High Levels Of Employment Research Articles

REGULATORY POLICY OF THE NATIONAL BANK OF UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO IMPROVE

The article notes that the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) must ensure price stability, high and stable level of economic development and optimal employment. Conceptually agreeing with this approach, the authors prove that the mechanism for its implementation does not ensure the fulfillment of the NBU mission. Analyzing changes in the banking sector of Ukraine over the last 2.5 years, the authors emphasize that due to the implementation of insufficiently balanced NBU regulatory policy, the volume of banks' investments in NBU certificates of deposit increased almost fivefold –– from UAH 95 billion. at the beginning of 2022 to UAH 456 billion at the end of the year. As a result of such an unsuccessful policy and contrary to economic logic, the NBU generated a huge positive liquidity balance in the banking sector, while the real sector of the economy suffers from a lack of funds Undoubtedly, such regulatory actions, which are "unique" in modern economic theory and historical practice, cannot stand criticism and should be rethought and significantly revised. The reasons and consequences of such an ineffective regulatory policy of the NBU are analyzed and important conceptual ideas aimed at improving bank management are suggested. According to the formulated conclusions, it is necessary to create an effective mechanism of credit monitoring in Ukraine. The activity of which should be devoted to assessing economically justified levels of different banking rates and analyzing innovations in the ideology of banking management that are used in other countries where central banks operate very successfully.

Strategic Management Accounting Techniques and Their Role in Enhancing the Market Share of Private Banks Operating in Baghdad

This study aims to examine strategic management accounting practices and their influence on increasing the market share of private banks based in Baghdad. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive analytical method as an approach to the current research through a sample of workers in private banks amounting to (137), according to a set of variables. In order to collect the necessary data and information, a questionnaire was designed consisting of three parts, the first about demographic variables and the second. On strategic management accounting techniques and the third on market share. After applying the current research tool, the study reached the following results: 1-There is a high level of use and employment of strategic management accounting techniques in private banks operating in Baghdad?, 2- There is a good level of market share for private banks in Baghdad, 3-There is no effect of the two techniques (activity-based costing and target costing) in enhancing the market share of private banks in Baghdad.4- The use of benchmarking techniques has an impact on improving the market share of private banks operating in Baghdad.

Integration of Universities and Employers – Potential in Building Social Capital

The article analyzes the main directions of integration of universities and employers, considered in the context of formation of social capital of participants of educational relations. The empirical basis of the work was formed by: 1) data on self-evaluation for 2023 of four leading universities of the Omsk region, differing in the structure of educational programs and industry focus (OmSTU, OmSU, OmGUPS, SibADI); 2) the results of questionnaire survey of the main participants of the educational process: students and employers of these universities; 3) data from the survey of university youth within the framework of the Federal project “Runway 2023” (2,139 students of these universities). The novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the practices of integration of universities and employers that have developed in the educational environment as ways of reproducing social capital for the key participants of educational relations. These practices contribute to the establishment of trust between the participants of educational relations; form communications that become resources for obtaining benefits for the parties involved in cooperation; help students to master the corporate norms and rules of employers; reduce the level of transaction costs in employment, etc. It has been established that the main forms of integration of universities and their partners are realized mainly to achieve a high level of postgraduate employment of graduates, which in practice are associated with the reproduction of social capital of both open and closed type. Based on the analyzed sources, the following hypotheses were confirmed: firstly, representatives of employers who have experience of cooperation with universities are more likely to prefer to use and develop such formats of integration with educational organizations that are focused on solving the problems of youth employment, i.e. they use the accumulated social capital to build up the human capital of their organizations; secondly, the level of students’ readiness to recommend an educational organization for admission and graduation. The authors show promising directions of research on the subject of the article: 1) the establishment of system-wide and industry barriers that impede the development of bridging social capital for the production of an innovative product; 2) a comprehensive analysis of bridging social capital, which reflects the quality of communication and cooperation in the context of personal responsibility and competencies of officials of both participants in the educational process.

