High Level Of Adoption Research Articles

A Precision Agriculture Technology Course for Regions with Lower Technology Adoption Levels

HighlightsPrior and post-knowledge surveys showed that students had varied knowledge levels in the course topics. Knowledge gains were higher for the course topics with lower prior knowledge scores. Knowledge surveys can be used to adapt to the needs of the students in real-time, improve instructional material, identify effective teaching methods, and modify the course. Abstract. Precision agriculture technologies offer several benefits, and most important among them are higher farm profits and improved environmental health. The quality of precision agriculture education is one of the main barriers to the adoption of these technologies. There are studies documenting the development of precision agriculture technology courses for the world regions with higher levels of adoption. However, there are limited studies for the world regions typically characterized by lower adoption of these technologies. This study attempts to develop and teach a precision agriculture technology course for such a world region Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory. This study also consisted of collecting and analyzing the pre- and post-knowledge levels of the students attending the developed course. Using the procedure for calculation of overall grade point average, the knowledge score for each course topic was calculated from all the pre- or post-survey responses for the course topic. Additionally, the knowledge gain for each course topic was calculated by subtracting the prior knowledge score from the post knowledge score of the course topic. The results indicated that knowledge gains were higher for the course topics with the lower prior knowledge scores and were lower for the course topics with the higher prior knowledge scores. The study indicates that a prior knowledge survey can be used to adapt to the needs of the students in real-time. Likewise, a post-knowledge survey can be used to improve instructional material, identify suitable teaching methods, and modify the course. World regions with limited adoption of precision agriculture technology may begin with a precision agriculture technology course without laboratory exercises, and later add laboratory exercises as equipment becomes available and adoption level increases. Keywords: Agricultural and environmental systems, Course development, Curriculum, Precision agriculture technologies, Student assessment

Retracted] Using Depth Cameras for Recognition and Segmentation of Hand Gestures

In recent years, in combination with technological advances, new paradigms of interaction with the user have emerged. This has motivated the industry to create increasingly powerful and accessible natural user interface devices. In particular, depth cameras have achieved high levels of user adoption. These devices include the Microsoft Kinect, the Intel RealSense, and the Leap Motion Controller. This type of device facilitates the acquisition of data in human activity recognition. Hand gestures can be static or dynamic, depending on whether they present movement in the image sequences. Hand gesture recognition enables human‐computer interaction (HCI) system developers to create more immersive, natural, and intuitive experiences and interactions. However, this task is not easy. That is why, in the academy, this problem has been addressed using machine learning techniques. The experiments carried out have shown very encouraging results indicating that the choice of this type of architecture allows obtaining an excellent efficiency of parameters and prediction times. It should be noted that the tests are carried out on a set of relevant data from the area. Based on this, the performance of this proposal is analysed about different scenarios such as lighting variation or camera movement, different types of gestures, and sensitivity or bias by people, among others. In this article, we will look at how infrared camera images can be used to segment, classify, and recognise one‐handed gestures in a variety of lighting conditions. A standard webcam was modified, and an infrared filter was added to the lens to create the infrared camera. The scene was illuminated by additional infrared LED structures, allowing it to be used in various lighting conditions.

The Role of Banks' Technology Adoption in Credit Markets during the Pandemic

This paper shows that higher information technology (IT) adoption by banks led to a larger increase in corporate lending in the months following the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Examining banks with heterogeneous degrees of IT adoption, we investigate the dynamics of credit and its allocation across firms using a new database with detailed information on bank IT expenditures and propensity to innovate matched with bank-firm level data on credit growth before and during the pandemic. Using a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find that banks with higher intensity of IT adoption increased their credit more than others during the pandemic. The increase was concentrated in term loans extended to smaller and financially sounder companies; the effect was stronger in the initial phase of tighter restrictions to firm activity and individual mobility, and more significant for undertakings active in the sectors most affected by the shock. We provide evidence that these results are driven by both bank's ability to offer credit entirely on-line and bank's use of digital technologies for creditworthiness assessment. We find that physical proximity between borrowers and lenders remained important for credit provision during the pandemic, but only when combined with high level of IT adoption.

