High Levels Of Oleic Acid Research Articles

Registration of four upland cotton germplasm lines with elevated levels of seed oil oleic acid

AbstractFour upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines, HOa1 (Reg. no. GP‐1072, PI 691652), HOa2 (Reg. no. GP‐1073, PI 691653), HOa3 (Reg. no. GP‐1074, PI 691654), and HOa4 (Reg. no. GP‐1075, PI 691655), with elevated levels of seed oil oleic acid were developed and released by the USDA‐ARS. High seed oil levels of oleic acid have been reported for a small number of G. barbadense L. accessions. Included among these accessions is GB713, which is also known as a source of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) resistance and has been used to breed this trait into an upland cotton background. Root‐knot nematode resistance was bred into the GB713‐based reniform‐resistant lines to yield germplasm with resistance to both nematodes. Testing the nematode‐resistant lines for seed oil fatty acid composition revealed elevated levels of oleic acid in some seeds. Selection and propagation of individual plants with the highest oleate levels indicated that the trait was stable for three successive generations with approximately double the level of oleic acid found in normal cottonseed oil. Oils with high levels of oleic acid are considered to be healthier and have improved oxidative stability at elevated temperature, making them preferred for some cooking and frying applications.

Pequi Kernel oil extraction by hydraulic pressing and its characterization

Abstract The seed by-products of pequi pulp processing have a kernel in its core which is not used due to the difficulty of its extraction from the spinous endocarp. However, this kernel has high quality oil which can be used for human consumption. Thus, the kernel and the oil composition as well as the conditions to obtain the kernel oil by hydraulic pressing were evaluated in this study. The kernel showed high lipid content (55.76%), therefore being a good source for obtaining oil. The oil extraction by hydraulic pressing presented a higher yield at 5.5 tons to 6.0 tons of force and 9% to 10% moisture. Oil recovery was 75%. The pequi kernel oil showed low acid (0.17 mg KOH/g) and peroxide (1.22 mEq O2/kg) values. The kernel oil also presented high levels of oleic acid (42.47%). The results indicate that the kernel oil extraction is an alternative form for using seeds to increase the producer/processor income and to decrease residue volumes in the pequi processing industry.

Compositional Analysis of Non-Polar and Polar Metabolites in 14 Soybeans Using Spectroscopy and Chromatography Tools.

There has been significant interest in soybean oil, fatty acid, and sugar composition to develop new value-added soybean products. Thus, compositional analysis is critical for developing value-added soybeans. In the present study, we showed simple screening tools (near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)) coupled with multivariate analysis for the sample classification of 14 soybeans as a proof-of-concept. We further determined major non-polar and polar metabolites responsible for differences between different soybeans using gas and ion chromatography. These differences in soybean profiles were attributed to lower levels of total oil content in wild soybeans (~9%) versus cultivated soybeans (16%–22%). In addition, higher levels of linolenic acid (~17%) and stachyose (~53%) were determined in wild type, whereas higher levels of oleic acid (~19%) and sucrose (~59%) were detected in cultivated soybeans. Interestingly, one cultivated soybean had a desirable sugar profile with a high amount of sucrose (86%) and a low abundance of stachyose (9%). The correlation studies showed a positive correlation between oil and soluble sugars (R2 = 0.80) and negative correlations between methyl linolenate and soluble sugars (R2 = −0.79), oil (R2 = −0.94), and methyl oleate (R2 = −0.94) content. Both polar and non-polar metabolites showed significant differences in wild and cultivated soybeans.

Registration of Sunflower Genetic Stocks TOCO B1, TOCO R1, and TOCO R2 with High Gamma‐ and Delta‐Tocopherol and Altered Fatty Acid Composition in the Seed Oil

A primary concern of oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeders in developing commercial hybrids is the constitution of the oil product, particularly the fatty acid composition. Over time, mutation breeding and selection have led to sunflower varieties with very high levels of oleic acid, which increases oxidative stability of the oil. This is beneficial particularly to those food industries that use vegetable oil for frying food. Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants that protect vegetable oils from oxidative degradation and that vary in their antioxidant activity. TOCO B1 (Reg. no. GS‐62, PI 690443), TOCO R1 (Reg. no. GS‐63, PI 690444), and TOCO R2 (Reg. no. GS‐64, PI 690445) contain mutations that increase the γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol level of the seed, leading to a more stable vegetable oil product. TOCO B1 also possesses an oil profile high in oleic acid. These lines were released by the USDA‐ARS and North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, ND, to fill the need for novel sunflower oil products in the sunflower industry.

