Higher Levels Of Psychological Well-being Research Articles

Psikolojik İyi Oluşun İş Becerikliliği Üzerine Etkisi

Günümüzde, bireylerin çevresiyle iyi ilişkiler kurabilmesi, kişiliğine olan olumlu tutumu, geçmişiyle barışık olması, hayatında belli bir amacının ve hedefinin bulunması ve tek başına kararlar alabilmesi gibi etkenler kişinin psikolojik iyi oluş seviyesini belirleyen bazı unsurlardır. Psikolojik iyi oluş seviyesi yüksek olan çalışanlar görevlerini yerine getirirken ufak değişiklikler yaparak işlerini daha kolay ve eğlenceli hale getirmekte ve bu durum iş becerikliliğiyle bağdaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı psikolojik iyi oluşun iş becerikliliği üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, bankacılık sektöründe görev yapan 235 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada; Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve İş Becerikliliği Ölçeğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada değişkenler arasındaki bağlantıları ölçmek için korelasyon analizi, nedenselliği ölçmek için regresyon analizi ve ölçeklerin uygunluğunu ölçmek için faktör analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre psikolojik iyi oluşla iş becerikliliği arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, psikolojik iyi oluşun iş becerikliliğinin alt boyutu olan “görev becerikliliği”, “bilişsel beceriklilik” ve “ilişkisel beceriklilik” ile pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyi yüksek olan çalışanların hem görev düzeyinde hem bilişsel düzeyde hem de ilişkisel düzeyde iş beceriklilikleri de yüksek olmaktadır. Yazın taraması sonucunda psikolojik iyi oluşun iş becerikliliği üzerine etkisini araştıran bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu yönüyle yazına katkı sağlaması ve bulguları itibariyle tüm araştırmacılara destek olması hedeflenmektedir. Çalışanların işlerini yaparken amacını ve kapsamını değiştirmemesi koşuluyla ufak değişiklikler yapılmasına üstler ve yöneticiler tarafından izin verilebilir. Bu durum çalışanların işlerinden daha keyif almasına katkı sağlayacağı gibi işe olan bağlılıklarını ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerine de katkı sağlayacaktır. Çalışanların psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerini destekleyici etkinlikler düzenlenebilir. Üstler tarafından çalışanların farkındalık düzeylerini artırmak için sorumluluklar verilebilir. Bu şekilde çalışanın güçlü yönlerini tanıması, bağımsız kararlar verebilmesi ve sınırlılıklarının farkında olması sağlanır.

Neuroscience-Informed Psychoeducation for Recovery: A Program to Promote Metacognition in People With Substance Use Disorders

Introduction:A brief neuroscience-informed psychoeducation program (Neuroscience-Informed Psychoeducation for Recovery [NIPER]) was developed to promote awareness (metacognition) in the main cognitive domains affected by drug and alcohol use to increase willingness to invest time and effort in the brain and cognition recovery process. The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the NIPER program and its potential effectiveness in increasing metacognition, psychological wellbeing, and willingness for the brain and cognition recovery programs among patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs).Methods:A total of 56 patients with SUDs were recruited from four outpatient treatment centers in Tehran City, Iran. They participated in four 90-min weekly sessions delivered adjunct to their routine treatment. The program’s effectiveness was measured in terms of metacognition and psychological wellbeing at baseline and the end of the program. The rate of adherence and participation and willingness to continue with brain and cognition recovery programs were measured as feasibility outcomes.Results:A total of 51 participants completed the study. Compared to the baseline assessments, patients reported more problems in dimensions of attention, memory, inhibitory control, decision making, motor/speech, interoception, insight, and a higher level of psychological wellbeing (t=4.66; P<0.001). In terms of feasibility outcomes, the adherence and participation rates were found above 85%. Most participants expressed their high willingness to continue the brain and cognition recovery programs (86.2%) and would introduce NIPER to their peers (98%).Conclusion:Considering the pilot results in terms of feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of NIPER in the clinical context of addiction treatment, we think that NIPER is a potentially beneficial intervention to be offered to people with SUD. It would increase their awareness and engage them in the brain and cognition recovery process. However, the clinical efficacy of the intervention should be tested in future randomized clinical trials.

Beneficial Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training on the Well-Being of a Female Sample during the First Total Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy.

