High Learning Interest Research Articles

Upaya Guru IPS Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Kelas Vlll Di SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung

The background of this research is the lack of interest in student learning in the social studies subject of SMPN 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung students, where there is an unpreparedness in learning and a lack of support from the school environment and family environment. The existence of this background requires attention and motivation to learn from the school and family so that students have a high interest in learning. The focus of the research in this thesis are: 1) What are the social studies teacher's efforts to increase student learning interest in social science subjects for class VIII students at SMP 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung, 2) What are the supporting factors of social science teachers in increasing student learning interest in the subject social science lessons for class VIII students at SMP 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung, and 3) What are the obstacles and solutions for IPS teachers in increasing student learning interest in social science subjects for class VIII students at SMPN 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung. The objectives of this research are 1) to explain how social studies efforts increase students' interest in learning in social studies subjects for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung, 2) to find out the supporting factors for social studies teachers in increasing interest in learning students in Social Sciences class VIII students at SMP Negri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung and 3) To find out social studies teacher's obstacles and solutions in increasing student learning interest in Social Sciences class VIII students at SMP Negri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung. In this study used a qualitative descriptive research method. Data obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. Observations were made to find out more closely about the object being researched, interviews were used to find out or find problems openly at SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung, while documentation was used to collect data by investigating existing documents and was a place for prepare a number of data so that researchers get the maximum information that can correctly describe the condition of the object under study. The results of this study indicate that the social studies teacher's efforts to increase student learning interest in social studies class VII at SMP Negri 3 Kedungwaru Tulunggung use 3 techniques, namely: Using learning methods such as lecture methods, group discussions, diagnostic assessments and skills training methods. The second uses the map learning model, collaborative learning, contextual learning. Third Use learning media such as: Interactive PPT, audio media, picture media and map and globe media. Supporting factors for Social Studies teachers in increasing student learning interest in Social Sciences subject class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung namely: School programs, Facilities that support student learning include: Libraries, Classrooms, Laboratories and Classrooms. Obstacles and Social studies teachers' solutions in increasing student learning interest in social science subjects for class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru Tulungagung can be grouped into two factors, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors come from within the students themselves, external factors consist of teachers, parents, peers. The solution to overcome these obstacles is to provide motivation.

The need for electronic games to support student involvement and concentration in learning

The urgency of the potential use of electronic games in learning is in line with the increasingly advanced technology and as an effort to increase student engagement and concentration. Student involvement and concentration is the key so students can have a learning experience. One alternative solution is the development of electronic games to support learning. The electronic game developed in this study uses Unity software. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative and aims to describe the need for electronic games to support student involvement and concentration in learning. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. The questionnaire was made using G-Form containing 7 question items in the form of checklists or descriptions in each item answer column according to the respondent's opinion. The questionnaire was distributed online to respondents who were teachers and lecturers from various educational units in the city of Padang. Based on the study's results, electronic games are needed to increase student involvement and attention in learning activities. Games make learning fun and varied to stimulate students' interest in learning. Students with a high interest in learning will show engagement and involvement to do something diligently for a long time, be easier to concentrate, remember, and not quickly bored with what is being learned.

Perceptions of university students on nutrition as a useful tool to manage anxiety and depression levels

Objective: Mental health problems among university students are an emergent public health issue and prevention is crucial. Dietary interventions are currently being investigated as additional treatment options for mental illness. This work aimed (i) to measure and correlate the general status of physical-mental health and diet habits of undergraduate students (n=164, 96 females and 68 males) from different universities, in England and Türkiye; (ii) to develop a specific questionnaire to measure their knowledge on nutrition for mental health (as only general nutrition knowledge questionnaires were available), and (iii) to identify barriers for healthier food choices and sustainable behavioural changes. Materials and methods: The study was based on a cross-sectional survey. Undergraduate students were invited by email and their participation was voluntary and anonymous. Values were expressed as means and standard deviation. A significance level of 0.05 was set. Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that more than 1/3 presented a medium to a high level of somatization symptoms while more than 1/4 presented a moderate to severe level of anxiety and depression. Moreover, results showed a significant negative correlation between nutritional knowledge with physical status, anxiety and depression level and a significant positive correlation with adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Cost, time, convenience and no healthy options on campus canteens/restaurants were the main reported barriers against a healthier diet. Most of the students showed poor nutritional knowledge on how nutrition may impact mental health, but a high interest in learning about nutrition to improve their physical and mental health. Nutrition education and the support of a nutritional team may be alternative tools at the universities to help students manage their anxiety/depression, general health status and academic performance.