Knowledge Level on Recommended Cultivation Practices for Tomato among the Tomato Growers in Madurai District

Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops and it plays significant role in daily diet - and hence, it is considered as a vital commercial and dietary vegetable. During 2017-2018, the area under tomato cultivation in Tamil Nadu was 29.08 ha. Even though the production is high, the farmers are struggling to meet out the demand of the growing population. The study on the knowledge level of the farmers on recommended cultivation practices is beneficial to assess the technology reach about the recommended cultivation practices of tomato. The study was conducted in the Chellampatti block of Madurai district. Ninety respondents were selected by employing proportionate random sampling technique. The Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and percentage analysis were used. Majority of the respondents (56.67%) had medium level of knowledge on recommended practices of tomato cultivation followed by high (22.22%) and low (21.11%) knowledge. Majority of the tomato growers (54.44%) had medium level of adoption of tomato cultivation practices followed by low (30.00%) and high (15.56%) level of adoption. Cent percentage of the respondents were possessed with the correct knowledge on practices like season of sowing, farmyard Manure, planting material, transplanting, spacing, manual weeding and symptom of harvest. They had insufficient knowledge on practices like seed treatment with bio-fertilizer (22.22%), damping-off (33.33%), tomato spotted wilt (41.11%) and weedicide application (44.44%)

Commitment on Volunteer Crowdsourcing Platforms: Implications for Growth and Engagement

Volunteer crowdsourcing platforms, such as food recovery organizations, match volunteers with tasks which are often recurring. To ensure completion of such tasks, platforms frequently use a commitment lever known as “adoption.” Despite being effective in reducing match uncertainty, high levels of adoption reduce match availability for volunteers which in turn can suppress future engagement. We study how platforms should balance these two opposing factors. Our research is motivated by a collaboration with Food Rescue U.S.(FRUS), a volunteer-based food recovery organization active in over 33 locations across the U.S. For platforms such as FRUS, success crucially depends on efficient volunteer utilization and engagement. Consequently, effectively utilizing non-monetary levers, such as adoption, is critical. Based on our analysis of fine-grained FRUS data, we develop a model for a repeated two-sided matching market consisting of tasks (prearranged donations) and volunteers. Our model incorporates the uncertainty in match compatibility as well as the negative impact of failing to match on future engagement. We study the platform’s optimal policy for setting the adoption level to maximize the total discounted number of matches. Our analysis reveals that the optimal myopic policy is either full or no adoption. For sufficiently thick markets, we show that such a myopic policy is also optimal in the long run. In thinner markets, even though a static policy of full or no adoption can be suboptimal, we show it achieves a constant-factor approximation where the factor improves with market thickness. Using our analytical and empirical results, we revisit the current design of the FRUS platform and make location-specific policy recommendations. More broadly, our work sheds light on how other two-sided platforms can control the double-edged impacts that commitment levers have on growth and engagement.

Effectiveness of climate resilient agricultural technologies as perceived by farmers in Nalgonda District of Telangana State

The detrimental effects of climate change on Indian Agriculture are inevitable and agricultural professionals are bestowed with the responsibility of making it less vulnerable to climate change. In the present context, the following study was undertaken in Nalgonda district of Telangana State in India where three villages namely Nandyala Gudem, Boring thanda and Kotha thanda of Athmakur (S) Mandal were selected purposively as the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) interventions are being implemented in these villages to impart climate resilience. A sample size of 40 farmers was selected at random from each village thus comprising a total sample size of 120. An index was developed to assess the perceived effectiveness of Climate Resilient Agricultural (CRA) technologies by the farmers using five indicators viz., Adoption of CRA technologies, Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive capacity and Sustainability. The results revealed that the majority of respondents belonged to the category of a high level of adoption of CRA technologies (39.17%), medium level of exposure (30.84%), low sensitivity (30%), medium adaptive capacity (31.67%) and high sustainability (36.67%) of CRA technologies as perceived by the farmers. The overall effectiveness of CRA technologies as perceived by the farmers was found to be medium (35.83%) for a majority of the farmers followed by very highly effective (29.17%).