The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdown have been widely recognized as traumatic events that pose threats to psychological well-being. Recent studies reported that during such traumatic events, women tend to be at greater risk than men for developing symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Several studies reported that a mindfulness-based stress reduction protocol (MBSR) provides useful skills for dealing with traumatic events. In our study, a sample of Italian females received an 8-week MBSR course plus 6 weeks of video support for meditation practice during the first total lockdown in Italy. We assessed the participants with questionnaires before and after this period to investigate their mindfulness skills, psychological well-being, post-traumatic growth, and psychological flexibility. After the intervention, the meditators group reported improvement in measures associated with self-acceptance, purpose in life, and relation to others compared to the control group. Furthermore, our results showed that participants with greater mindfulness scores showed high levels of psychological flexibility, which in turn was positively associated with higher levels of psychological well-being. We concluded that the MBSR could support psychological well-being, at least in female subjects, even during an unpredictable adverse event, such as the COVID-19 lockdown, by reinforcing key psychological aspects.

Cultural Participation in Later Life Among Older-aged Immigrants in the Czech Republic

The first aim of the study is to compare the intensity of participation in cultural activities among natives, first- and second-generation immigrants in Czech Republic. The second aim is to examine whether the participation in those activities improves the emotional and psychological well-being of first-generation immigrants compared to the natives. The empirical analysis relies on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2017. We perform a system of simultaneous ordered probit models. To further improve our estimates, we apply an instrumental variables (IV) approach to reduce the endogeneity issue. The results show that natives report higher levels of psychological well-being, but there is no difference in cultural participation between the second-generation immigrants and natives. First-generation immigrants participate less frequent-ly, except attending a sports match, where we find no difference in the frequency. However, in the majority of the cases, we conclude that immigrants participating in those activities are more likely to improve their well-being. Furthermore, there is no difference in cultural participation between immigrants and natives in areas characterized by high net migration rates. On the other hand, a lower frequency of participation is found in the areas with low net migration rates, indicating that migration and diversity in an area may encourage participation in the cultural activities explored in this study. Finally, the length of residence and mixed marriages are related with a higher frequency of cultural participation. The findings suggest that fostering accessibility of cultural activities and migration policies should be regarded.

The Degree to which the Leaders of Public Schools in Riyadh City Practice Toxic Leadership and its Relationship to the Level of Psychological Well-being of Teachers from their Perspectives: درجة ممارسة قادة المدارس الحكومية بمدينة الرياض للقيادة السامة وعلاقتها بمستوى الرفاه النفسي للمعلمين من وجهة نظرهم

This study aimed to reveal the degree of public-school leaders 'practice in Riyadh city of toxic leadership, the level of psychological well-being and the relationship of the two variables with each other from the teachers' point of view in those schools. The researchers used the descriptive survey approach, a questionnaire designed by researchers consisting of (45) items distributed on two axes, and it was applied to a random sample of (252) teachers. The results showed that the degree of school leaders ’practice of toxic leadership obtained an overall average of (1.60 out of 5). That is, with a (low) rating, and that the level of psychological well-being obtained an overall average of (3.40 out of 5), that is, a (high) rating. It also revealed the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between toxic leadership and psychological well-being, reaching 0.15 and indicating a very weak relationship, With no statistically significant differences in the strength of the correlational relationship due to the effect of gender, experience, or educational stage. Based on the results, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals to prevent toxic leadership and maintain a high level of psychological well-being among teachers.

Psychological Well-Being in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Associated With Obesity: The Relationship With Personality, Cognitive Functioning, and Subjective and Objective Sleep Quality.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome severely affects psychological well-being. This syndrome frequently occurs in obesity; however, no previous study has investigated the level of psychological well-being in the case of OSA syndrome associated with obesity. In this work, we assessed the level of psychological well-being in fifty-two individuals affected by OSA syndrome and obesity through the Psychological General Well-Being Index. Moreover, we investigated the role of personality, cognitive functioning and attentional capabilities, subjective perception and objective measurement about sleeping, on the subjective perception of psychological well-being. Our sample reported a lower level of psychological well-being; the participants’ scores were below the normative cut-off in all components, except for depression symptoms. A lower expression of harm avoidance temperament and a lower level of daily sleepiness predicted a higher level of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being seemed to be severely affected in individuals affected by OSA syndrome and obesity. The temperament and subjective perception of daily alertness and sleepiness, rather than the syndrome severity, seemed to play a crucial role in the individual perception of the psychological well-being.