Peanut cultivars display susceptibility by triggering outbreaks of Tetranychus ogmophallos (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The peanut red spider mite, Tetranychus ogmophallos Ferreira and Flechtmann (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an important pest of peanut in Brazil and is considered a quarantine pest in other countries. This study investigates the development, reproduction, survival and life table parameters of T. ogmophallos on five peanut cultivars-three with high levels of oleic acid [high oleic] and recently released: Granoleico, IAC OL 3 and IAC 503; and two regular and previously used by farmers: Runner IAC 886, IAC Tatu ST 3-and two breeding lines (L. 8008 and L. 322) in the growth chamber. There were differences between the developmental times of all immature stages, the oviposition period, fecundity and adult longevity of T. ogmophallos reared on the peanut cultivars and breeding lines. The longest duration of the immature stage and lowest fecundity occurred on cultivars Granoleico and Runner IAC 886, and breeding line L. 322, which also displayed the lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) and the shortest mean generation time (T). The highest fitness occurred on the IAC Tatu ST, IAC OL 3, IAC 503 and L. 8008. Our study shows that peanut cultivars belonging to the group with high oleic trait and recently released (IAC OL 3 and IAC 503) are susceptible to T. ogmophallos, except Granoleico, which is resistant. The regular and previously used cultivar Runner IAC 886 and breeding line L. 322 are resistant to the peanut red spider mite.

Novel alleles of FAD2-1A induce high levels of oleic acid in soybean oil

Soybean plays an important role in seed oil production for foods and industrial products in the USA. Chemical hydrogenation of commodity soybean oil increased functionality but unavoidably created trans fat which has been linked to many health issues in humans. An alternative to using hydrogenation of the oil to enhance oxidative stability is to genetically increase the level of oleic acid in the seed oil. Our goal was to develop a soybean germplasm as a source for more functional soybean oil with a high oleic acid, increased stearic acid, and low linolenic acid profile utilizing new and existing variant alleles of key fatty acid desaturase genes. Using forward genetics, novel alleles of FAD2-1A were discovered and characterized from a mutant soybean population already containing elevated seed stearic acid content. One of the two new FAD2-1A alleles, when combined with existing mutant alleles of FAD2-1B created a high oleic acid seed oil phenotype in soybean germplasm lines. The other new FAD2-1A allele produced lower and more variable oleic acid levels when combined with existing mutant alleles of FAD2-1B. Seed stearic acid increased to ~ 10–11% in lines containing combinations of FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B mutant alleles plus the SACPD-C missense mutant alleles; however, the increase in stearic acid was associated with a decrease in the oleic acid content and did not meet the target of at least 20% stearic acid in the seed oil. In addition, existing FAD3 mutant alleles were incorporated into the novel high oleic acid and high oleic/elevated stearic acid soybean lines with four or five targeted alleles combined (FAD2-1A, FAD2-1B, FAD3A, FAD3C, and SACPD-C) to create soybean germplasm with more functional soybean oil. This study is beneficial for improving the quality of soybean oil based on nutritional value and oxidative stability.

Methods For Detecting Butter Adulteration

Twelve samples of butter were purchased from the local markets and compared with control butter sample made in the lab.. The samples were kept under cooling till analysis. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for the fatty acids content, and also chemically analyzed for cholesterol levels and fat content. The chromatographic analysis revealed that only three samples were identical to the control sample, while the other samples varied from the control regarding fatty acid composition. The results revealed that five samples showed a marked decrease in the total short chain acids when compared to the control sample. It could also observed that four samples had higher content of lauric acid (C12), while three samples possessed high content of palmetic acid (C16:0). On the other hand,, two samples were characterized with higher levels of oleic acid (C18:1 ), and stearic acid (C18:0 ). These findings show that an adulteration with palm kerenal oil, palim oil and tallow, was done, respectively. The results obtained from chromatographic analysis enabled to detect the adulteration by using the fatty acids ratios between certain fatty acids. The ratio between C12/C10, C14/C12, C18:1/C14, C18:0/C18:2, C18:1/C18 and the total saturated fatty acids/total unsaturated fatty acids, were used to detect the adulteration. The ratios between C12/C10, C18:0/C18:2, C18:1/C18:0, and total saturated fatty acids /total unsaturated fatty acids were useful in detecting the adulteration of butter fat with vegetable oils or tallow. Cholesterol content of the samples was carried out. The results obtained revealed that the addition of adulterants to the butter decreased the cholesterol level of the adulterated samples when compared to the control sample. The decrease of the cholesterol level seems to be proportional to the adulteration ratios. Also, calculating the cholesterol level of the suspected samples regarding the cholesterol level of the control samples helped to detect the ratios of adulterants in butter samples. Fat content of all samples did not differ.

