High Level Of Confidence Research Articles

Examining Students’ Self-Regulation Skills, Confidence to Learn Online, and Perception of Satisfaction and Usefulness of Online Classes in Three Suggested Online Learning Environments that Integrates ChatGPT

This study aims to investigate students’ self-regulation skills, confidence to learn online, and perception of satisfaction and usefulness of online classes in three learning environments that integrates ChatGPT. In this study, a quasi-experiential design was used to compare three online learning environments that integrate ChatGPT (independent, peer, and group). A total of 100 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to these three groups. Three questionaries’ were used for data collection. The results showed that the self-regulation levels were high among the participants in these three online ChatGPT groups. However, learning in peer and group environments were more effective in developing self-regulation skills than learning independently. This research also found that the participants in the peer and group learning environments had high levels of confidence to learn online compared to the participants in the independent group. The results also showed that the participants in the peer learning group had the highest scores of perception of satisfaction and usefulness of online classes compared to the participants in the independent and group learning environments. The findings of this study support the notion that integrating ChatGPT within peer groups can enhance students' perception of satisfaction and usefulness of online classes. Educators should explore ways to leverage ChatGPT to facilitate meaningful interactions and collaboration among students, thereby increasing their satisfaction and engagement with online learning materials and activities.

Unveiling the Mental Toughness and Performance Resilience of Table Tennis Athletes

This study examined the psychological resilience and mental fortitude of Chinese table tennis athletes, specifically analyzing their demographic characteristics. The sample comprised predominantly of athletes aged 18 to 24, with a majority of female participants and a notable proportion having less than one year of expertise in the sport. Athletes assessed their mental toughness dimensions, such as commitment, control, confidence, and challenge, as being of average level. Noticeable disparities in mental resilience evaluations were noted among various age cohorts, genders, and levels of professional expertise. In terms of age, athletes between the ages of 18 and 24 demonstrated greater dedication and self-regulation, whereas female athletes had higher levels of confidence and dedication. The performance resilience tests indicated that the scores were moderate to slightly above average in many categories, indicating a well-balanced impression of their skills to withstand challenges. Significantly, the components of performance resilience, including awareness, physiology, emotions, and mastery, exhibited notable variations depending on age, gender, and years of experience. Moreover, a significant correlation was discovered between the characteristics of mental toughness and the ability to bounce back from setbacks, underscoring the significance of mental conditioning in improving athletes' capacity to surmount challenges and attain peak performance. These findings highlight the necessity of customized mental training programs to improve psychological resilience and performance among Chinese table tennis athletes. When developing interventions, coaches and sports psychologists should take into account the age, gender, and level of experience of players.

The Impacts of Explicit Strategy Instruction on Reading Performance from Students Perspective: A Case Study

This paper reported on part of a larger study to explore how Vietnamese non-English major students perceived the impacts of explicit strategy instruction (ESI) on reading comprehension. Instruction on reading strategies was conducted for 6 weeks in which students were taught explicitly previewing and predicting, skimming, scanning, guessing the meaning of the unknown words from the context and summarizing strategies. Data were collected from forty-five non-English major students at a university in Vietnam through group interviews and learning reflections. Three semi-structured interviews were conducted in groups of three to four students, and thirty-nine learning reflections were collected to obtain in-depth information about the impact of the ESI. The findings revealed that, after the instruction, the students reported using various reading strategies in four strategy categories, namely problem-solving, global, support and local strategies. In addition, the ESI was perceived to be cognitively beneficial, as students reported heightened awareness of using reading strategies in reading comprehension, expanded reading strategy repertoire, greater reading fluency, and higher reading scores. From a non-cognitive affective perspective, students reported that the ESI motivated them to read with a higher level of confidence and become more autonomous in reading in English. The study offers implications for teachers, students and materials writers in teaching and learning English reading skills in non-English major learning contexts and perhaps in other settings.

Effectiveness of school oral health programs in children and adolescents: an umbrella review.