Industry Network Structure Determines Regional Economic Resilience: An Empirical Study Using Stress Testing

We evaluate the network robustness of industrial capabilities across China’s provincial administrative regions, focusing on their resilience in the wake of the 2008 economic crisis. By adopting a novel network science methodology within the context of economic geography, we leverage co-classification data from the China Statistical Yearbook to conduct stress tests on regional industrial resilience. The findings indicate a considerable variability in robustness among provincial industry networks. Through regression analysis, it is evident that regions with more robust industrial network structures exhibit greater resilience in employment rates in response to both random and targeted disruptions. Notably, regions characterized by high employment levels coupled with weak industrial foundations are identified as particularly vulnerable, facing significant challenges in sustaining economic resilience. This study highlights the imperative for further in-depth research into the relationship between the structural dynamics of regional economic networks and their resilience to economic shocks, emphasizing the critical role of robust industrial infrastructures in enhancing regional economic stability.

Path to achieving SDG 8: do worker remittances reduce vulnerable employment?

PurposeThe prevalence of high levels of vulnerable employment in developing countries poses a formidable obstacle to their progress towards achieving SDG 8. While worker remittances (remittances) are widely recognised as a potential source of improving the welfare of people experiencing poverty, their effectiveness in alleviating vulnerable employment from a macro perspective remains unclear. Consequently, the study examines the impact of remittances on reducing vulnerable employment.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses macro-level data from 73 developing countries covering 1990–2021. Vulnerable employment is measured in three forms: total, male, and female. Remittances are measured as a percentage of the gross domestic product. The findings are empirically analysed using dynamic panel data estimation techniques. A two-stage least squares (IV 2SLS) approach addresses remittance endogeneity.FindingsTwo key findings emerge from the study. First, increased remittances are associated with a decline in the total share of workers resorting to vulnerable employment, albeit a modest decline. Second, the remittance surge is associated with more males than females leaving vulnerable employment, indicating its gender-specific effects. These findings remain robust to several checks.Practical implicationsThe study's findings underscore the potential of leveraging remittances to reduce vulnerable employment. To this end, selective and targeted policy interventions that promote financial literacy and inclusion, which serve as the cornerstones for effectively utilising remittances, are advised.Originality/valueTo the best of my knowledge, this study is the first to examine the impact of remittances on vulnerable employment on a macro scale. As such, the study makes a novel contribution to understanding how remittances serve as an enabler for SDG 8.

Migrant Labor and Integration in the Russian Federation

ABSTRACT This article compares the labor market outcomes of migrants in Russia to the non-migrant population. It considers human capital theory and integration theory while measuring differences between migrants and non-migrants in employment, work contracts, and wages. We rely on a rich source of longitudinal micro-data, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Results show that migrants have high levels of employment but that certain groups are disproportionally likely to fall into unofficial employment when compared to non-migrants. Results further show that certain migrants report higher earnings than both non-migrants and internal migrants; suggesting that migrant workers seek a premium to come to Russia.

Digital economy, land resource mismatch, and urban housing costs: Evidence from China's digital governance policy perspective

Live in peace and work in contentment" encapsulates people's aspirations within a digital economy framework. Has the digital economy truly realized this ideal? To answer this query, this paper delves into the correlation between the digital economy, resource mismatch, and urban housing costs across 272 Chinese cities. It evaluates the impact of policies propelled by the digital economy, using the “Broadband China” strategy as a benchmark. The findings suggest several key conclusions: (i) The imbalance in land resources exacerbates the digital economy's impact on escalating urban housing expenses. This effect is particularly pronounced in cities within the Yangtze River Economic Zone, cities experiencing low economic growth rates, large cities with high employment levels, and cities with relatively low wages. (ii) The rise of the digital economy has contributed to increased urban housing costs. For every 0.1 unit increase in a city's digital economy level, there is an observed average rise of 9.87% in housing costs. (iii) Policies steered by the digital economy, such as the "Broadband China" strategy, have significantly increased urban housing costs. A higher degree of resource mismatch correlates with a more pronounced impact of the “Broadband China” strategy pilot in elevating urban housing expenses. It is imperative to emphasize the qualitative ramifications of the digital economy. This should coincide with efforts to enhance resource utilization efficiency, aiming to mitigate the adverse effects of the digital economy's advancement on housing costs.

Potential categories of employment stress among rural college students and their relationship to employment psychology.