Comparing the Psychological Well-Being of the Manjo Ethnic Minority with the Non-Manjo Ethnic Group in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia

This study examined the level of psychological well-being between the Ethnic Minority group, commonly called “Manjo,” and the majority group called “Gomero.” Psychological well-being questionnaires were administered to a sample of 298 (independent sample from both groups). The findings demonstrated that the non-Manjo (Gomero) Ethnic group possessed a considerably high level of psychological well-being. Statistical differences were found in participants’ psychological well-being across Ethnic groups. According to the results, participants from the Manjo Ethnic Minority group had a lower level of psychological well-being (M = 211.27, SD = 17.51) compared to the majority (Gomero). A statistically significant variation in psychological well-being (theoretically embodied across a broad spectrum of measurement units) among the two independent study groups was reflected.

Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Well-Being in Very Pre-Term and Term Born Adolescents: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Two Accelerometry Studies.

This study examined whether physical activity is associated with better mental health and well-being among very preterm (≤32 weeks) and term born (≥37 weeks) adolescents alike or whether the associations are stronger in either of the groups. Physical activity was measured with accelerometry in children born very preterm and at term in two cohorts, the Basel Study of Preterm Children (BSPC; 40 adolescents born ≤32 weeks of gestation and 59 term born controls aged 12.3 years) and the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; 45 adolescents born ≤32 weeks of gestation and 3137 term born controls aged 14.2 years on average). In both cohorts, emotional and behavioral problems were mother-reported using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Subjective well-being was self-reported using the Kidscreen-52 Questionnaire in the BSPC and single items in the MCS. Hierarchical regressions with ‘preterm status × physical activity’-interaction effects were subjected to individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. IPD meta-analysis showed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower levels of peer problems, and higher levels of psychological well-being, better self-perception/body image, and school related well-being. Overall, the effect-sizes were small and the associations did not differ significantly between very preterm and term born adolescents. Future research may examine the mechanisms behind effects of physical activity on mental health and wellbeing in adolescence as well as which type of physical activity might be most beneficial for term and preterm born children.

Mental Well-Being of Students of Pedagogy at Ho Chi Minh City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: The well-being of students refers to the psychological, cognitive, and social functioning of the life of students. The Vietnamese undergraduate students are under a great deal of burden and pressure, that makes examining their well-being more necessary than ever. Aim: To examine the Vietnamese Pedagogy students' well-being. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study from April 2018 to September 2018, on Four hundred and seventy-six students (128 males and 348 females) at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Education on completed paper-based questionnaires that included demographic items. Our research utilised the Mental Health Continuum Short Form in Vietnamese, which surveyed Vietnamese pedagogy undergraduates. The scale was developed with an aim of creating a brief self-rating assessment tool which accesses three components of well-being: emotional, social, and psychological. The emotional well-being subscale including 3 items is defined as positive effects/satisfaction with life. Social well-being includes social contribution, social integration, social actualisation, social acceptance, and social coherence. Finally, six items represent psychological well-being: self-acceptance, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, personal growth, autonomy, and purpose in life. To achieve this goal, descriptive statistics were used for describing the sample statistics and conclusion. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 was used for data analysis. Frequency, percentage, mean score, and standard deviation were used to analyse descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A convenience sample of 476 (response rate of 600 questionnaires distributed at 79.3%) Vietnamese students from the Ho Chi Minh City University of Education was studied which included 128 males (26.9%) and 348 females (73.1%). The majority of the participants (78.6%; n=372) were born in Ho Chi Minh City, and 21.4% (n=102) were born in other provinces of Vietnam. Regarding their academic year, 50.4% (n=240), 18.9% (n=90), 13.2% (n=63) and 17.5% (n=83) were respectively represents, sophomore, junior, and senior, respectively. The results indicated that Vietnamese Pedagogy students had a high level of psychological well-being (M=2.99, SD=1.12) and emotional well-being (M=2.96, SD=1.26), while their social well-being (M=2.40, SD=1.12) was medium. Conclusion: Pedagogy students in Vietnam had a high level of psychological well-being, emotional well-being, and medium level of social well-being. All results obtained after this research are indispensable to understand the pedagogy undergraduates’ well-being. This research was conducted with the notion that it would act as a stimulant in extending related work to improve pedagogy students' well-being.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЕ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА

The results of a comparative empirical study of the psychological well-being of people of elderly age are presented in the article. We tried to test the hypothesis that the psychological well-being of people in elderly age is determined by a number of social factors (involvement in professional activities and the presence of close interpersonal relationships). We tried to determine which components cause a high level of psychological well-being in the elderly age. In the result of the study we found that working respondents have more autonomy than non-working respondents. They have a high degree of responsibility and high self-esteem. They are satisfied with the quality of their lives. The connection between marital status as a factor of close interpersonal relationships and levels of psychological well-being of a people in elderly age was not found. It was found that average and high levels of psychological well-being of people of elderly age are determined by such components as a high subjectness of personality, selfworth, meaningfulness of life, presence of life goals, life satisfaction, satisfaction with the results of life, ability to life management, interest in life, positive self-esteem, positive mood, consistency in achieving goals and consistency between the set and achieved goals.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

Conceptual analysis of psychological well-being. The leading conceptual scientific controversy issues discussed by the well-known domestic and foreign psychologists concerning the problem of positive functioning of individuals have been analyzed. The theoretical concept of psychological well-being as a mental health component is emphasized. Theoretical and methodological topic relevance justification is provided. Priority is given to the study of cognitive activity with different manifestation levels of students’ psychological well-being. Thus, an important factor of psychological wellbeing – the activity of an individual – has been highlighted. Approaches to determining the psychological well-being essence and structure are analyzed, modern models of factors of psychological well-being are considered, the role of psychological well-being of an individual in educational and professional activity is defined. The article attempts a theoretical conceptual analysis of psychological well-being through the prism of the structural approach and the qualitative structural analysis, which has allowed to substantiate the structural model of psychological well-being in the unity and the relationship of the following components: psychological well-being as self-determination, activity of an individual, psycho-emotional state and the system of relationships. The collection and analysis of factual material in the modern domestic and foreign scientific literature has allowed to assert the growth of publications on the issues of the positive functioning of an individual and psychological well-being. Theoretical and practical analysis of the relationship between the success of vocational training and the level of psychological well-being has illustrated that successful vocational training leads to a high level of psychological well-being.

A symptom-based definition of resilience in times of pandemics: patterns of psychological responses over time and their predictors

ABSTRACT Background: It has been suggested that resilience is best conceptualized as healthy and stable functioning in the face of a potentially traumatic event. However, most research on this field has focused on self-reported resilience, and other patterns of response when facing adversity, in cross-sectional designs. Objective: Alternatively, we aimed to study changing patterns of psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population, based on patterns of symptoms, and factors contributing to those patterns. Method: A national representative sample of Spain (N = 1,628) responded to an internet-based survey at two assessment points, separated by 1 month (April and May 2020), during the official national confinement stage. Based upon whether participants exhibited absence/presence of distress (i.e., significant trauma-related, depression, or anxiety symptoms) at one or two of the assessment times, patterns of psychological responses were defined by categorizing individuals into one of the four categories: Resilience, Delayed distress, Recovered, and Sustained distress. Results: Analyses of the levels of disturbance associated with the symptoms provided support to that four-fold distinction of patterns of responses. Furthermore, resilience responses were the most common psychological response to the pandemic. Multinomial regression analyses revealed that the main variables increasing the probability of resilience to COVID-19 were being male, older, having no history of mental health difficulties, higher levels of psychological well-being and high identification with all humanity. Also, having low scores in several variables (i.e., anxiety and economic threat due to COVID-19, substance use during the confinement, intolerance to uncertainty, death anxiety, loneliness, and suspiciousness) was a significant predictor of a resilient response to COVID-19. Conclusion: Our findings are consistent with previous literature that conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic process. The clinical implications of significant predictors of the resilience and the rest of psychological patterns of response are discussed.

The Comparative Impact of Cash Transfers and a Psychotherapy Program on Psychological and Economic Well-being

We study the economic and psychological effects of a USD 1076 PPP unconditional cash transfer, a five-week psychotherapy program, and the combination of both interventions among 5,756 individuals in rural Kenya. One year after the interventions, cash transfer recipients had higher consumption, asset holdings, and revenue, as well as higher levels of psychological well-being than control households. In contrast, the psychotherapy program had no measurable effects on either psychological or economic outcomes, both for individuals with poor mental health at baseline and others. The effects of the combined treatment are similar to those of the cash transfer alone. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

ЛИЧНОСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОДАРЁННЫХ УЧАЩИХСЯ С РАЗНЫМ УРОВНЕМ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ

