High Moral Level Research Articles

«Адам Бид» Дж. Элиот и «Записки охотника» И. С. Тургенева: идеологические и поэтологические переклички

The essay deals with ideological and aesthetical typological convergences and congruencies in the works of the two great European writers of the second half of the 19 th century. It is shown that democratic thinking, synthesis of liberalism and humanism, which is a peculiar feature of both Turgenev and Eliot, are very much reflected in the system of concepts of the two works under analysis; both Eliot’s and Turgenev’s works are famous in the literary histories of their countries due to the masterful and original introduction into literature of a new type of a literary hero – the one from peasantry. It is stressed in the essay that the grounds for typological generalizations of these two works are the writers’ realistic and analytical approach to the artistic ways of depicting a human being’s fate under swiftly changing social, cultural and moral circumstances. The essay shows that Turgenev and Eliot depict province as socio-cultural wholeness. One of the main ideas of the essay is to show that both writers appeal to a human being who is an autonomous creature in terms of social, moral and spiritual existence, who thinks of himself as a unique and independent being and thus draws a border between himself and the world around and tries to establish his social independence and self-sufficiency. It is the reason why George Eliot and Ivan Turgenev set so many hopes on a human being’s high level of morality, his conscientious behavior in the situation of free choice, the concentration of which is higher, the more democratic and less patriarchal and paternalistic the contemporary world becomes. The author of the essay analyses what is called moral and ethical spaces of the writers’ works, where liberal and humanistic inclinations of Turgenev and Eliot are a sort of keystones; this fact determines ideological and artistic convergences of the writers even if we take into account their national, social, cultural and gender differences. It is shown in the essay that the parameters of these spaces are checked first of all by the images of the heroes taken from the humble people, who are, by both writers’ confidences, morally and ethically pure and solid because of their closeness to Nature. The author of the article shows how much important for Eliot and Turgenev as moral realists are pictures of the countryside landscapes, very much anthropological in the ways of their existence in the plots of the works, and, what is more, these pictures are philosophically and ethically sharpened by the authors, which once again makes them so close to one another. It is proved in the essay that romantic features in the images of the authors’ protagonists is a serious ground to think of these writers in terms of poetical convergences. It is also demonstrated that the comparative method of studying Adam Bede and Notes of a Hunter gives a good chance to reveal some points more vividly should we look at these works separately.

Etika dan Ajaran Moral Filsafat Islam: Pemikiran Para Filosof Muslim tentang Kebahagiaan

Muslim philosophers thought on ethics is not just about what is good and good action, but also at the same time order muslims to commit teachings of the good action. It means that the study of ethics does not stand alone but linked and fused with moral teachings. The end objective to be achieved with ethical and moral teachings is happiness that is described as the combination of elements of safety, peace, and quiet. According to Muslim philosophers, happiness can be achieved through acts of decency and deployment of deep sense of intellegence. They assume that the happiness achieved through the second way has higher levels of morality than through the first one. This is so, partly, since they find that such special achievement can only be achieved by special people, namely the philosophers.

Pengaruh Moralitas Individu dan Pengendalian Internal terhadap Kecurangan: Sebuah Studi Eksperimental

The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of individual morality and internal control on accounting fraud at students majoring in accounting. The research method in this study is an experimental method using a full factorial experimental design 2x2, involving 108 undergraduate students majoring in accounting Andalas University. The instruments used were mach IV test for individual morality and add to 10 matrices for internal control. Data were processed using SPSS version 21, using two-way ANOVA. The results showed that there was an interaction between individual morality and internal control. Conditions when there is an element of internal control affects people with high moral level to tend to not perform accounting fraud. While individuals with low moral level, there is or there is no internal control individuals tend to do the accounting fraud.

Effect of Nutritional Intervention on Protein Energy Malnutrition among under Five Children

Protein Energy Malnutrition [PEM] is one of the prime nutritional and health problem in India. The PEM leads to poor growth and high levels of morality among children under two years, which is a major cause of 30% of death among under five children.