Effects of Sowing Season on Agronomic Traits and Fatty Acid Metabolic Profiling in Three Brassica napus L. Cultivars.

Decreasing saturated fatty acids and increasing monounsaturated fatty acids are desirable to improve oil for food. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition are affected by genotype and environment. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the agronomic traits and fatty acid metabolic profiling of Brassica napus (B. napus) seeds at different developmental stages in high level of oleic acid (HOA), medium level of oleic acid (MOA), and low level of oleic acid (LOA) B. napus cultivars, both sown in winter and summer. The results showed that all winter-sown cultivars produced 20% more seed yield than the summer-sown crop. The longer growing period of winter-sown B. napus resulted in higher biomass production. However, the fatty acid metabolism of individual cultivars was different between winter-sown rape (WAT) and summer-sown rape (SAT). The absolute fatty acid content of LOA and MOA cultivars in WAT were significantly higher than that in SAT, but that of HOA was opposite. Importantly, the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1; 20:1) in SAT were far more than those in WAT. These data indicate the quality of oil from the HOA in SAT is more suitable for human consumption than that in WAT.

Essential fatty acid deficiency increases hepatic non-infectious granulomatosis incidence in meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso 1801) fingerlings

Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a promising new aquaculture species, however with some bottlenecks to high-scale commercial production. One of those constraints are the scarce information about its nutritional requirements, which difficult the production of optimized diets and can lead to pathological alterations in liver, such as hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, meagre production is widely affected by granulomatosis, an infectious or non-infectious disease that may compromise fish performance and appearance. The cause of non-infectious granulomatosis is still unclear, but nutritional deficiencies are potential explanations. Since essential fatty acids are nutrients required to sustain vital functions, growth, but also immune status and disease resistance, the present work evaluated, in a 30-day feeding trial, the effect of 5 dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (0.8, 1.4, 2.0, 2.6 and 3.5% in dry weight of the diet) on liver health status of meagre fingerlings. Fish fed the lowest n-3 LC-PUFA diets (0.8 and 1.4%) showed a higher hepatosomatic index, as well as a higher hepatic lipid infiltration, which resulted in severe hepatic steatosis. Oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were the most important fatty acids driving the variability of meagre hepatic fatty acid composition and, consequently, hepatic histological alterations. Although fatty acid composition of phospholipids was less affected by the dietary n-3 LC-PUFA, meagre fed 0.8% n-3 LC-PUFA tended to present lower levels of essential fatty acids and higher levels of oleic acid in polar lipids. Moreover, the diet with the lowest n-3 LC-PUFA content (0.8%) led to a higher incidence of hepatic granulomas, suggesting a possible relation between essential fatty acid deficiency and hepatic granulomatosis in meagre. These results suggest that the inclusion of vegetable oils in diets for meagre fingerlings should be taken with careful, guaranteeing that, at least, 2.0% DW of n-3 LC-PUFA is available in feeds, in order to maintain the normal hepatic function in meagre.

Nutritional value and fatty acid profile of two wild edible limpets from the Madeira Archipelago

Patella aspera and Patella candei are two abundant limpet species commercially exploited and often used as a delicacy in the Madeira Archipelago, but there is a lack of scientific knowledge about these species. This study investigated the nutritional value and fatty acids of this species across the coast of Madeira Archipelago. The lipid content (7.71–12.60% dw), proteins (48.22–64.09% dw), ashes (11.12–23.12% dw) and carbohydrates (4.5–10.9% dw) were determined in P. aspera and P. candei at different collection sites. In the fatty acid composition, a total of 23 fatty acids (FAs) were identified. P. aspera showed the highest amount of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs, 35.02%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 12.59%), and P. candei presented the highest level of oleic acid (OA, 28.25%), polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs, 27.26%) and arachidonic acid (AA, 11.38%). The Σω3/Σω6 dietary ratio presented levels > 0.25 suggesting that these marine molluscs are a good source of ω3 for dietary intake. Within each specie significant differences (p < 0.05) across sites were observed. High amounts of essential nutrients were shown in Patella species collected at Selvagens site while poorest levels were shown in Patella collected at Lido. The evaluation of the nutritional traits of P. candei and P. aspera shows that these limpets are good sources of essential fatty acids for human health and that the distribution of limpets is a key factor when determining its dietary value.

AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, VIGNA UNGUICULATA, CORCHORUS OLITORIUS, IPOMEA BATATAS, SOLANUM MELONGENA SOLD ON THE SYPOREX MARKET OF YOPOUGON (COTE D’IVOIRE)

Background: Leafy vegetables (Abelmoschus esculentus, Vigna unguiculata, Corchorus olitorius, Ipomea batatas, Solanum melongena.) are sold on markets to people who consume them in different forms. Studies have shown their nutritional value but there is little information on the amino acids and fatty acids of these leafy vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition in the micronutrients of these leafy vegetables. Method: These leafy vegetables were washed and dried to determine protein and lipid levels. An evaluation of the amino acid levels and the fatty acid profile was performed on these samples. Results: Statistical analysis showed that leaves of Vigna unguiculata (18.31 ± 0.29 g / 100 g) and Corchorus olitorius (19.15 ± 0.32 g / 100 g) contained more protein (p&gt; 0). , 05). The amino acid percentages of Solanum melongena leaves were significantly (p&gt; 0.05) higher than other leafy vegetables. Overall, the essential fatty acid profiles of the five leafy vegetables studied were characterized by high levels of oleic acid (17.06-22.70%), linoleic acid (15.19-43, 90%) and α-linolenic acid (0.70 - 39.20%). Conclusion: All these results show that leafy vegetables are excellent sources of micronutrients for both humans and animals.

Feeding habits of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) inferred by fatty acid profiles in the northern Mexican Caribbean

Whale shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith, 1828) is an endangered species with anthropogenic pressures due to increasing demand of encounter tourism activities. Research efforts to identify management and conservation strategies for this species are needed. The Northern Mexican Caribbean is one of the most important feeding aggregation sites of whale sharks worldwide. In this study, Mexican Caribbean whale shark feeding habits are assessed by means of fatty acid (FA) signature analysis, a biochemical non-destructive technique widely applied in trophic ecology studies. Sub-dermal tissue biopsies of 68 whale sharks and samples of their potential prey (zooplankton) were collected during 2010 and 2011 in two areas with high R. typus abundance. Zooplankton samples (n = 17) were divided in two categories: mixed zooplankton (several groups of zooplankton) and fish eggs (> 95% of sample components were fish eggs). FA profiles of whale shark tissue sampled between years showed significant variability; while there was no intraspecific differences in FA signature related to sex, size and location. FA profiles of whale sharks and their potential prey were dominated by saturated fatty acids (SFA). R. typus FA signature was significantly different from that of mixed zooplankton; on the other hand, whale shark and fish egg FA profiles formed groups with overlapping values and registered high levels of oleic acid. PUFA average ω3/ ω6 ratio on whale shark FA profiles for both years was below 1. Arachidonic acid (ARA) percentage was higher in whale shark biopsies (13.2% in 2010, 6.8% in 2011) compared to values observed in fish eggs (2.0%) and mixed zooplankton (1.4%). Similarity between FA profiles of whale sharks and fish eggs, low levels of bacterial FA found in R. typus biopsies, as well as whale shark feeding behavior observations in the study area, suggest that R. typus is feeding mainly on surface zooplankton in Mexican Caribbean; however, elevated ARA percentages in whale shark samples may indicate that this species has complementary feeding sources, such as demersal zooplankton, which has been reported in other aggregation sites. Results obtained contribute to the knowledge of the whale shark trophic ecology in the area, but are inconclusive. Further studies are recommended to evaluate whale shark FA profiles from different tissues (muscle or blood); also, broader information is needed about zooplankton FA signature in the study area.

Seed oil of Jatropha curcas L. germplasm: Analysis of oil quality and fatty acid composition

Jatropha curcas L. is recognized as one of the important non-edible tree borne oilseeds (TBOs) in India and many other tropical countries. J. curcas is a promising bioenergy crop as its seed oil is a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. This study focused on a total of 19 J. curcas accessions for seed oil extraction, oil quality analysis and fatty acid composition. Most of the accessions showed more than 30% oil content with free fatty acid content ranging from 0.21 to 1.82%. The oil samples were transesterified efficiently to fatty acid methyl esters as evident from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. As revealed by gas chromatography, the contents of the four major fatty acids were found to significantly vary in the seed oils viz Palmitic acid (8.64–17.05%), stearic acid (4.34–7.94%), oleic acid (26.26–46.36%) and linoleic acid (28.72–53.78%). A number of seed oils showed high level of oleic acid (40.02–46.36%), and some other oil samples were rich in linoleic acid (∼45%). These J. curcas accessions appeared to be promising with regard to clonal propagation, field trials, large-scale plantations for biodiesel feedstocks, other industrial applications, and also as prebreeding materials in crop improvement programs.