Introduction. The paper presents the results of the comparative analysis of the personal characteristics of students with various levels of psychological well-being. Materials and Methods. The study relies on the following methods: Maddi’s Hardiness survey, V.V. Stolin and S.R. Panteleev’s Self-attitude test questionnaire, R. Lazarus and S. Folkman’s Test for coping with difficult situations, Kolb’s Learning style inventory, and H. Sievert’s Test to identify creative abilities. Results. Students with a high level of psychological well-being are characterized by constructive strategies for resolving problem situations, a high level of hardiness, and a positive self-attitude. Students with a low level of psychological well-being are characterized by a low degree of self-acceptance, a high degree of self-blame, a desire to avoid solving problems, and a lack of control over their own lives. Conclusion. The findings indicate that there are relationships between the psychological well-being of gifted students and indicators of their hardiness, coping strategies, self-attitude, learning style, and creativity. The study has revealed that students with different levels of psychological well-being differin some of the studied characteristics. Keywords: psychological well-being, giftedness, specialized schools, personal characteristics, hardiness, self-attitude, coping strategies, creativity

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SPECIFICS OF YOUNG SINGLE PEOPLE

The article represents the results of an empirical study of the psychological characteristics of young single people. Singleness is viewed as a certain social status in it. The purpose of this work is to clarify the psychological characteristics that are representative of involuntary and voluntary singlehood of young people. The study views the “voluntary singleness” as a lack of willingness to take on a romantic partner, as long as “involuntary singleness” is a conscious desire to have one. The theoretical overview represents the current stay of study of singleness phenomenon in psychology. It displays the basic theoretical approach, that is used for resolving of problem. In particular the article draws to evolutionary and feminist approach. A number of psychological states that accompany romantic loneliness and the consequences of it are mentioned. It is established the scales “hypochondriasis”, “depression”, “hysteria”, “psychopathic deviate”, “paranoia”, “psychasthenia”, “schizophrenia”, “negative perception of the past”, “perception of the fatalistic present” and “rigidity of emotions” have statistically significant differences between involuntary and involuntary single people. These features are more characteristic of people who intend to have a romantic relationship. At the same time, it has been proven that voluntary single people have a higher level of psychological well-being, self-acceptance and self-esteem. They evaluate their relationships with others are more positively, open to new experiences and strive for development more, then involuntary single ones. It has been proven that individuals who show a reluctance to get close to others on an emotional basis are more insecure the desire to enter into a romantic relationship than people who do not have obstacles in establishing emotional contact with others. The first group is characterized as more introverted, anxious, synthetic, socially maladapted, suspicious, emotionally detached and rigid.&nbsp;

Time of Wisdom and time for Wisdom. The role of time perspective on wisdom in old age

Introduction: Wisdom was defined as a deep knowledge about the most relevant questions of life. Other theoretical perspectives maintain that wisdom is related also to the development of post-formal dialectical thinking and to the ability in managing the uncertainty of the future. Several studies have shown that wisdom is related to high level of psychological well-being in old age. This study explored the relationships between wisdom and time perspective in the third and fourth age, after controlling for age, gender and level of education as structural variables. Method: 155 subjects (m. age: 68.69; 67% females and 33% males) filled in the WITHAQ questionnaire (Moraitou & Efklides, 2013) and the S-ZTPI questionnaire (Carelli et al., 2011). Results: Positive correlations emerged between wisdom as post-formal thinking and future positive, negative correlation with present fatalistic. Wisdom as pragmatics of life is positively correlated with past positive and future positive, while wisdom as awareness of future uncertainty show positive correlations with past negative and past positive, future negative and future positive. Three hierarchical regression model that posited each of them a dimension of wisdom as dependent variable highlights time perspective as significant, positive contributor to them. Conclusions: The study highlights the relevance of time perspective for wisdom, opening new interesting paths of both research and interventions aimed at a better comprehension of the mechanisms that link the cognitive and affective relation with time in old age with the unfolding of wisdom in its specific dimensions and at translating these results into concrete therapeutic interventions.

Mental health of circus artists: Psychological resilience, circus factors, and demographics predict depression, anxiety, stress, and flourishing

Circus artists perform physically demanding skills in a high-stress environment, yet little is known about their mental health. We explored emotional states of depression, anxiety, stress and flourishing in a sample of 500 circus artists. The predominantly female sample (n = 415) encompassed a range of performance levels (amateur 50%, part/full-time professional 41%, student 6%, retired 3%), with aerial acrobatics (71%) being the most frequently represented main circus discipline in the sample. Compared to previously established normative scores of a non-clinical population, circus artists scored higher on scales of emotions reflecting depression, anxiety, and stress, and lower on flourishing. They also scored higher on both state and trait resilience compared to previously established normative scores. Using a Bayesian estimation procedure, linear regression analyses showed that resilience, circus factors, and demographics (i.e., age and gender) explained between 24% and 51% of the variance in emotional states of depression, anxiety, stress, and flourishing. Consistently, circus artists with higher levels of state/trait resilience reported higher levels of psychological wellbeing, indicated by lower levels of emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress, and higher levels of flourishing. Therefore, the development of interventions for circus artists who experience lower levels of psychological wellbeing appears warranted.

