High Level Of Reusability Research Articles

Design verification in model-based μ-controller development using an abstract component

Component-based software development is a promising approach for controlling the complexity and quality of software systems. Nevertheless, recent advances in quality control techniques do not seem to keep up with the growing complexity of embedded software; embedded systems often consist of dozens to hundreds of software/hardware components that exhibit complex interaction behavior. Unanticipated quality defects in a component can be a major source of system failure. To address this issue, this paper suggests a design verification approach integrated into the model-driven, component-based development methodology Marmot. The notion of abstract components--the basic building blocks of Marmot--helps to lift the level of abstraction, facilitates high-level reuse, and reduces verification complexity by localizing verification problems between abstract components before refinement and after refinement. This enables the identification of unanticipated design errors in the early stages of development. This work introduces the Marmot methodology, presents a design verification approach in Marmot, and demonstrates its application on the development of a μ-controller-based abstraction of a car mirror control system. An application on TinyOS shows that the approach helps to reuse models as well as their verification results in the development process.

Divergent patterns of breakpoint reuse in Muroid rodents

Multiple Genome Rearrangement (MGR) analysis was used to define the trajectory and pattern of chromosome rearrangement within muroid rodents. MGR was applied using 107 chromosome homologies between Mus, Rattus, Peromyscus, the muroid sister taxon Cricetulus griseus, and Sciurus carolinensis as a non-Muroidea outgroup, with specific attention paid to breakpoint reuse and centromere evolution. This analysis revealed a high level of chromosome breakpoint conservation between Rattus and Peromyscus and indicated that the chromosomes of Mus are highly derived. This analysis identified several conserved evolutionary breakpoints that have been reused multiple times during karyotypic evolution in rodents. Our data demonstrate a high level of reuse of breakpoints among muroid rodents, further supporting the "Fragile Breakage Model" of chromosome evolution. We provide the first analysis of rodent centromeres with respect to evolutionary breakpoints. By analyzing closely related rodent species we were able to clarify muroid rodent karyotypic evolution. We were also able to derive several high-resolution ancestral karyotypes and identify rearrangements specific to various stages of Muroidea evolution. These data were useful in further characterizing lineage-specific modes of chromosome evolution.

Real-Time Embedded Software Design for Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems

Currently available application frameworks that target at the automatic design of real-time embedded software are poor in integrating functional and non-functional requirements for mobile and ubiquitous systems. In this work, we present the internal architecture and design flow of a newly proposed framework called Verifiable Embedded Real-Time Application Framework (VERTAF), which integrates three techniques namely software component-based reuse, formal synthesis, and formal verification. The proposed architecture for VERTAF is component-based which allows plug-and-play for the scheduler and the verifier. The architecture is also easily extensible because reusable hardware and software design components can be added. Application examples developed using VERTAF demonstrate significantly reduced relative design effort, which shows how high-level reuse of software components combined with automatic synthesis and verification increases design productivity.

서비스 지향 아키텍처의 클라이언트를 위한 실용적 프로세스 모델

서비스 지향 아키텍처(Service-Oriented Architecture, SOA)는 여러 어플리케이션들에서 사용될 수 있는 범용적인 서비스를 개발하여 배포(Publish)하고 동적으로 발견(Discover), 조립(Composition)하여 어플리케이션을 만드는 기술이다. 따라서 SOA는 Publish-Discover-Invoke 형태의 컴퓨팅 방식을 사용하고 있으며, 이는 기존의 객체지향, CBD의 컴퓨팅 방식과 상당한 차이를 보인다. SOA의 서비스는 절차적 프로그래밍의 함수, 객체지향의 객체, CBD의 컴포넌트와는 다른 구성 단위(Unit)이며, 재사용성과 보편성이 서비스의 기본적인 요구사항이 된다. 또한 서비스 제공자와 소비자 간의 사전 상호인지나 정보의 공유없이, 서비스 제공자가 재사용을 고려하여 서비스를 개발하고, 서비스 사용자는 이를 검색한 후 사용하는 방식이므로 제공자와 소비자 간의 결합도가 매우 낮은 특징을 가지고 있다. SOA에서 필요한 서비스를 실행시간에 검색, 선택하여 사용하는 방식도 기존 컴퓨팅 방식에는 적용되지 않은 개념이다. 따라서, 객체지향 프로그래밍에서처럼 사용자 인터페이스를 만들고 서버의 기능을 JSP, RMI 등을 사용하여 호출하는 방식은 SOA 서비스 클라이언트 프로그램을 설계 하는데 잘 적용될 수 없다. SOA 서비스 클라이언트 개발을 위해서는 서비스의 특징과 SOA의 서비스 사용 절차를 설계 단계에서 적용할 수 있어야 하며, 이를 위하여 서비스 클라이언트 개발을 위한 실용적이고 체계적인 개발 프로세스가 정의되어야 한다. 그러나 아직까지 서비스 제공자 측면의 SOA 서비스 개발을 위한 프로세스조차 정의가 부족하고, 서비스 사용자 측면의 클라이언트 개발 프로세스는 소수의 가이드라인을 제외하고는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 효율적인 서비스 검색과 실행을 위한 실용적이고 체계적인 개발 프로세스와 각 단계별 지침을 정의하고, 호텔 검색 및 예약 서비스 시스템을 통하여 제시된 개발 프로세스를 적용한다. Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA) is an method to develop applications by developing and publishing reusable services which potentially be used in various applications, and discovering and composing right services dynamically. SOA adopts a paradigm of publish-discover-invoke, which is considerably different from object-oriented and component-based development(CBD) approaches. The service in SOA is different from function in procedural programming, object in object-oriented programming, and component in CBD, and its fundamental requirement is a high level of reusability and applicability. In SOA, service providers and service consumers are loosely coupled since the providers try to develop reusable services and the consumers try to locate right services without knowing much about the providers and their published services. Moreover, the process of searching, choosing and invoking right services is not presented in conventional programming paradigms. Therefore, conventional approaches to developing user interfaces and invoking the functionality on servers through JSP, and RMI in object-oriented programming cannot well be applicable to designing clients’ programs in SOA. Therefore, there is a high demand for a practical and systematic process for developing clients’ applications, and the such a process should be devised by considering key characteristics of services and SOA. However, little work on this area is known to date, and there has not a process for client side just except few guide lines for developing service client. In this paper, we propose a practical and systematic development process for developing clients' applications in SOA. Then, we define instructions for carrying out each activity in the process. To show the applicability of the proposed work, we show the result of applying our process in developing a services application for searching and booking hotels.