To evaluate the systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness of any type of school-based oral health programs in children and adolescents. A two-staged search strategy comprising electronic databases and registries based on systematic reviews was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of school-based interventions. The quality assessment of the systematic reviews was carried out using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. The Corrected Covered Area was used to evaluate the degree of overlap. Nine reviews were included in this umbrella review. The Critical Covered Area reported moderate overlap (5.70%) among the primary studies. The assessment of risk of bias revealed one study with a high level confidence; one with moderate whereas all other studies with critically low confidence. Inconclusive evidence related to improvements in dental caries and gingival status was reported whereas, plaque status improved in a major proportion of the reviews. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior significantly increased in students receiving educational interventions when compared to those receiving usual care. The evidence points to the positive impact of these interventions in behavioral changes and clinical outcomes only on a short term basis. There is a need for long-term follow-up studies to substantiate the outcomes of these interventions.

Enhancing clayey soil performance with lime and waste rubber tyre powder: Mechanical, microstructural, and statistical analysis

Nowadays, for soil stabilisation and cleaner production of geo-composites, the possibility of utilizing waste rubber is in vogue. The present paper deals with experimentally investigating the mechanical and micro-structural characteristics of weak Indian clayey soil partially substituted with lime (0–3.5%) and waste rubber tyre powder (0–15%). It was observed that, with increasing lime and rubber powder content, the plasticity index of the soil decreases. The shear strength and compaction testing results reveal that adding lime and rubber tyre powder (RTP) enhances the geotechnical performance of clayey soil up to an optimum dosage value. Also, the tri-axial shear testing was performed to obtain stress-strain curves for all considered soil mixes. For modified clayey soil containing 3% lime and 12.5% rubber powder, the cohesion values and bearing capacities improved phenomenally by 36.1% and 88.6% respectively, when compared to clayey soil. Further for this mix, SEM analysis reveals a compacted microstructure which improves dry-density and California's bearing ratio among all modified mixes. The novel co-relations upon regression analysis are found able to predict plasticity index, dry density, bearing capacity and shear strength with higher confidence levels. Overall, the cost-benefit analysis worked out to obtain the optimum cost of construction of footings and flexible pavement shows cost deductions up to 19% and 39% respectively while utilizing modified clay soil mixes containing 3% lime and 12.5% rubber powder in subgrade, ultimately making production stronger, cheaper and environment friendly.

Financial worry and government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 88 Countries: Did public confidence in National Governments matter?

During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments implemented various measures to control the spread of the virus, enhance healthcare systems, and mitigate the economic impact of these actions. In this study, we investigate how government responses to COVID-19, in terms of stringency and economic support, affected individuals' financial worries in 88 economies. We also investigate how the relationship between these variables was affected by the public’s confidence in the government. Our results suggest that greater stringency was associated with increased financial worry, irrespective of public trust in the government. Meanwhile, the impact of economic support policies varied with the level of public trust in the government. In countries where citizens reported high levels of confidence in their government, economic support to households helped to alleviate financial worry. In countries with low confidence levels, the support policies had no statistically significant impact.

Russian Citizents’ Attitute Towards Private Property: Myths and Contradictions

The article analyzes the attitude of Russian citizens to the institution of private property. The author estimates the level of confidence and respect of people to this institution, perception of their property right protection and risks connected with property management. The empiric base of the research was formed by findings of the sociological survey conducted in 2023 among 542 respondents of different age groups. The data provided an opportunity to identify common features in perceiving the institution of private property by Russian citizens, their expectation concerning this institution in the long run. The research findings refuted a number of stereotypes formed in society concerning perception of private property by people, who demonstrated rather high level of confidence to the institution of private property and its inviolability. At the same time the majority of respondents today follow the saving model aimed at long-term accumulation and increasing their assets to ensure sustainable standard of life in the future.

Mobilizing stakeholders for implant removals in Burkina Faso using landscape assessment data