Psychological problems related to employment are among the most common psychological problems faced by rural college students. Employment stress is an important factor affecting the development of psychological health in employees; thus, reducing employment stress can improve the psychological state of employment. This study aimed to understand the potential profiles of employment stress among rural college students to determine the relationship between different profiles and employment psychology. This study was conducted in a higher education institution in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China between June and December 2023, and 249 rural college students participated. The Employment Stress Scale and Employment Psychology Scale were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis, independent sample t-tests, and binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed that rural university students were categorized into low-level (49.80%) and high-level (50.21%) employment stress groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the employment psychology of rural college students in the low- and high-level groups (p < 0.001). Juniors/seniors were more likely to be classified in the high-level group (OR = 0.477, p = 0.011). Intervention programs should be developed and implemented to address the characteristics of employment stress among rural college students with different profiles to promote the healthy development of their attitudes toward employment.

Testing Okun’s Law for Turkey (1923-2019)

This study tests Okun’s law for Turkey using annual data gathered for almost a century (1923–2019). In contrast to the rest of the literature focusing on a linear relationship between unemployment and output levels, we argue for a cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. We find clear evidence of an asymmetric cointegrating relationship between unemployment and output as well as asymmetric short-run impacts. Interestingly, these relationships are positive. Asymmetric cumulative dynamic multipliers confirm the results, which can be explained by the structural features of the Turkish unemployment such as the high female and youth unemployment rates, a large agricultural sector, high firing costs, and the high level of informal employment as well as hysteresis. Therefore, effective labour market reforms should consider asymmetries in the long-run unemployment and output relationship as well as asymmetries in their short-run impacts in order to handle jobless recoveries in Turkey.

Inequality and social stratification in Russia during the Putin regime: From market transition to war on Ukraine

AbstractThe collapse of the USSR in late 1991 inspired social science research on levels, patterns, and trends in inequality within Russia, due to theoretical interest in how market transition affects social stratification. The start of the Putin regime in 2000 marked a new era in Russia's post‐Soviet political economic trajectory: in contrast to the 1990s, the economy first took off, then stagnated, while the state rolled back institutions of democracy and civic freedoms. In short, Russia became a consolidated market economy under authoritarian rule. In this context research has continued to produce insights into social stratification. The labor market featured high levels of employment but with downward wage flexibility, modest decreases in earnings inequality, and persistent returns to education, gender wage gaps, and locality‐based differences. Waves of labor migration to Russia, resurgent traditional gender norms, shrinking population, housing inequality, health disparities, and a small contingent of ultra‐rich represent additional noteworthy developments. Although market transition is no longer an intriguing theoretical lens through which to view social stratification in Russia, the topic nonetheless holds broader theoretical interest because inequality became closely intertwined with Russia's political economy, social policies, and geopolitical actions, including those that culminated in Putin's decision to invade Ukraine.

Psychiatric Rehabilitation in the GDR against the Background of Soviet Influences

The study describes developments and local models of psychiatric rehabilitation in the GDR and the USSR. After the Second World War patient care was focused on hospitals. The Rodewisch Theses and the Brandenburg Theses as well as the "Conception to improve the patient care for mentally ill people after 1980" were important suggestions. The GDR primary literature review shows that soviet concepts were often received. The principles of stages, continuity and sectorization set the stage for success here and there. Transition units such as psychoneurological dispensaries, the occupational/protected workshops and assisted residences, therapeutic clubs, day and night hospitals were created. The occupational therapy was intended to facilitate the transition into the normal working. As a consequence, during the 1970s and 1980s in the GDR a high level of employment of mentally ill people in the economy could be achieved.

The Role of Museums for the Issue of Tourism Development

Tourism is an integral part of the life of our planet. This complex, highly profitable intersectoral complex is one of the main areas of the global economy, which contributes to a high level of employment, social welfare and quality of life, as well as economic unity and cultural diversity of states and regions of the world.&#x0D; One of the ways of spiritual development of society is cultural tourism, in the development of which museums have an important place. It should be noted that significant investments have been made in the development and construction of museums. This seemingly conservative and quiet institution, like a large modern corporation, integrates with amazing speed into the processes of modern globalization, receives an unlimited number of visitors. It is aimed at attracting both local and foreign tourists.&#x0D;

Determinants of the intention to increase vegetable consumption in Vietnam and Switzerland