Literature Review of Leadership

In his genre-defining book titled “Leadership”, James MacGregor Burns made striking mentions of ‘qualities of leaders’ and since then i.e., for past few decades, it is being discussed and understood that a leader’s qualities and his character will make a greater difference to his effectiveness. According to Burns, civilization depends on ‘transforming leaders’ i.e., not only problem solvers but those who could help the society to a higher level of morality and motivation. Some writers on Leadership say that leaders are those who not only ‘do things right’ but are also seen ‘to do the right thing’. In that case, which type of leaders would necessarily be counted on for doing the right thing? Lee Iacocca who is a domineering charismatic battler; Highly performance oriented ruthless leaders like Jack Welch; Proponents of ‘Servant Leadership ‘styles like Max De Pree of Herman Miller; Darwin Smith, CEO Kimberly- Clark who is a quiet stoic and is lauded by Jim Collins in his book ‘Good and Great’; people like Attila the Hun whose leadership secrets have been collected with time? According to Mintzberg [1], leaders share one personality trait in common, a passion to lead. But each of the above styles of leadership have their own and multiple advocates and acolytes. The field of Leadership does not have a dearth of experts or sophistication of approaches but there is still no consensus on which style of leadership is the most effective. Even though individual qualities of leaders do matter, the effectiveness of leadership is increasingly believed to depend on the situational and context factors in which the leaders are working. Research of 160 CEOs shows that leadership is driven not so much by what someone is like inside but by what the outside demands [2]. It is essential to consider temporal changes in patterns of leader behaviour and dynamics of the task undertaken by them when conceptualizing the effectiveness of their styles

Striving to Be an Engineer of Achievement and Morality [Young Professionals

Discusses ways in which engineers can strive to achieve in their professional life and attain a high level of morality as well.

Morality, tax evasion, and equity

This paper considers tax evasion with morality and its implication for equity of the tax system. In the standard model of tax evasion without moral costs, higher-income taxpayers evade more, relative to their incomes, than lower-income taxpayers, and evasion makes the tax system regressive. With moral costs, equity of the tax system depends on the degree of morality. As the level of morality in society increases, it increases moral costs of evasion and evasion become inferior. Higher-income taxpayers evade less and pay more taxes, and evasion makes the tax system progressive for a high level of morality. The opposite holds true and evasion makes the tax system regressive for a low level of morality.

Multiple Voices and the Force of Custom on Punishment: Trial of ‘Family Honor Killings’ in Mandate Palestine

Colonial regimes tended to change existing legislation and judicial structures, and to introduce new legal systems. When the previous legal system was partly upheld, and especially when a number of legal systems were already in effect, a complex and plural system would emerge, often with contradictory principles and normative assumptions. As a result, the colonial government faced inevitable dilemmas regarding the priorities it should grant to the different legal systems, and the means it should use to mediate conflicts among the different perspectives. Much has been written over the last few decades concerning the interrelation of colonial expansion and the transformation of law. The colonial government emphasized the necessity of changing existing legal systems, often portrayed as backward and unsuitable for the functioning of an empire and the global relations embedded in it. New colonial legislation was intended to achieve greater efficiency and the unification of colonial rule and to advance the “civilizing mission” by negating elements of existing traditions and introducing what the colonial rulers considered to be higher levels of morality. However, such changes ran the risk of being perceived as excessive intervention in the subordinated societies, and, therefore, might undermine the legitimacy of the colonial government.

The Possibility of a Moral Life without Religion in the Light of the Ethical Writings of Tadeusz Kotarbiński

In ethics much attention has already been paid to a dispute concerning the issue of autonomic ethics. Yet it is still worthy to look again at least at some of Tadeusz Kotarbinski's arguments. Their way of reasoning is being used today for defending the position of the autonomic ethics. The autonomic ethics proclaims a complete independence of the field of human morality from the realm of religion. If it is so then a polemic with Kotarbinski's views (which is led from the perspective of Christian ethics) will still be able to become a useful instrument in contemporary discussion with supporters of ethics independent from religion. For this reason the problem undertaken in this paper is still up-to-date. This problem can be summed up in the questions as follow: How to present Kotarbinski's arguments by which he justifies his thesis about the possibility of a law-abiding life on the high moral level without reference to the realm of religion? How can one argue with those arguments? Relying upon the analyzed texts by Kotarbinski and Styczen mainly one can say that the differences between materialistic approach represented by the Student of Lvov-Warsaw School and views of personalistic ethics were shown. They show-up especially in the field of methodology of ethics and axiology. It is noticeable that the differences in views that cause the polemic cited and discussed in this article are based more on a variety of starting points. They are based also on goals of speculations that were undertaken by various ethicists and in groups of issues that should be the domain of ethics.