Arabic Language Learning Strategies in Increasing Learning Interest in Class VII Mufrodat Material at MTs Al Khairiyah Bandar Lampung

This study aimed to discover the strategies for learning Arabic in increasing students' interest in studying mufrodat material for class VII Mts Al Khiriyah Bandar Lampung. The monotonous strategy causes a lack of students' interest in learning Arabic. This study used descriptive qualitative methods with student research subjects—data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews and documentation. Interest is one of the student's internal factors significantly influencing learning success. High interest in learning will make students enthusiastic and can easily achieve the competencies to be achieved. To motivate students, certain strategies are needed in learning. This study's results indicate an increase in student learning interest in class VII Mufrodat material at MTs Al Khairiyah Bandar Lampung in terms of the results of interviews and student questionnaires. CTL (Contextual Teaching and Learning) and PAKEM (Participatory, Active, Creative, Effective) use strategies to enhance learning.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE INDONESIAN REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION LEARNING MODEL (PMRI) ASSISTED BY THE ETHNOMATHEMATICS WORKSHEET ON NUMERICAL LITERACY ABILITY IN TERMS OF STUDENTS’ LEARNING INTEREST

Numerical literacy ability is an important ability that students must have. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education learning model (PMRI) using ethnomathematics worksheet media on students' numeracy literacy skills related to students' learning interests. This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental design. The samples in this study were students of class VIII D and VIII F SMP Negeri 6 Magelang who were selected through cluster random sampling technique. In this study, the instrument used was numeracy literacy tests and student learning interest questionnaires. Based on data analysis calculations, the results show that: (1) The numeracy literacy skills of students who take PMRI learning assisted by ethnomathematics worksheets are better than students who take PMRI learning; (2) Students with high learning interest have better numeracy skills than students with moderate learning interest, students with moderate learning interest have the same good numeracy literacy skills as students who have low learning interest, and students with high learning interest have the ability better numeracy literacy than students with low interest in learning; (3) There is no interaction between the learning model and learning interest on students' numeracy literacy skills.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE QUANTUM LEARNING LEARNING MODEL BY PAYING ATTENTION TO LEARNING INTEREST IN STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

This study generally aims to determine the effectiveness of Quantum Learning on student learning outcomes. In particular, this study aims to determine the difference in student learning outcomes between those taught with Quantum Learning and lecture methods, to determine the interaction of Quantum Learning and learning interest in student learning outcomes, and to determine the differences in student learning outcomes in high learning interest and low learning interest taught with Quantum Learning and those taught with the lecture method. This research uses an experimental method with factorial experiment design. The hypothesis testing process in this study uses the two-way Anava statistical technique (Two Way Anova). Based on the results of the hypothesis test, it shows that, there are differences in learning outcomes in students taught using Quantum Learning accompanied by high interest in learning of 82.73 with those taught using the lecture method amounting to 48.80. Thus, the results of the study stated that there is an effectiveness of the application of Quantum Learning learning to the learning outcomes of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) and there is an interaction between Quantum Learning and learning interest in SKI learning outcomes, there is also a reduction in learning outcomes in students who have high interest in learning and who have low interest in learning. This implies that in applying the learning model to learning activities, teachers need to pay attention to the level of interest in learning students.

Analysis of student problem-solving errors based on Newman's theory in terms of learning interest and gender

Errors often occurred when students solve mathematical problems solving, exceedingly when students are faced with contextual story problems. Newman's procedural error analysis classified errors in solved story problems into five categories: reading errors, encoding errors, transformation errors, comprehension errors, and processing skill errors. There were several factors on errors worked by students when solving problems, such as student interest in learning and gender differences. This study aims to describe the problem-solving errors of students, both men, and women, who have high, medium, and low interest in learning to solve story problems on SPLTV material. According to the Newman’s procedure. The research type is a qualitative approach with descriptive. And the research subjects were obtained by using a purposive sampling technique. The results of this study include 1) Students of high interest in learning and are making Encoding Errors, and Processing Skill Errors, while students with low interest in learning make Processing Skill Errors, Transformation Errors, and Encoding Errors. 2) Students with a great interest in learning and making encoding errors and processing skills errors. Students with low interest made Comprehension Errors, Encoding Errors, Processing Skill errors, and Transformation Errors.

Problem-based learning using e-module: Does it effect on student’s high order thinking and learning interest in studying geography?