Increasing vegetable consumption can result in health benefits. In this context, this study aimed to identify predictors of the intention to increase vegetable consumption. Online surveys were carried out in Switzerland and Vietnam between November and December of 2022. Multiple regression analyses were applied to a sample of 1259 consumers to examine the factors affecting the intention to increase vegetable consumption. The results indicate that, in both countries, the intention to increase vegetable intake was positively influenced by the perceived vulnerability of insufficient vegetable intake and the self-efficacy of eating more vegetables. Furthermore, higher levels of employment among participants strengthened the intention to increase vegetable consumption. Heterogeneity among the studied countries was also observed. While the Swiss participants' intention to eat more vegetables was affected by familial hindering, the intention of the Vietnamese participants towards more vegetable intake was positively related to their interest in animal welfare. The variables response cost of eating more vegetables and biological sex were significant in the Vietnamese sample. We conclude that, for both countries improving consumers’ self-efficacy can result in increased vegetable consumption. Campaigns aiming to generate knowledge and improve cooking skills were suggested. The findings contribute to the current literature on sustainable and healthy food consumption.

Biotechnological sovereignty is not a mere nationalist concept, it is a necessity for Colombia and Latin America.

During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.

Exploration of Practice-Oriented Educational Reform in “Career Development and Employment Guidance for University Students”

“Career Development and Employment Guidance for University Students” is a compulsory course offered by higher education institutions, serving as an essential form of employment counseling for students. It plays a significant role in shaping students’ vocational literacy and enhancing their employability, thereby addressing the issue of employment pressure faced by university students. This paper investigates the existing issues in the teaching of “Career Development and Employment Guidance for University Students” and proposes specific measures to improve the quality of instruction: adopting a practice-oriented approach, optimizing teaching methods, and fostering a diverse teaching faculty. The implementation of these measures has yielded positive results, as evidenced by students’ enthusiastic participation, the cultivation of a proper career outlook, and the enhancement of students’ vocational planning and employability, ultimately leading to high-level employment outcomes.

Internationalization of SMEs: Do Board Characteristics Matter?

All around the globe, SMEs constitute the backbones of the countries' economies, with their contribution to a very high level of employment and enterprises, as well as GDP creation. Despite their significance in their economies, SMEs' engagement in export activities is limited, which could be enhanced with better corporate governance initiatives. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between one of the main components of corporate governance, i.e., board of directors (BOD), and SME internationalization. We apply stratified sampling by city, size, and sector to fairly reflect the SME population in Turkey, collecting data from 469 SMEs. To quantify the board characteristics, we construct a board index, composed of seven board-related variables. Then, we estimate cross-sectional regressions including firm-specific control variables and legal and industry dummies. Our findings show that the board index is strongly and positively associated with SME internationalization, implying SMEs can reach higher internationalization levels by fostering a more attentive approach toward the composition and functioning of their BODs. By focusing on the individual board characteristics, SMEs are likely to enhance their BODs’ monitoring and controlling functions in addition to their resource-acquiring functions, ultimately leading to higher internationalization levels.

Impact of Fiscal Policy Measures on the Control of Inflation in Nigeria

Fiscal policy is one of the public sector tools used in the pursuit of these macro-economic goals. Fiscal policy could then be said to be an embodiment of all government plans aimed at achieving desired macro-economic goals, without directly altering the level of money supply. Nigeria, like most other Third World Countries, is committed to the achievement of a range of economic objectives such as high level of employment, rapid economic development, equitable distributions as well as reasonable price stability. However, the problem of rising prices has been particularly acute in recent years and has not responded to monetary and fiscal measures. In particular, it is becoming increasingly evident that we cannot count on maintaining the desirable level of economic development and simultaneously achieving reasonable price stability (Tomori, S., 1982). It is in realization of this fact that emphasis is on highlighting the various fiscal policy measures with respect to the problem of inflation. Furthermore, a sound study of the effects of various fiscal policy measures on the control of inflation is necessary in the bid to determine the appropriate policy mix required for dealing with the problem.