Effect of bioactive compounds on antiradical and antimicrobial activity of extracts and cold-pressed edible oils from nutty fruits from Macedonia

The chemical composition, antiradical and antimicrobial activity of cold-pressed edible oils from nutty fruits (almond and walnut) and oils from poppy seed and wheat germ from Macedonia were studied. Regarding the fatty acid composition, the highest level of oleic acid was determined in almond oil (67.6 ± 0.02%) whereas poppy seed oil was the richest sources of linoleic acid with abundance of 72.3 ± 0.06%. The highest level of α-tocopherol (23.8 ± 0.01 mg/100 g of oil) was quantified in almond oil while γ-tocopherol was the most abundant in walnut and wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil was the richest source of phytosterols (3894 ± 155.0 mg/kg) with domination of β-sitosterol and campesterol. Although DPPH radical is less sensitive against phenolic compounds in comparison to ABTS radical, its relationship with tocopherols and tocotrienols was indicative. Poppy seed oil had the lowest level of tocopherols, but it indicated the highest antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Natural Variation of Volatile Compounds in Virgin Olive Oil Analyzed by HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID

Virgin olive oil is unique among plant oils for its high levels of oleic acid, and the presence of a wide range of minor components, which are responsible for both its health-promoting properties and characteristic aroma, and only produced when olives are crushed during the industrial process used for oil production. The genetic variability of the major volatile compounds comprising the oil aroma was studied in a representative sample of olive cultivars from the World Olive Germplasm Collection (IFAPA, Cordoba, Spain), by means of the headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–flame ionization detection (HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID). The analytical data demonstrated that a high variability is found for the content of volatile compounds in olive species, and that most of the volatile compounds found in the oils were synthesized by the enzymes included in the so-called lipoxygenase pathway. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of cultivars that are particularly interesting, in terms of volatile composition and presumed organoleptic quality, which can be used both to identify old olive cultivars that give rise to oils with a high organoleptic quality, and in parent selection for olive breeding programs.

Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism

Intestinal helminths are prevalent in individuals who live in rural areas of developing countries, where obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are rare. In the present study, we analyzed the modulation of the gut microbiota in mice infected with the helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis, and fed either a standard rodent chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD). To investigate the effects of the microbiota modulation on the metabolism, we analyzed the expression of tight-junction proteins present in the gut epithelium, inflammatory markers in the serum and tissue and quantified glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and resistance. Additionally, the levels of lipids related to inflammation were evaluated in the feces and serum. Our results show that infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis results in a modification of the gut microbiota, most notably by increasing Lactobacillus spp. These modifications in the microbiota alter the host metabolism by increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, switching macrophages from a M1 to M2 pattern in the adipose tissue, increasing the expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal cells (thereby reducing the permeability) and decreasing LPS in the serum. Taken together, these changes correlate with improved insulin signaling and sensitivity, which could also be achieved with HFD mice treated with probiotics. Additionally, helminth infected mice produce higher levels of oleic acid, which participates in anti-inflammatory pathways. These results suggest that modulation of the microbiota by helminth infection or probiotic treatment causes a reduction in subclinical inflammation, which has a positive effect on the glucose metabolism of the host.

Dietary supplementation with hybrid palm oil alters liver function in the common Marmoset

Hybrid palm oil, which contains higher levels of oleic acid and lower saturated fatty acids in comparison with African palm oil, has been proposed to be somehow equivalent to extra virgin olive oil. However, the biological effects of its consumption are poorly described. Here we have explored the effects of its overconsumption on lipid metabolism in a non-human primate model, the common marmoset. Dietary supplementation of marmoset with hyperlipidic diet containing hybrid palm oil for 3 months did not modify plasma lipids levels, but increased glucose levels as compared to the supplementation with African palm oil. Liver volume was unexpectedly found to be more increased in marmosets consuming hybrid palm oil than in those consuming African palm oil. Hepatic total lipid content and circulating transaminases were dramatically increased in animals consuming hybrid palm oil, as well as an increased degree of fibrosis. Analysis of liver miRNAs showed a selective modulation of certain miRNAs by hybrid palm oil, some of which were predicted to target genes involved in cell adhesion molecules and peroxisomal pathways. Our data suggest that consumption of hybrid palm oil should be monitored carefully, as its overconsumption compared to that of African palm oil could involve important alterations to hepatic metabolism.