Assessing the Overall Efficiency of two technologies of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh

A study was conducted to investigate the farmers’ response on the performance of two specific Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) technologies viz. BU dhan1 and BU Hybrid lau1. In this connection, two districts of Northern Bangladesh were considered with 80 farmer respondents selected by simple random sampling technique to examine their responses on technology performance, adoption, impacts, associated limitations with possible suggestions and knowledge gap. Findings from this study reveal that the BU dhan1 had a high adoption level. In contrast,BU Hybrid lau1 had a low level of adoption. BU dhan1 performed well with low complexities when it was cultivated in the field. The study further provides information that majority farmers showed low to moderate knowledge gap in cultivating both of these technologies. Moreover, dried empty grains and less market value were listed as major constraints faced by BU dhan1 growers, while BU Hybrid lau1 growers suffered from severe virus attack during cultivation. Provisions of sufficient disease-free seed supply and proper training facilities were suggested by all the farmers interviewed.

Constraints to adoption of fish farming technologies among fish farmers in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

In the study the adoption of improved fish farming technologies in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State was investigated. Multistage sampling technique was used. The first stage was purposive selection of seven communities, the next stage was snowball sampling technique used to select 10 fish farmers from each community. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that majority of fish farmers were ware of fish farming technologies (91.4%). The respondents adopted the facilities for improved fish farming (21.0%), liming techniques (14.3%), and fish culture management (11.4%). Constraints to farmers' adoption of fish farming technologies are high cost of improved technologies (mean = 3.39), inadequate capital (mean = 3.35), erratic- power supply (mean = 3.12) and inaccessibility to credit facilities (mean = 3.11). It is recommended that agricultural credit schemes be strengthened at all levels, power supply be improved on, marketing structure should be well organized and extension services should be focused on which will enhance high level of technology adoption and result in much anticipated reduction in fish importation through fish farming in the country.

Moving Biofortified Cassava Products Closer to Market in Nigeria

Food must be acceptable, affordable, and available to consumers and consumers must have the resources, knowledge, and correct mindset to purchase and consume these foods. The narrative of this study centered on moving biofortified food closer to market by looking at awareness, adoption, and consumer mindsets as pillars to achieve market access. Our findings show that in Abia state, Nigeria, consumers are aware of biofortified cassava. This signifies a high market potential and economic opportunity for stakeholders in the supply chain. Unfortunately, consumers lack understanding of biofortified cassava's nutrition value. The high adoption level of biofortified cassava has implications on investment and stimulation of the local economy. The study identified accessibility, purposefulness and innovation as vital mindset drivers to scale market demand, and factors that affect both consumption, production, and marketing of the product. This study provides insight regarding potential priority areas of action for government policy interventions to stimulate demand and supply opportunities. This study also provides evidence that scaling up demand will depend on awareness creation. There is a need to improve communication networks to provide overwhelming product acceptance, adoption, and consumption of biofortified cassava. This will help change remaining myths about agro-biotechnology and the bioeconomy.

Empowering rural women through KVK’s training programmes: an impact assessment

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of KVK training programmes on knowledge and adoption of rural women about home science technologies. The present study was carried out with the sample size of 260 rural women. These rural women were categorized into two groups, i.e. trained and untrained having 130 women in each. The results of the study that majority of the trained women (60%) belonged to high level of knowledge followed by medium (24%) and low (16%) about detergent and soap making. Data further reported that more number of trained women (60%) belonged to high level of and soap making, Bajra and moth products, aonla products, bakery products and henna products. The adoption followed by medium (20%) and low (20%) level category with respect to detergent and powder making. The overall knowledge level of trained group was high from untrained group in moth and Bajra products, aonla products, bakery products and henna products. With respect to adoption, majority of trained women belonged to high level of adoption in detergent and soap making, moth Bajra products, bakery products and medium level in aonla products and henna products. Out of total variables size of land holding in trained group exhibited significant and positive relationship with knowledge level and family income had shown positive and significant relationship with knowledge level of untrained group as regard to home science technologies. Size of land holding exhibited significant but negative relationship with respect to adoption level of home science technologies. More than forty five per cent of rural women (48.46%) stated that lack of adequate time as their main constraint in adoption of home science technologies.