BackgroundSuccessful efforts to encourage uptake of subdermal contraceptive implants, with a lifespan of three to five years, necessitate planning to ensure that quality removal services are available when desired. In Burkina Faso, implant use has tripled over the past 8 years and now comprises almost half of the contraceptive method mix. Population Monitoring for Action (PMA) surveys identified barriers to obtaining quality removal when desired, particularly when the implant is not palpable, or providers lack needed skills or supplies. The Expanding Family Planning Choices (EFPC) project supported ministries of health in four countries with evaluation and strengthening of implant removal services.MethodsAn implant removal landscape assessment was conducted at 24 health facilities in three regions of Burkina Faso with high implant use that included provider observations of implant removal, interviews with providers and health facility managers, and facility readiness surveys. The project used landscape data to mobilize stakeholders through a series of participatory workshops to develop a collaborative roadmap and commit to actions supporting quality implant removals.ResultsLandscape findings revealed key gaps in provision of quality removal services, including high levels of provider confidence for implant insertion and removal (82% and 71%, respectively), low competence performing simple and difficult removals (19.2% and 11.1%, respectively), inadequate supplies and equipment (no facilities had all necessary materials for removal), lack of difficult removal management systems, and a lack of standard data collection tools for removal. Exposure to the data convinced stakeholders to focus on removals rather than expanding insertion services. While not all roadmap commitments were achieved, the process led to critical investments in quality implant removals.ConclusionLandscape data revealed that facilities lack needed supplies and equipment, and providers lack skills needed to perform quality implant removals, limiting client reproductive choice. Disseminating this data enabled stakeholders to identify and commit to evidence-based priority actions. Stakeholders have since capitalized on program learnings and the roadmap, including following MOH guidance for implant removal supplies and health provider training. Our experience in Burkina Faso offers a replicable model of how data can direct collective action to improve quality of contraceptive implant removals.

Role of surgical simulation on self-reported confidence level on cardiothoracic surgical trainees.

Simulated self-practice using simulation models could improve fine motor skills and self confidence in surgical trainees. The purpose of this study is to evaluate on self-reported confidence level in cardiothoracic surgical trainees by using surgical simulation models. We conducted a cross-sectional study on all surgeons (n=10) involved in MIS simulation training. All surgeons are required to perform on three minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedures (Mitral Valve Repair, Mitral Valve Replacement and Aortic Valve Replacement). A questionnaire was designed based on two existing scales related to self-confidence, the surgical self-efficacy scale [SSES] and the perceived competency scale [PCS]. We assessed their self-confidence (before and after training) in the use of simulation in MIS procedures using rating scales 1-5. The mean score was calculated for each domain and used as the predictor variable. We also developed six questions (PCS) using Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSAT) related to each domain and asked participants how confident they were after performing each MICS procedure. The mean score was 4.7 for all assessed domains, except "knowledge" (3.8). Surgeons who had performed one or more MIS procedures had higher scores (P<0.05). There was no correlation between the number of MIS procedures performed and self-confidence scores. The results indicate that the cardiac surgery training based on MIS simulation improves trainees and consultants in terms of the level of self-confidence. Although surgeons generally have high levels of self-confidence after simulation training in MIS cardiac procedures, there is still room for improvement with respect to technical skills related to the procedure itself and its results.

Geospatial forest fire risk assessment and zoning by integrating MaxEnt in Gorkha District, Nepal

Forest fires are an imminent danger to natural forest ecosystems, and carrying out zoning studies and forest fire risk assessments are of great practical significance in steering fire prevention, minimizing fire incidents, and limiting the environmental consequences of fire. Using the Gorkha district of Nepal as a case study, this study used remotely sensed high-temperature fire data as the forest fire sample. Nine parameters related to topography, climatic conditions, vegetation, and human intervention were used as environmental variables affecting fire occurrence. Next, a MaxEnt forest fire risk assessment model was generated with GIS and R, which analysed the contribution, significance, and responses of environmental variables to the forest fire in Gorkha District. The findings demonstrate that (1) following a test of sample locations for forest fires, the MaxEnt model has excellent relevance and practicality when applied to fire risk assessment; (2) Out of 2747 fire points in the forest, only 110 Spatio-temporally independent fire points were used for the model building having high and normal confidence level. Regarding Area Under Curve (AUC) values, the training data yielded results of 0.875, while the test data produced acceptable results of 0.861 with a standard deviation of 0.0322; (3) the importance of climatic and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) variables to forest fire are 56.2 % and 32.9 %, respectively, and their contribution to forest fire are 32 % and 47.6 %, respectively. (4) There are numerous and intricate ways that environmental factors influence forest fires. The forest fire response curves to the nine chosen environmental variables are complex and nonlinear rather than linear; Maximum temperature of the warmest month (bio_5), Isothermality (bio_3), Precipitation of Driest Quarter (bio_17) and mean Diurnal Range (bio_2) bear a nonlinear positive link with the possibility of forest fires. In contrast, elevation, slope, temperature seasonality (bio_4), distance from the settlement, and LULC have a favorable stimulating response to the possibility of forest fires within an appropriate interval. (5) In Gorkha, there are geographical differences in the risk of forest fires. Only 12.83 % of the whole area is made up of areas at significantly high risk or above, compared to 87.17 % for high-risk and below.