Automatic synthesis and verification of real-time embedded software for mobile and ubiquitous systems

Currently available application frameworks that target the automatic design of real-time embedded software are poor in integrating functional and non-functional requirements for mobile and ubiquitous systems. In this work, we present the internal architecture and design flow of a newly proposed framework called Verifiable Embedded Real-Time Application Framework (VERTAF), which integrates three techniques namely software component-based reuse, formal synthesis, and formal verification. Component reuse is based on a formal unified modeling language (UML) real-time embedded object model. Formal synthesis employs quasi-static and quasi-dynamic scheduling with multi-layer portable efficient code generation, which can output either real-time operating systems (RTOS)-specific application code or automatically generated real-time executive with application code. Formal verification integrates a model checker kernel from state graph manipulators (SGM), by adapting it for embedded software. The proposed architecture for VERTAF is component-based which allows plug-and-play for the scheduler and the verifier. The architecture is also easily extensible because reusable hardware and software design components can be added. Application examples developed using VERTAF demonstrate significantly reduced relative design effort as compared to design without VERTAF, which also shows how high-level reuse of software components combined with automatic synthesis and verification increases design productivity.

Dynamic web service composition based on OWL-S

Composing existing web services for enterprise applications may enable higher level of reuse. However the composition processes are mostly static and lack of support for runtime redesign. In this paper, we describe our approach to the extension of the OWL-S ontology framework for dynamic web service composition. We raise the level of abstraction and propose an abstract service layer so that web services can be composed at the abstract service level instead of the concrete level. Each abstract service is attached with an instance pool including all instances of the abstract service to facilitate fail-over and dynamic compositions.

Illuminating Ultraviolet Disinfection for High-Level Reuse in Florida

Illuminating Ultraviolet Disinfection for High-Level Reuse in Florida

A general matrix framework for modelling Information Retrieval

In this paper, we present a well-defined general matrix framework for modelling Information Retrieval (IR). In this framework, collections, documents and queries correspond to matrix spaces. Retrieval aspects, such as content, structure and semantics, are expressed by matrices defined in these spaces and by matrix operations applied on them. The dualities of these spaces are identified through the application of frequency-based operations on the proposed matrices and through the investigation of the meaning of their eigenvectors. This allows term weighting concepts used for content-based retrieval, such as term frequency and inverse document frequency, to translate directly to concepts for structure-based retrieval. In addition, concepts such as pagerank, authorities and hubs, determined by exploiting the structural relationships between linked documents, can be defined with respect to the semantic relationships between terms. Moreover, this mathematical framework can be used to express classical and alternative evaluation measures, involving, for instance, the structure of documents, and to further explain and relate IR models and theory. The high level of reusability and abstraction of the framework leads to a logical layer for IR that makes system design and construction significantly more efficient, and thus, better and increasingly personalised systems can be built at lower costs.

THE ADAPTABILITY CHALLENGE FOR EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Software-related costs account for a growing share of total development costs for embedded control systems. In the control field, containment of software costs can be done either through the use of model-based tools (e.g. Matlab) or through a higher level of reuse. This paper argues that the second strategy is advantageous in the case of industrial control systems targeting niche markets where systems tend to be one-of-a-kind and where they can be organized in “families” of related applications. The paper then argues that progress in raising the level of software reuse in these fields depends on the adoption of better software adaptability techniques. The most promising such techniques are reviewed from the standpoint of control engineers.

