors waiting for placement in an asylum center in Finland. Method: Using all the clinical information available information about the refugee children’s experiences before and during their flight and after their arrival in Finland was gathered. Children were evaluated with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: The refugee children had experienced a number of losses, separations, persecution, and threats. About half of the minors were functioning within clinical or borderline range when evaluated with the CBCL. Young age (< 15 years) was associated with more severe psychiatric problems. There was a lack of rehabilitative services, the staff ratio was very low and the time spent in the asylum center waiting for the placement decision was relatively long for these minors. Conclusions: Unaccompanied refugee minors are in a highly vulnerable situation. Younger refugee children are more vulnerable to emotional distress than older children. Current procedures for dealing with asylum-seekers may contribute to high level of stress and emotional symptoms in previously traumatized refugee children. A high level of social security and mental health care does not guarantee an appropriate level of care for unaccompanied refugee children.