Longitudinal changes in serum immunoglobulin G testing in patients with fibrotic avian hypersensitivity pneumonitis

BackgroundEvaluation of the antigen responsible for fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is challenging. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G testing against HP-associated antigens is performed. Although single-serum IgG testing has been investigated, multiple-serum IgG testing has not yet been studied.MethodsThis study included patients who underwent histopathological examination and positive inhalation challenge test as well as those with moderate or high HP guideline confidence level. Serum IgG testing against pigeon serum was conducted twice using two methods: enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ImmunoCAP. The association between changes in serum IgG antibody titers and changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and other parameters was investigated.ResultsIn this study, 28 patients (mean age, 64.5 years; mean FVC, 85.3%) with fibrotic avian HP were selected, of whom 20 and 8 underwent surgical lung biopsy and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy, respectively. Of the 28 patients, 19 had been keeping birds for more than 6 months. A correlation was observed between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ELISA and changes in relative FVC (r = − 0.6221, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a correlation between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ImmunoCAP and changes in relative FVC (r = − 0.4302, p = 0.022). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the change in serum IgG antibody titers by both ELISA and ImmunoCAP also influenced the relative FVC change (p = 0.012 and p = 0.015, respectively). Moreover, 13 patients were given additional treatments between the first and second blood test; however, the additional treatment group was not significantly different in relative FVC change compared to the group with no additional treatment (p = 0.982).ConclusionsIn patients with fibrotic avian HP, the annual changes in serum IgG testing were correlated with FVC changes, highlighting the importance of serum IgG testing over time.

Dissecting subjective L2 (un)willingness to communicate among EFL learners: a Q methodology study

ABSTRACT This study used Q methodology to explore the subjective perspectives of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners regarding sources of willingness to communicate (WTC). A sample of 40 undergraduate students enrolled in an English language teaching program at a Turkish university was obtained. Based on their shared viewpoints, the participants were clustered into three groups: self-assured communicators, motivated communicators, and nervous communicators. Self-assured communicators exhibited high levels of self-confidence, while motivated communicators displayed strong and unwavering motivation to improve their speaking skills. Nervous communicators, on the other hand, showed noticeable signs of anxiety, impeding their WTC. This study provides evidence that an amalgamation of internal and external factors works in synergy to shape EFL learners’ WTC in the classroom. Recognising this interplay can lead to the development of targeted interventions and instructional approaches, improving L2 learners’ communicative behaviours. Understanding and addressing learners’ subjective experiences, particularly in relation to self-confidence, motivation, and anxiety, are key elements in enhancing their WTC and overall language proficiency.

Importance sampling method for Feldman-Cousins confidence intervals

In various high-energy physics contexts, such as neutrino-oscillation experiments, several assumptions underlying the typical asymptotic confidence interval construction are violated, such that one has to resort to computationally expensive methods like the Feldman-Cousins method for obtaining confidence intervals with proper statistical coverage. By construction, the computation of intervals at high confidence levels requires fitting millions or billions of pseudoexperiments, while wasting most of the computational cost on overly precise intervals at low confidence levels. In this work, a simple importance sampling method is introduced that reuses pseudoexperiments produced for all tested parameter values in a single mixture distribution. This results in a significant error reduction on the estimated critical values, especially at high confidence levels, and simultaneously yields a correct interpolation of these critical values between the parameter values at which the pseudoexperiments were produced. The theoretically calculated performance is demonstrated numerically using a simple example from the analysis of neutrino oscillations. The relationship to similar techniques applied in statistical mechanics and p-value computations is discussed. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Study on tribocorrosion properties of cold spray additively manufactured 2024 Al alloy

This study was conducted with a high level of thoroughness. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were used to analyze the phase composition and microstructure of the AM-2024Al and the RO-2024Al. The hardness and porosity of the AM-2024Al, as well as the bonding strength between AM-2024Al and RO-2024Al, were also investigated. Furthermore, the corrosion and tribocorrosion properties and failure mechanisms of the AM-2024Al and the RO-2024Al were systematically and thoroughly compared and analyzed. The results of this comprehensive study revealed that the AM-2024Al displayed a similar phase structure and higher hardness in comparison to the RO-2024Al, and the AM-2024Al was compact and tightly bound to the RO-2024Al with a bonding strength of over 55.5 MPa. Furthermore, the AM-2024Al exhibited better corrosion resistance under PDP (potentiodynamic polarization) corrosion and similar wet sliding wear resistance under an approximate pure friction process (OCP corrosion, namely open circuit potential corrosion) and tribocorrosion compared with the RO-2024Al. These findings provide a high level of confidence in the potential of cold spraying additive manufacture 2024Al as a reliable way to repair damaged RO-2024Al.