VERTAF: an application framework for the design and verification of embedded real-time software

The growing complexity of embedded real-time software requirements calls for the design of reusable software components, the synthesis and generation of software code, and the automatic guarantee of nonfunctional properties such as performance, time constraints, reliability, and security. Available application frameworks targeted at the automatic design of embedded real-time software are poor in integrating functional and nonfunctional requirements. To bridge this gap, we reveal the design flow and the internal architecture of a newly proposed framework called verifiable embedded real-time application framework (VERTAF), which integrates software component-based reuse, formal synthesis, and formal verification. A formal UML-based embedded real-time object model is proposed for component reuse. Formal synthesis employs quasistatic and quasidynamic scheduling with automatic generation of multilayer portable efficient code. Formal verification integrates a model checker kernel from SGM, by adapting it for embedded software. The proposed architecture for VERTAF is component-based and allows plug-and-play for the scheduler and the verifier. Using VERTAF to develop application examples significantly reduced design effort and illustrated how high-level reuse of software components combined with automatic synthesis and verification can increase design productivity.

The SDL pattern approach – a reuse-driven SDL design methodology

There are several SDL methodologies that offer full system life-cycle support. Only few of them consider software reuse, not to mention high-level reuse of architecture and design. However, software reuse is a proven software engineering paradigm leading to high quality and reduced development effort. Experience made it apparent that – beyond the more traditional reuse of code – especially high-level reuse of architecture and design (as in the case of design patterns or frameworks) has the potential of achieving more systematic and widespread reuse. This paper presents the SDL pattern approach, a design methodology for distributed systems which integrates SDL-based system development with the pattern paradigm. It supports reuse of design knowledge modeled as SDL patterns and concentrates on the design phase of SDL-based system development. In order to get full life-cycle support, the pattern-based design process can be integrated within existing SDL methodologies.

An Ada 9X subset for inheritance-based reuse and its translation to Ada 83 (Part 2)

An object oriented reuse strategy based on the Ada 9X inheritance syntax is presented. This paper defines a minimal Ada 9X subset that implements inheritancebased reuse, and outlines its translation to Ada 83. Inheritance allows software modules to be reused without modification to the original source. It is preferred to the "copy and tailor" approach, which has limited software life-cycle benefit since tailored copies need to be tested and maintained.Reuse may be applied at the low level, for components, or at higher levels, for subsystems. Inheritance may be used at any level of reuse, but it is more important for the higher levels. Ada 83 does not support inheritance, but low-level reuse can still be implemented in the form of generic components [BOO87]. The cost advantage from low-level reuse is already assumed when planning today's software systems. Further cost savings must come from high-level reuse, which needs inheritance to be implemented properly. Inheritance will be fully supported in Ada 9X.The approach presented here may be used in a reuse plan for a system that will start development before Ada 9X becomes viable. The Ada 9X subset allows the system software to be structured for reuse, to be implemented in Ada 83, and to be ready for migration to Ada 9X.This is the second part of a two-part paper. The first part discussed the reuse strategy and defined an Ada 9X subset that will implement it. In this part, a translation from the Ada 9X subset to Ada 83 will be outlined.

An Ada 9X subset for inheritance-based reuse and its translation to Ada 83 (Part 1)

An object oriented reuse strategy based on the Ada 9X inheritance syntax is presented. This paper defines a minimal Ada 9X subset that implements inheritance-based reuse, and outlines its translation to Ada 83. Inheritance allows software modules to be reused without modification to the original source. It is preferred to the "copy and tailor" approach, which has limited software life-cycle benefit since tailored copies need to be tested and maintained.Reuse may be applied at the low level, for components, or at higher levels, for subsystems. Inheritance may be used at any level of reuse, but it is more important for the higher levels. Ada 83 does not support inheritance, but low-level reuse can still be implemented in the form of generic components [BOO87]. The cost advantage from low-level reuse is already assumed when planning today's software systems. Further cost savings must come from high-level reuse, which needs inheritance to be implemented properly. Inheritance will be fully supported in Ada 9X.The approach presented here may be used in a reuse plan for a system that will start development before Ada 9X becomes viable. The Ada 9X subset allows the system software to be structured for reuse, to be implemented in Ada 83, and to be ready for migration to Ada 9X.This is the first part of a two-part paper. This part will discuss the reuse strategy and define an Ada 9X subset that will implement it. In the second part, a translation from the Ada 9X subset to Ada 83 will be outlined.

Health related studies of organic compounds in relation to re-use in the United Kingdom

Approximately one third of the water supplies in the United Kingdom are derived from lowland rivers receiving industrial and domestic effluent and in some cases the level of indirect re-use may be high. Research, funded by the Department of the Environment, is being undertaken to identify any potentially hazardous organic compounds that may be present in such supplies and to determine whether there is evidence of any effects on the health of the relevant populations. Analysis of drinking water from various types of source has shown that a widevariety of organic compounds is present in drinking water derived from groundwater, and polluted lowland rivers but with few exceptions concentrations aremuch higher in the latter case. The mutagenicity screening of water samples as a means of directing analytical effort at the substances of greatest potential health significance is being investigated. In a study of cancer mortality in 29 London boroughs an association between high levels of re-use and cancers of the gastro-intestinal and urinary tracts disappeared when socioeconomic characteristics and borough size were taken into account. A national study is now being undertaken.