Genome of wild olive and the evolution of oil biosynthesis

Here we present the genome sequence and annotation of the wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), called oleaster, which is considered an ancestor of cultivated olive trees. More than 50,000 protein-coding genes were predicted, a majority of which could be anchored to 23 pseudochromosomes obtained through a newly constructed genetic map. The oleaster genome contains signatures of two Oleaceae lineage-specific paleopolyploidy events, dated at ∼28 and ∼59 Mya. These events contributed to the expansion and neofunctionalization of genes and gene families that play important roles in oil biosynthesis. The functional divergence of oil biosynthesis pathway genes, such as FAD2, SACPD, EAR, and ACPTE, following duplication, has been responsible for the differential accumulation of oleic and linoleic acids produced in olive compared with sesame, a closely related oil crop. Duplicated oleaster FAD2 genes are regulated by an siRNA derived from a transposable element-rich region, leading to suppressed levels of FAD2 gene expression. Additionally, neofunctionalization of members of the SACPD gene family has led to increased expression of SACPD2, 3, 5, and 7, consequently resulting in an increased desaturation of steric acid. Taken together, decreased FAD2 expression and increased SACPD expression likely explain the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of oleic acid in olive. The oleaster genome thus provides important insights into the evolution of oil biosynthesis and will be a valuable resource for oil crop genomics.

Evaluation of sn-2 fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

The sn-2 fatty acid composition of 180 commercial infant, follow-on and growing-up formulas with three fat sources (plant oil, cows’ milk and goats’ milk) was investigated and compared with mature human milk (MHM). Sn-2 fatty acids in formulas were mostly dependent on fat source and stage. Compared with MHM, all types of formulas contained lower levels of palmitic acid (PA), saturated fatty acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), and higher levels of oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (LNA) at the sn-2 position. Even some formulas were supplemented with 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol, the proportions of relative PA at the sn-2 position in formulas were much lower than that in MHM. Moreover, formulas had higher proportions of relative OA, LA and LNA, and lower LC-PUFAs at the sn-2 position. This study indicated that there were significant differences in the positional distribution of fatty acids between formulas and MHM.

Dietary supplementation with dried olive pomace in dairy cows modifies the composition of fatty acids and the aromatic profile in milk and related cheese

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary integration of dried olive pomace (DOP), a by-product of olive oil separation, on nutritional and aromatic properties of milk and cheese. Twenty dairy cows were divided into 2 groups that were balanced for milk yield, parity, and days in milk. The control group was fed a conventional diet (20 kg of dry matter/head per day), whereas the experimental group (EG) received the conventional diet supplemented with DOP as 10% of dry matter. During the trial, milk yield was recorded and the samples of milk, cheese, total mixed rations, and DOP were collected and analyzed to determine the chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile. Atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were calculated on the basis of the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk and cheese. Data were analyzed according to the mixed model for milk yield and chemical composition, including cows nested within treatment as a random effect, whereas the general linear model was used for the analysis of cheese parameters. Differences were assessed by Tukey's test. The EG diet had a lower content of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids and a higher level of oleic acid compared with the control. Dietary DOP integration did not affect milk yield and composition with the exception of protein content, which was greater in EG and significantly affected by diet and period. Instead, period was found to be significant for fat and casein in both groups. Dietary supplementation with DOP modified the FA profile of milk and cheese. There was a decrease in short- and medium-chain FA, but significance was achieved only for palmitic acid. The stearic, isomer trans of oleic (in particular vaccenic acid), oleic, and isomer trans of linoleic acids significantly increased. Monounsaturated FA increased in EG milk and cheese and saturated FA were significantly lower, whereas no difference was marked between the groups regarding level of polyunsaturated FA. Supplementation with DOP reduced atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and increased conjugated linoleic acid in both milk and cheese. The free fatty acids, ketones, lactones, esters, and phenylalanine catabolites were increased in raw milk, whereas only leucine metabolism was affected by diet in pasteurized milk cheese at both 1 and 30 d of ripening. The present results pointed out that DOP supplementation may improve the nutritional and nutraceutical properties and modify the aroma of milk and derived cheese.