Family involvement in pregnancy and psychological health among pregnant Black women

Social determinants of health influence psychological health in pregnancy and contribute to health inequities in birth outcomes. This study examines the association between family involvement during pregnancy and psychological health among Black women. Pregnant women in Detroit, MI and Columbus, OH were recruited between 8 and 29 weeks' gestation (n = 203). Higher family involvement was associated with lower depressive symptoms (CES-D; β = −1.3, p < 0.001), perceived stress (β = −0.8, p < 0.001), and anxiety (β = −0.39, p < 0.01), and higher levels of psychological well-being (β = 2.2, p < 0.001). Family involvement may be a protective factor for pregnant Black women.

The Relationship Between the Motivation to Commit Infidelity and Negative Affect and Self-Esteem: How Cheating in Romance Might Signal Positive Well-Being in Adolescents.

Infidelity occurs in adult romantic relationships quite often; however, little is known about this relational phenomenon in the adolescent stage, despite its being a surprisingly common behavior. Through a correlational study, we set out to examine how the various documented motivations to engage in an act of infidelity are associated with negative emotional responses, self-esteem, and psychological well-being. In a sample of Spanish adolescents (N = 346 [Mage = 15.71, SD = 1.27; range from 13 to 19]), results showed that committing an act of infidelity due to sexual or emotional dissatisfaction (vs. neglect and anger) is related to higher levels of psychological well-being by undermining negative affect, thereby increasing the levels of self-esteem. The discussion of the findings emphasizes that infidelity could favor adolescents' personal growth, because of the need to explore new sensations and feelings that arise during this period.

The Modern-Day Feminine Beauty Ideal, Mental Health, and Jungian Archetypes

Introduction: It can be argued that beauty is not only an aesthetic value, but it is also a social capital which is supported by the global beauty industry. Advertising kindly offers all kinds of ways to acquire and maintain beauty and youth that require large investments. Recent studies demonstrate that physical attractiveness guided by modern sociocultural standards is associated with a higher level of psychological well-being, social ease, assertiveness, and confidence. What is behind this pursuit of ideal beauty and eternal youth: the life-long struggle for survival, selfless love for beauty, or something else that lurks in the depths of the human unconscious?&#x0D; Purpose: The aim of the paper is to analyze the modern-day feminine beauty ideal through the lens of Jungian archetypes.&#x0D; Methodology: An extensive literary review of relevant articles for the period 2000-2020 was performed using PubMed and Google databases, with the following key words: “Feminine beauty ideal, body image, beauty and youth, mental health problems, C.G. Jung, archetypes of collective unconsciousness”. Along with it, the author used Jung’s theory of archetypes, integrative anthropological approach, and hermeneutical methodology.&#x0D; Results and Discussion: Advertising and the beauty industry have a huge impact on women and their self-image. Exposure to visual media depicting idealized faces and bodies causes a negative or distorted self-image. The new globalized and homogenized beauty ideal emphasizes youth and slimness. Over the past few decades, the emphasis on this ideal has been accompanied by an increase in the level of dissatisfaction with their bodies among both women and men. Though face and body image concerns are not a mental health condition in themselves, they have a negative impact on women’s mental health being associated with body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, depression, eating disorders, psychological distress, low self-esteem, self-harm, suicidal feelings. These trends are of real concern.&#x0D; The interiorization of the modern standards of female beauty as the image of a young girl impedes the psychological development of women and causes disintegration disabling the interconnection of all elements of the psyche and giving rise to deep contradictions. This unattainable ideal is embodied in the Jungian archetype of the Kore. Without maturity transformations, the image of the Kore, which is so attractive to the modern world, indicates an undeveloped part of the personality. Her inability to grow up and become mature has dangerous consequences. Women “restrain their forward movement” becoming an ideal object of manipulation. Thus, they easily internalize someone’s ideas about what the world should be and about their “right” place in it losing the ability to think critically and giving away power over their lives.&#x0D; Conclusion: Overcoming the psychological threshold of growing up, achieving deep experience and inner growth, a woman discovers another aspect of the Kore, ceases to be an object of manipulation and accepts reality as it is, while her beauty becomes multifaceted and reflects all aspects of her true personality