The effect of government internal auditors� moral reasoning and situational pressure on the tendency to commit fraud when auditing: An experimental study

This study aims to examine the effect of government internal auditors moral levels and situational pressures on the tendency to commit fraud when conducting audit. Based on the hypothesis, despite the situational pressures, the government internal auditors who have a high moral level will not commit fraud at the time of auditing. Meanwhile, the government internal auditors who have a low moral level will com-mit fraud at the time of auditing when there is situational pressure. To test the hypothesis, a 22 factorial experiment is conducted involving 68 students of STAR-BPKP of Jenderal Soedirman University. The results indicate that the government internal auditors who have a high moral level will not commit fraud in the time of auditing despite some situational pressures. Meanwhile, the government internal auditors who have a low moral level will commit fraud at the time of auditing either there is a situational pressure or not. The implications of this study are to streng-then the supervisory system for the internal auditors at the time of auditing, to provide protection for whistle- blowers who report the presence of fraud committed by auditors, and to be consistent in giving reward to professional auditors and pu-nishment to auditors who are convicted of fraud at the time of auditing.

Wiara w życiu i postawie moralnej człowieka w świetle encykliki Lumen fidei papieża Franciszka

Faith is one of fundamental attitudes in man’s life. Thus, authentic faith cannot be separated in any way from man’s ethos understood as all his moral actions and attitudes. It cannot be isolated as well from an accepted hierarchy of moral values and one’s own vision as a man. Pope Francis’ encyclical Lumen fidei clearly speaks about the value of faith. For the pope faith is a personal meeting with God as Person. It gives the right meaning of human life and it determines a significant scale of values. On its deepest level, faith is an important element having an influence on the whole moral life. It transforms the hearts of men shaping the community of the Church and thus it becomes a school of true Christian moral life labelled with man’s attitudes and behaviour. Only such a faith, nurtured from childhood in the family can become the centre of man’s existence and can affect the life reaching a high moral level.

An Examination of the Interaction Between Morality and Deterrence in Offending

This study examines whether deterrence and morality interact in the explanation of adolescent offending. On the basis of the Situational Action Theory, the author hypothesizes that deterrence is more effective in preventing offending among individuals with low levels of morality than among individuals with high levels of morality. To test this hypothesis, self-report data are used from a sample of young adolescents in Halmstad, Sweden ( N = 891). The findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that the effect of deterrence (measured as the perceived risk of getting caught, that is, “certainty”) on offending is dependent on the individual’s level of morality, indicating that deterrence has a significantly stronger effect on offending for individuals with low levels of morality than for individuals with higher levels of morality.

The impact of patriotism, morale, and unit cohesion on mental health in Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.

One hundred seventy one veterans of Iraq and/or Afghanistan completed an Internet survey related to patriotism, unit cohesion, morale, and mental health symptoms. Participants completed several self-report measures including the PTSD Checklist–Military, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist–21, Deployment Social Support scale from the Deployment Risk and Resiliency Inventory, Patriotism Scale, and a morale item. The majority of participants were male and White. Results of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that higher levels of morale were associated with lower levels of PTSD symptoms. Younger age and higher morale also were associated with lower general psychological distress. Results indicate that morale may be an important factor to explore further in research and to promote within United States military structure.

In memoriam: Professor Lothar Bernd Zimmerhackl (1952-2010)