A Portable and Reusable Database Infrastructure for Mass Spectrometry, and Its Associated Toolkit (The DIMSpec Project).

Nontargeted analysis (NTA) is a rapidly growing field of techniques that includes the identification of unknown chemical analytes in complex mixtures such as environmental, biological, and food matrices. The use of reference mass spectral databases is a key component of most NTA workflows, providing a high level of confidence for chemical identification when analytical standards are not available, yet effective interlaboratory sharing of research grade spectra remains challenging. The Database Infrastructure for Mass Spectrometry (DIMSpec) project focused on the creation of an open-source toolkit supporting storage and sharing of high-resolution mass spectra with attached sample and methodological metadata. As a demonstration of its utility, the DIMSpec toolkit was used to create a database of curated mass spectra for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) generated from various sources. While the underlying toolkit is agnostic to analytical targets, this initial release (along with the database schema, mass spectral data, and database tools) should enable PFAS researchers to use these data for their own studies, including the identification of novel PFAS in the environment.

Concept of robust climate-friendly flight planning under multiple climate impact estimates

The spatiotemporal dependency of aviation-induced non-CO2 climate effects can be incorporated into flight planning tools to generate climate-friendly flight plans. However, estimating climate impact is challenging and associated with high uncertainty. To ensure the effectiveness of such an operational measure, sources that induce uncertainty need to be identified and considered when planning climate-aware trajectories. The mismatch between different assessments of climate impact is an important indicator of uncertainty. This study introduces a concept aimed at planning robust climate-optimized aircraft trajectories under multiple climate impact estimates. The objective is to generate climate-optimal trajectories that achieve mitigation potential consistent with all available assessments. Case studies show that, even when there is a significant discrepancy between input models in specific regions, the proposed approach can effectively generate trajectories to mitigate the climate impact with a high level of confidence.

A psychological insight of Moroccan adults' immunisation behaviour towards emergency vaccines.

The psychology of vaccination behaviour explains how thoughts and feelings influence people's willingness to receive vaccines. Understanding vaccination behaviour is crucial to successfully managing vaccination campaigns. Investigating factors associated with immunisation stress among students at Mohammed First University. This study was conducted on students at Mohammed First University institutions. This study is a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. It was conducted on 305 students at Mohammed First University institutions using a 90-item questionnaire. Three hundred and five participants have been included in this survey. Overall, 65.5% of the students in our sample had a positive perception towards COVID-19 vaccines. Nevertheless, 34.5% had a negative opinion regarding immunisation. According to the analysis of perceived stress scale, 40% (n = 122) of students expressed moderate to high stress regarding vaccination. Students with a negative perception of vaccine showed a higher level of stress than those with a positive one. Stressed students tended to be older than others, coming from other institutions, other than the medical faculty, and were renting alone. Vaccine accessibility was the less significant reason associated with stress regarding vaccination. Moreover, participants with high levels of confidence in social media, exhibited higher stress. Nevertheless, those who believed in scientific journals were significantly less stressed. These results reflect a positive perception and acceptance of vaccines, with a considerable level of stress regarding vaccination.Contribution: This study suggests emphasising the mental health of Moroccan young adults, to better sensitise and inform them about immunisation.

Evaluation of Reliability, Repeatability, Robustness, and Confidence of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on a Radiology Board-style Examination.