Does inoculation with native rhizobia enhance nitrogen fixation and yield of cowpea through legume-based intercropping in the northern mountainous areas of Vietnam?

AbstractIn the Northern mountainous region of Vietnam, cassava–cowpea intercropping system has been widely promoted with support from the local agricultural department. However, cowpea yield is often limited because of a low Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) activity due to its low natural nodulation and lack of available effective Rhizobium products. The aim of this study was to identify the most effective native rhizobia isolate nodulating cowpea with the potential to increase BNF and yield of cowpea. A greenhouse experiment was initially conducted with five treatments: three native rhizobia isolates (CMBP037, CMBP054, and CMBP065); a control (no inoculation and no N application); and N+ (no inoculation, application of N as KNO3). Field inoculations were carried out and the treatments were as follows: a control (no inoculation); CMBP (037+054) – a mixture of strains from Mau Dong; CMBP065 strain from Cat Thinh. CMBP054 and CMBP065 had the highest nodulation in the greenhouse (46.4 and 60.7 nodules plant−1, respectively) and were rated as effective with symbiotic efficiency (SEF) of 54.56 and 55.73%, respectively. In the field, CMBP (037+054) recorded significantly higher nodulation (19.4 nodules plant−1) than the control (11.7 nodules plant−1). CMBP (037+054) also increased cowpea shoot dry weight, shoot N, and yield by 28.6, 4.9, and 10.5%, respectively, compared to the uninoculated control. This effect was slope dependent (statistically significant in moderate and steep slope, not with gentle slope). Besides, the high expansion rate of intercropping with cowpea showed the high adoption level of these agroecological practices by local farmers. This study reveals the potential of native rhizobia inoculation to enhance soil fertility and sustainable agriculture in the Northern mountainous region of Vietnam and proposes enhanced efforts to promote the availability and utilization of effective inoculants for cowpea.

Direct sown paddy with seed drill - Adoption status of Krishna district farmers in Andhra Pradesh

In Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, majority of the farmers were cultivating rice in a traditional method i.e., transplanting of rice under tanks and canals as source of irrigation. Due to late receipt of the water in the canal tail end regions, sowing of the second crop is becoming late which leads to yield loss. In future, water and labour availability may worsen which may lead to increased competition for these aspects. Therefore, Krishi VIgyan Kendra, Ghantasala endeavored to create awareness on direct sown paddy with seed drill and has been promoting this method since 5-6 years. Andhra Pradesh State was selected purposively for this study and the survey was conducted in Krishna district. 120 rice growers were considered for the present study. The data was collected from the farmers through personal interview with the help of pre-tested scheules and questionnaire. The results showed that 51.66 per cent of the respondents belonged to high adoption category, followed by 29.16 per cent belonged to medium adoption and 19.16 per cent of the respondent belonged to low adoption categories which means partial adoption of direct sown paddy with seed drill respectively. As per recommendations of the Scientists of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ghantasala, more than half of the respondents had high level of adoption. It can be concluded that direct sown paddy is getting more popular in Krishna district and farmers are more motivated towards adoption of the technology. More than half of the farmers are adopting the recommended package of practices. So, farmers should be motivated to adopt 100 per cent technology which created a positive impact on farming community.

Public and private investments for banana Xanthomonas Wilt control in Uganda: The economic feasibility for smallholder farmers

Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) poses a serious threat to livelihoods and food security for millions of households in Africa. Despite considerable investments in Uganda by the Government and other national and international stakeholders, the disease persists in the country after periods of significant resurgence. Building on the Agricultural Innovation Systems framework, this paper reviews the role of the major stakeholders involved in controlling the disease in Uganda. Next, using household survey data, it analyzes economic costs and benefits of adopting an integrated BXW control package for the Ugandan smallholder farmers. After 2015, there has been a significant reduction in both public and private investments in BXW management, which may contribute to future disease resurgence. Our analysis reveals a high level of partial adoption of BXW recommended practices, and just a third of farmers adopting a full control package. This means significant economic losses for non-adopters, as indicated by our findings that households adopting the full package registered a net balance of US$65 per acre higher than non-adopters. We find that disproportionally large costs need to be borne at the beginning of the process, while the benefits are distributed over time, which may present a barrier to adoption by resource-poor smallholders.