Adults knowledge and perception of their congenital heart disease: a single center cross-sectional study

Abstract Background A great proportion of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) reach adulthood and face daily challenges living with a chronic illness. Healthcare management of these patients is complex requiring a multidisciplinary approach. To date, few studies have focused on adult patients’ understanding of their CHD. Aim To assess adults’ knowledge of their CHD on 4 domains: (1) disease and treatment, (2) preventive measures, (3) physical activity, (4) reproductive issues. Methods One single center cross-sectional study. Patients were opportunistically recruited to participate in the study at their CHD medical visit, between October 2022 and December 2022. The authors translated Leuven Knowledge Questionnaire for CHD to Portuguese language. Patients that were willing to participate filled the survey before entering the physician’s room. Demographic and clinical variable were gathered during patients’ interview and from clinical records. After run-in period, data were analyzed in SPSS ® for the descriptive analysis. Categorical values were reported as counts and percentages. Results From a total of 344 patients observed during recruitment period, 97 accepted to participate in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1 and 2. Mean age was 41 years, 60% were female, 34% have an education level above 12th grade and 74% are employed. The 3 most prevalent CHD were Tetralogy of Fallot (16%) and atrial septal defect type secundum (13%) and ventricular septal defect (10%). Approximately half of the patients knew the name of their CHD and 41% could describe or locate the lesion on the pictured diagram. 38% could identify at least two symptoms of clinical deterioration. Three-fourths of patients did not know what endocarditis is and only 14% could tell fever was the main symptom of the disease. The majority of patients did not know the risk factors for endocarditis. 73% of patients are aware that they should choose an occupation adequate to their physical status and 75% knew that they are allowed to engage in sexual intercourse if capable of doing so. Only 20% had adequate knowledge about the hereditary nature of their condition. 43% of women knew the risk of clinical deterioration during pregnancy. Conclusion This study showed our patients have high levels of education and employment. Still, large proportions of adults have lack of knowledge about important issues in vary domains. These findings reinforce the need to improve patients’ education about their disease. In addition, it highlights the importance of guideline recommendations on multidisciplinary teams to achieve high quality of care in adults with CHD.

Inequality and informality revisited: The Latin American case

Despite the striking presence in many developing economies of the two distinctive features of high levels of income inequality and significant informal employment, the literature addressing the relationship between these features is scarce, especially for Latin America. In this paper, we highlight the ambiguous relationship between inequality and informality by identifying the various factors that may affect it. We then empirically test this relationship using panel data pertaining to Latin America between 1990–2018. In these context‐specific conditions, our findings reveal a positive association between formalization in the labour market and labour income equality.

Association of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes With Labor Market Outcomes

An intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) has been shown to improve diabetes management and physical function. These benefits could lead to better labor market outcomes, but this has not been previously studied. To estimate the association of an ILI for weight loss in type 2 diabetes with employment, earnings, and disability benefit receipt during and after the intervention. This cohort study included participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity and compared an ILI with a control condition of diabetes support and education. Data for the original trial were accrued from August 22, 2001, to September 14, 2012. Trial data were linked with Social Security Administration records to investigate whether, relative to the control group, the ILI was associated with improvements in labor market outcomes during and after the intervention period. Difference-in-differences models estimating relative changes in employment, earnings, and disability benefit receipt between the ILI and control groups were used, accounting for prerandomization differences in outcomes for linked participants. Outcome data were analyzed from July 13, 2020, to May 17, 2023. The ILI consisted of sessions with lifestyle counselors, dieticians, exercise specialists, and behavioral therapists on a weekly basis in the first 6 months, decreasing to a monthly basis by the fourth year, designed to achieve and maintain at least 7% weight loss. The control group received group-based diabetes education sessions 3 times annually during the first 4 years, with 1 annual session thereafter. Employment and receipt of federal disability benefits (Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance), earnings, and disability benefit payments from 1994 through 2018. A total of 3091 trial participants were linked with Social Security Administration data (60.1% of 5145 participants initially randomized and 97.0% of 3188 of participants consenting to linkage). Among the 3091 with fully linked data, 1836 (59.4%) were women, and mean (SD) age was 58.4 (6.5) years. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar between linked participants in the ILI and control groups. Employment increased by 2.9 (95% CI, 0.3-5.5) percentage points for the ILI group relative to controls (P = .03) with no significant relative change in disability benefit receipt (-0.9 [95% CI, -2.1 to 0.3] percentage points; P = .13). The findings of this cohort study suggest that an ILI to prevent the progression and complications of type 2 diabetes was associated with higher levels of employment. Labor market productivity should be considered when evaluating interventions to manage chronic diseases.