Dr. Lothar Bernd Zimmerhackl died suddenly on 27 August 2010 leaving a void in both nephrology and paediatrics. We commemorate him as a man and as a medical leader who leaves a remarkable legacy of research accomplishments, and will be long remembered for his teaching and devotion to patients, to students, and to our profession. His professional achievements reflected his lifelong inclination towards committing deliberate acts of kindness and generosity. Dr. Zimmerhackl was born in Weinheim, a town in the northwest of the federal state of Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany, on 30 December 1952 and obtained his MD in 1982 at the University of Heidelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Since his student days, he detested shallowness and required meticulous work from his co-workers and colleagues. Theoretical concepts and new achievements in paediatrics have been mastered to perfection in his life. This was particularly evident already during his time as a research fellow in the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Michael Steinhausen, a renal physiologist and worldwide expert in the microcirculation of the glomeruli. His research interests were further developed at the Stanford University, where he received a postdoctoral fellowship research grant. Subsequently, he worked at the University Children's Hospital in Marburg from 1984 to 1988 and later at the University Children's Hospital in Freiburg, where he completed his training as a paediatrician and defended his Ph.D. thesis on ‘novel methods for the early detection of regional tubular disorders in childhood’. Later, he focused on the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, complement-mediated paediatric diseases and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, making enormous contributions in the understanding of these diseases and organizing national and international meetings on these subjects. Dr. Zimmerhackl’s deepest knowledge was in paediatric nephrology, but his interest and research extended widely through other paediatric fields, and he became an internationally recognized paediatrician and researcher. In 2002, he was appointed as Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, a position he held until his death. Vergil’s line, ‘Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas’ (fortunate is he who is able to know the causes of things), found a resonance in Dr. Zimmerhackl’s life. As student of Dr. Wilhelm Doerr, he was fascinated by morphology and loved clinical pathology. In Innsbruck, we successfully established a practice of having a clinicopathologic meeting and issuing a preliminary report of paediatric renal biopsies just a few hours after biopsy. He was eager to know the results of the biopsy, and he favoured clinicopathological discussion shortly after the biopsy was performed in order to start therapy as soon as possible. Despite his many professional commitments and other interests, his first priority was his young patients and their families. We will remember Dr. Zimmerhackl as his own man. A common theme throughout his life was that regardless of his successes or failures, a man should be comfortable in his own skin. A severe self-critic, he dealt poorly with ignorance. His publishing alone made him famous, but his energies were also devoted to paediatric healthcare planning. Impulsivity was part of his character, and this aspect was quite known to many colleagues, and it has been sometimes misinterpreted as arrogance. Life goes forward, even in his absence, but the consolation is that he has been mentor of innumerable doctors and students, and his message should be memorable for future generations of doctors. Of course, this era of telemedicine and nanotechnology pathology seems to be changing radically, but technological triumphs do not negate the wisdom of Morgagni and Vesalius. We will see new achievements, and new diseases will be discovered, but his teaching and approach should not be forgotten. As a former colleague, mentor and friend, Dr. Zimmerhackl will be greatly missed. Recalling Dr. Zimmerhackl’s high level of morality and many scientific accomplishments, we are reminded of Goethes’ quotation: ‘The greatest happiness of the thinking man is in exploring what there is to explore and respecting the inexplorable’ (‘Das schonste Gluck des denkenden Menschen ist, das Erforschliche erforscht zu haben und das Unerforschte ruhig zu verehren’).

The importance of visibility

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the benefits of being visible in stewardship of an organization and the resources invested.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at the concepts of management by walking around and Gemba and how visibility can be used to best advantage in a library.FindingsThe paper finds that, in a tough economy especially, staff need supervisors to be visible and support changes that might have occurred, and patrons need to know that administrators are paying attention to how resources are used. A purposeful and meaningful effort by managers to be more visible and accessible can result in greater understanding of details, a better sense of loyalty, and higher levels of morale and patron satisfaction.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful information on the importance of visibility within the library working environment.

Does the Effect of Self-Control On Adolescent Offending Vary By Level of Morality?

This study examines whether morality and self-control have an interactional effect on offending. Drawing from the situational action theory, the authors hypothesize that self-control has a more important effect on offending for individuals with low levels of morality than for individuals with high levels of morality. To test this hypothesis, self-report data were used from three independent samples of young adolescents in Antwerp, Belgium ( N = 2,486); Halmstad, Sweden ( N = 1,003); and South-Holland, the Netherlands ( N = 1,978). The findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that the effect of self-control on offending is dependent on the individual’s level of morality. The similarity of the results across three independent samples suggests that the findings are robust among different cultural backgrounds and among studies with different operationalizations of the central concepts of interest.

The impact of ART scale upon health workers: evidence from two South African districts

This study explores the effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes on health-care human resources in South Africa. The study included two parts, a questionnaire-based survey of 269 health workers published earlier and a qualitative study of 21 purposively selected health practitioners involved in ART scale up. Contrary to what has been presented in literature, our survey showed that health workers in ART programmes experienced higher levels of morale, lower stress, lower sickness absenteeism and higher levels of job satisfaction. This paper uses qualitative data to provide insights into the working environment of ART workers and examines some possible explanations for our survey findings. The key factors that contribute to the different perception of working environment by ART workers identified in this study include bringing hope to patients, delaying deaths, acquiring training and the ability to better manage and monitor the disease.

The perceptions of morality of secondary school learners: a cross-cultural study

The focus of this research is to determine the perceptions of morality among a group of young South Africans. More specifically, the possible role that gender, culture, lifestyle, religion and sexual practices in these perceptions of morality may play will be investigated. To date, no studies have attempted to measure the youth’s perceptions of morality. Consequently, little South African literature is available. While manyvariables are believed to influence the development and expression of morality, the variables that were measured in this study included gender, culture, lifestyle, sexual experience and religion, as found in literature. Seven schools were involved in this study. They were classified as being high, average and below average with regards to academic performance. After statistical analysis, the variable found to have the greatest influence on the perception of morality was gender. A core finding of this study was that the female learner’s responses point towards a higher level of morality than the male learners do. This study also found cultural differences with regard to morality. Frequency of religious practices was also found to have an influence on moral expression. The study also indicated that past sexual experience has an effect on the perception and expression of morality. Lifestyle was not found to be a significant factor in the perception of morality in this study. The results of the research will help to give clearer understanding of the youth’s perception of morality, which could then be incorporated into combating immorality, for example, through developing programmes in this regard. For future and especially comparative purposes, the findings of this study could also serve as a base-line measurement of the perceptions of morality among the South African youth, should one wish to determine to what extent these perceptions are static or dynamic.