Solidarity cryptocurrencies as digital community platforms

ABSTRACT We investigate the phenomenon of solidarity cryptocurrencies by combining the societal and communitarian aspects of the traditional community currencies with the the blockchain architecture chosen in a cryptocurrency project. We classify and analyze 20 selected solidarity cryptocurrencies from different countries according to three critical aspects of solidarity cryptocurrencies: scale, territorial scope and price stability. Analysis of these aspects is critical to understand the solidarity cryptocurrency concept that connects the originally separated universes of traditional community currencies and cryptocurrencies. This paper contributes to explain the emergent solidarity cryptocurrencies phenomenon by describing particular types captured by our classification. The main findings about solidarity cryptocurrencies in this study are, first, the alignment between type of governance and the respective architecture platform; second, those with closed governance are more likely to be pegged on fiat currencies or other stable measures; third, those focused on local issues tend to have a higher level of adoption.

Towards a Brave New World of Corporate Governance Practices in Emerging Markets: The Case of Listed Banks in Romania

Financial crises, in general, are putting a greater emphasis on the best practices regarding corporate governance in emerging economies. Boards of Directors are under great pressure to be transparent and accountable. In the same background, given the current socioeconomic context, due to the crisis generated by the new Coronavirus (CoVid-19) pandemic, the banking sector is under analogous levels of scrutiny, subject to a similar regulatory backlash. In this context, banks must not fail to fulfil the expectations of policy makers in particular, and society in general. The Code of Corporate Governance (CCG) issued by the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) aims at creating an internationally attractive capital market in Romania, based on best practices, transparency and trust – pillars that encourage companies to build a strong relationship with their shareholders and other stakeholders, by an effective and transparent communication, as well as openness towards all potential investors. This paper aims to highpoint the degree of compliance of the banks listed on the BSE with the principles and provisions stipulated by the CCG in force. As such, the assessment consisted in measuring the corporate governance quality and effectiveness in the main Romanian banks: Banca Transilvania, BRD, Erste Group and Patria Bank. Evaluating corporate governance eminence is constructed by using the score function method in regards to disclosure and transparency practices, as proposed by BSE. In this respect, an investigation was performed, focusing on the mode in which the principles enforced by the BSE are respected. This goal is important due to the current sensitive socioeconomic environment, which, undoubtedly, makes the corporate governance in the banking sector a controversial subject. In this framework, valuable conclusions were reached, regarding a satisfactory compliance level with the CCG issued by BSE. The research emphasized a high level of adoption of the best practice doctrines. Copyright © 2020. Delia DELIU. Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International CC-BY 4.0

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Colombians during the outbreak: an online cross-sectional survey

ABSTRACT Background Preventing the spread of COVID-19 requires the modification of behavior, including social distancing, mask-wearing, and regular handwashing. Modifying behavior requires understanding people’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding health threats. We explored KAPs among Colombians to examine whether KAPs affect adherence to recommended practices during the initial outbreak. Methods We distributed a cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire using referral network techniques. The questionnaire addressed three areas: knowledge about COVID-19; attitudes toward the ability to control it; and, self-reported practices related to the control of COVID-19. Demographic data were also collected. Results A total of 482 individuals completed the questionnaire. Participants had low to moderate levels of knowledge about COVID-19. They expressed mixed levels of optimism about the world eventually controlling COVID-19, but they were very optimistic about Colombia’s ability to control the disease. They reported extremely high levels of adoption of preventive practices. Binomial regression suggests few demographic factors associated with KAPs. Generally, knowledge had no association with optimism and little association with self-reported adoption of recommended practices. Conclusions These findings indicate that greater knowledge of COVID-19 is insufficient to prompt behavior change. Colombians’ greater optimism about their own country’s ability to overcome COVID-19 as compared to the world’s ability should be explored in greater depth. Since attitudes are associated with actions, future investigation of Colombians’ optimism may provide guidance for improving attitudes elsewhere. Because adoption of preventive practices is extremely high in Colombia, Colombia may serve as a model case for how other nations can respond to COVID-19.