Background ChatGPT (OpenAI) can pass a text-based radiology board-style examination, but its stochasticity and confident language when it is incorrect may limit utility. Purpose To assess the reliability, repeatability, robustness, and confidence of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 (ChatGPT; OpenAI) through repeated prompting with a radiology board-style examination. Materials and Methods In this exploratory prospective study, 150 radiology board-style multiple-choice text-based questions, previously used to benchmark ChatGPT, were administered to default versions of ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) on three separate attempts (separated by ≥1 month and then 1 week). Accuracy and answer choices between attempts were compared to assess reliability (accuracy over time) and repeatability (agreement over time). On the third attempt, regardless of answer choice, ChatGPT was challenged three times with the adversarial prompt, "Your answer choice is incorrect. Please choose a different option," to assess robustness (ability to withstand adversarial prompting). ChatGPT was prompted to rate its confidence from 1-10 (with 10 being the highest level of confidence and 1 being the lowest) on the third attempt and after each challenge prompt. Results Neither version showed a difference in accuracy over three attempts: for the first, second, and third attempt, accuracy of GPT-3.5 was 69.3% (104 of 150), 63.3% (95 of 150), and 60.7% (91 of 150), respectively (P = .06); and accuracy of GPT-4 was 80.6% (121 of 150), 78.0% (117 of 150), and 76.7% (115 of 150), respectively (P = .42). Though both GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 had only moderate intrarater agreement (κ = 0.78 and 0.64, respectively), the answer choices of GPT-4 were more consistent across three attempts than those of GPT-3.5 (agreement, 76.7% [115 of 150] vs 61.3% [92 of 150], respectively; P = .006). After challenge prompt, both changed responses for most questions, though GPT-4 did so more frequently than GPT-3.5 (97.3% [146 of 150] vs 71.3% [107 of 150], respectively; P < .001). Both rated "high confidence" (≥8 on the 1-10 scale) for most initial responses (GPT-3.5, 100% [150 of 150]; and GPT-4, 94.0% [141 of 150]) as well as for incorrect responses (ie, overconfidence; GPT-3.5, 100% [59 of 59]; and GPT-4, 77% [27 of 35], respectively; P = .89). Conclusion Default GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 were reliably accurate across three attempts, but both had poor repeatability and robustness and were frequently overconfident. GPT-4 was more consistent across attempts than GPT-3.5 but more influenced by an adversarial prompt. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Ballard in this issue.

Penerapan Metode Certainty Factor Dalam Mendiagnosa Penyakit Otitis Eksterna

Otitis externa is a common ear problem that often requires an accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. The Certainty Factor Method is an artificial intelligence approach used to support the diagnostic process. This research aims to apply the Certainty Factor Method in diagnosing otitis externa. Patient data, including symptoms, medical history, and examination results, are used to build a knowledge base that is then utilized in the diagnostic process. This method allows for improved accuracy in determining diagnoses by considering the confidence level associated with each symptom and examination result. Experimental results show that the application of the Certainty Factor Method can assist doctors in diagnosing otitis externa with higher accuracy compared to conventional methods. With this approach, diagnoses are made with higher confidence levels, which can aid in providing accurate and prompt treatment for patients suffering from otitis externa. The Certainty Factor Method has the potential for use in other medical contexts and can make a positive contribution to problem-solving in the healthcare field. This research underscores the importance of technology in supporting ear disease diagnosis and providing more reliable solutions for managing otitis externa. By leveraging the Certainty Factor approach, doctors can be more efficient and effective in responding to patients' conditions, thus reducing the risk of complications and enhancing healthcare quality. Therefore, this study offers a valuable contribution to the fields of medicine and computer science in improving the diagnosis of ear diseases, such as otitis externa, so that patients can receive better and faster care.

Проблема распределения доходов между трудом и капиталом в современном мире: XX и XXI века

This work is devoted to an attempt to quantify the trends in the distribution of income between labor and capital and assess their compliance with the development opportunities of the modern economy. Trends in the distribution of income between labor and capital were assessed by constructing econometric models of the share of labor compensation in national income and GDP. The resulting models with a high level of confidence showed that in the 20th century in the United States there was a tendency to redistribute income from capital to labor. The main trend in the distribution of income between labor and capital in the 21st century in most countries, including Russia, is the tendency to redistribute income from labor to capital. In countries with predominantly socially oriented economic policies, the main trend in the distribution of income between labor and capital is the tendency to redistribute income from capital to labor. The trend of redistribution of income from labor to capital indicates an undervaluation of human capital. This trend does not correspond to the development possibilities of a modern post-industrial economy and leads to a loss of competitiveness of countries in whose economies this trend is observed. The emerging trend of redistribution of income from labor to capital in modern Russia is the result of a liberal economic policy, does not correspond to the development opportunities of the modern economy and slows down economic growth, and under the conditions of sanctions from unfriendly countries, it threatens economic stagnation.