Morale and Workplace Performance

This study considers the relationship between morale and workplace productivity in a representative sample of Australian workplaces. It focuses on three questions: the shape of the relationship, whether the effects of morale are contingent on other factors, and the paths by which any effect takes place. The results show that morale influences productivity in an approximately linear fashion. The effect of morale on productivity appears to be larger when management regards product quality as important and attempts to develop a corporate ethic and culture. Morale is associated with greater work effort, but the relationship between work effort and productivity becomes stronger at higher levels of morale. Thus, part of the influence of morale on productivity is a matter of increasing the effectiveness of workers’ efforts.

Unnatural Rights: Hegel and Intellectual Property

Many proponents of intellectual property law seek refuge in a personality theory of property associated with G.W.F. Hegel. This theory seems to protect intellectual property from potential attacks by a utilitarian analysis that would recognizes property only contingently insofar as it furthers society's goals of utility or wealth maximization. Personality theory, in contrast, supposedly offers a principled argument that intellectual property right must be recognized by a just state, regardless of efficiency considerations. Personality theory also seems to protect intellectual property from assault by critics who maintain that it is not a form of property at all. Finally, personality theory has also been used to support an argument for heightened protection of intellectual property beyond that given to other forms of property - the Continental right of artists in their creations is an example. Unfortunately, references to Hegel by personality theorists are almost always incorrect. Prof. Schroeder seeks to save Hegel from the misperceptions of his well-meaning proponents. It is true that Hegel thinks that a modern constitutional state should establish a minimal private property regime because property plays a role in the constitution of personality. It is not true, however, that Hegel thought that society is required to respect any specific type of property or any specific claim of ownership. It is also true that Hegel thought that intellectual property could be analyzed as a form of property and not as a sui generis right that is merely analogous to property. However, it is not true that Hegel ascribes any special role to intellectual property. As such, Hegel's theory can not be used to support the proposition that the state must recognize intellectual property claims, only that it may do so. Moreover, the Continental moral right of artists is inconsistent with an Hegelian analysis of property. In contrast to a widespread misconception, Hegel completely rejects any concept of law generally, and any right of property, specifically. Indeed, Hegel considers the expression natural to be an oxymoron. To Hegel, nature is unfree and rights are artificial constructs created as a means of actualizing freedom by escaping the causal chains of nature. Consequently, rights are not merely not natural, they are unnatural. Having no recourse to nature, Hegel justifies the concept of property on purely functional grounds - the role it plays in the modern state. Specifically, property is necessary for the development of one limited aspect of personality that I call legal subjectivity. Legal subjectivity is the mere capacity to respect the rule of law - nothing more. This is a precondition to the liberal state which is supposed to be governed by the rule of law, not the rule of men, as the feudal state was. Hegel's property analysis does not directly relate to any other aspect of personality - and certainly not to what Margaret Jane Radin calls human flourishing. Hegel calls this regime of property and contract right precisely because, it is a necessary but insufficient part of modern society. The subjectivity created by abstract right only provides the form of personality. Content is only added to personality through more complex interrelationships among people at the higher levels of morality and ethical life. It follows from the fact that the subjectivity created by abstract right is purely formal, that it is only the form of property, and not its content that is relevant to Hegel's analysis. This means that if copyright can serve property's function in the production of subjectivity, it is not because of any affirmative, concrete content that the creator pours into the object she creates. Hegel argues that copyright can serve as property because of its formal characteristics, despite its unique content. A Hegelian property analysis has two important implications for intellectual property law. First, if society decides to adopt an intellectual property law regime, then it is logically coherent to analyze the regime as a form of property. Indeed, Prof. Schroeder shows that a Hegelian understanding of property solves many of the problems of intellectual property doctrine that seem baffling from a traditional property analysis. Consequently, a Hegelian property analysis can aid legislators and judges in formulating a more internally consistent and predictable positive law. But, unfortunately for most personality theory proponents, Hegel's logic has absolutely nothing to say on the issue as to whether society should adopt a positive law of intellectual property. The question as to what positive laws society should adopt is purely a matter of practical reasoning.