Rice farmers’ demands for productive services: evidence from Chinese farmers

Based on the data of 601 rice farmers in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in China, we analyzed the type and intensity of farmers’ demands for productive services and the factors influencing agricultural green transformation in this developing country. The results show that rice farmers most urgently demand services including plant protection information, seedling supply, and unified prevention and treatment, with lower demand for services providing information about materials and soil. Given the consistency of productive services at the village level, we used a hierarchical linear model to analyze factors influencing farmer demand. The results show that for farmers with low levels of technology adoption, their demands for the services are significantly impacted by economic development level, production areas, rice planting labor, and technical knowledge, whereas for farmers with high levels of technology adoption, village service levels and production areas significantly affect their service demands.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards COVID-19 Among Ecuadorians During the Outbreak: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey.

Preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent for COVID-19) requires implementing contact and respiratory precautions. Modifying human behavior is challenging and requires understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding health threats. This study explored KAPs among people in Ecuador. A cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about COVID-19, attitudes toward ability to control COVID-19, self-reported practices related to COVID-19, and demographics. A total of 2399 individuals participated. Participants had moderate to high levels of knowledge. Participants expressed mixed attitudes about the eventual control of COVID-19 in Ecuador. Participants reported high levels of adoption of preventive practices. Binomial regression analysis suggests unemployed individuals, househusbands/housewives, or manual laborers, as well as those with an elementary school education, have lower levels of knowledge. Women, people over 50 years of age, and those with higher levels of schooling were the most optimistic. Men, individuals 18–29, single, and unemployed people took the riskiest behaviors. Generally, knowledge was not associated with optimism or with practices. Our findings indicate knowledge about COVID-19 is insufficient to prompt behavioral change among Ecuadorians. Since current COVID-19 control campaigns seek to educate the public, these efforts’ impacts are likely to be limited. Given attitudes determine people’s actions, further investigation into the factors underlying the lack of confidence in the ability of the world, and of Ecuador, to overcome COVID-19, is warranted. Edu-communicational campaigns should be accompanied by efforts to provide economically disadvantaged populations resources to facilitate adherence to recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus.

Association between Selected Independent Variables and Adoption Level of Farmers about Recommended Production Technology of Fennel

The present study was formulated during the year 2014 with 120 respondents from selected eight villages of Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The data of personnel attributes, i.e., age, education, annual income, caste, size of land holding, family type and size of family of the respondents were collected through personal interview. The age and annual income were found to be positive and significantly associated with the adoption level. The old age group was possessed high level of adoption (82.76%) as compare to other age group. Further, annual income had maximum level of adoption with high annual income group (75.00 %) compared to other annual income groups. Other variables like, education, caste, size of land holding, family type and family size were found to be non-significantly associated with the adoption level.

Alternate wetting and drying technique in paddy production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: economic evaluation and adoption determinants

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the adoption of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) technique and provides the economic evaluation and determinants of AWD adoption in rice production in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe study extends the drainage factor into the AWD score. The cost benefit analysis is utilized for the economic evaluation, and the Cragg model is applied to examine the determinants of AWD adoption.FindingsThe results indicate that there are significant differences in inputs such as water, seed, fertilizers and mechanization between the low and high levels of AWD adoption. The yields are significantly different at different adoption levels. The Cragg model found that irrigation infrastructure, AWD training and perceived ease of use of the technology are determinants of AWD adoption level. Collective pumping is considered as a major constraint in the AWD adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide managerial implications, with a focus on the effectiveness of inputs, the irrigation infrastructure and AWD training to promote the AWD adoption. Challenges of rice field flatness should be investigated in a further study.Originality/valueThe study contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical evidence for the large-scale adoption of AWD with a comprehensive economic evaluation, extending the drainage performance into the score to accurately reflect the water conservation and promoting the use of a more flexible modeling approach with the Cragg model.