High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) are abilities that students in the 21st century must acquire. Problem-based learning is one of the learning models to improve high order thinking skills. E-module is an innovative teaching tools used in geography education. Geography is the main focus of education in the 21st century, especially related to environmental issues. This study aimed to determine the effect of PBL with e-module based on HOTS to student’s learning interest in studying geography. The research population consisted of second-year students (grade 11) of social class in SMAN 2 Semarang (Public Senior High School). This research used a factorial experimental design. The data was collected using a test measuring HOTS and a questionnaire measuring enthusiasm for learning geography. The data were analysed using statistics, including the normality test, the homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing with the T-test, linear regression, and two-way ANOVA. The results found that: 1) PBL with e-modules had a significant effect on HOTS; 2) student’s interest in studying geography had no significant effect on HOTS; 3) there was no effect between PBL and e-modules with student’s interest in studying geography on HOTS. The HOTS test results were unaffected by the increase or decrease in student’s interest. The HOTS is not influenced by student’s interest in studying geography, but rather by the actual learning; 4) the highest indicator of developing HOTS is the capacity for abstract thought; 5) students conclude that using e-modules in PBL can improve interest for solving environmental issues. The combination of e-module content with project-based learning motivates students to protect the environment.

Pengaruh Peran Orang Tua Dan Minat Belajar Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri 1 Airmadidi

Parents are one of the first and foremost educational centers and sources of educators for a student. The role of parents and interest in learning have an important role and influence the quality of achievement of student learning outcomes. This study aims to determine the influence of the role of parents and interest in learning on student learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 1 Airmadidi with the population in the study, namely all grade VI students of SD Negeri 1 Airmadidi totaling 45 sample. Sampling using a nonprobability sampling method. This study used a quantitative research design with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that 1) The role of parents affects student learning outcomes with regression test results obtained sig values of 0.000 < 0.05 which means there is a significant influence, 2) Learning interest affects learning outcomes with regression test results obtained sig values of 0.002 < 0.05 which means there is a significant influence, 3) The role of parents and interest in learning affects learning outcomes with a value of R Square = 0.504 Indicating the role of parents and interest in learning can explain learning outcomes by 50.4% while the remaining 49.6% is influenced by other variables. Thus, this research has implications for helping and facilitating how to maximize student learning by providing quality learning experiences in terms of the role of positive parents and high student learning interest in achieving high learning outcomes as well.

Upaya Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Peserta Didik Pada Muatan Bahasa Madura Menggunakan Model Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw Pada Kelas IV SDIT Ulil Albab Kamal Bangkalan

learning is an activity that aims to change a person. The result of these activities are called learning outcomes. This research is aimed at increasing student’ learning interest in Madurese language content using a jigsaw cooperative model in class IV SDIT Ulil Albab. The method used in this study is the application of a jigsaw cooperative model with data collection methods in the form of questionnaires, observation, and documentation. The result of this study is that there is an were happier when they could freely larn on their own with their friends. In addition, in each cycle that occurred starting from cycle 1, a score of 82% was obtained for students who had an interest in learning ≥25(high learning interest category). Then in cycle 2, student interest in learning has reached 100% obtaining an interest in learning ≥25(high learning interest category).
 

IMPROVING LOGICAL THINKING COMPETENCE USING GAMES FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Online learning makes students bored and lazy. This condition requires teachers to think of other ways of teaching and learning activities. Gamification is a learning method using games as a teaching and learning tool. This service uses games on the code.org website application to increase high school-level students' interest in learning. In addition to gamification, several methods are applied to increase students' interest in learning, one of which is by providing personal assistance. The method applied was considered successful in increasing the interest and focus of the participants.

ANALISIS KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA INTENSIF SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA BERDASARKAN MINAT BELAJAR SISWA DI KELAS III SDN 62 SINGKAWANG

This study aims to describe students' intensive reading skills in terms of high, medium and low learning interest in grade III SDN 62 Singkawang. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The collection technique uses written test techniques, questionnaires and documentation. Data Analysis is Data Reduction, Data Presentation and Conclusions. The results of this study are 1) Students who have a high interest in learning have skills Sufficient intensive reading, 2) Students who have sufficient interest in learning have sufficient intensive reading skills, 3) Students who have low interest in learning have sufficient intensive reading skills. It can be concluded that students' interest in learning can greatly affect the success in students' intensive reading skills. Intensive reading skills are important for successful learning in Indonesian subjects, and all subjects in school.

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY SKILLS AND LEARNING INTEREST OF FIRST YEAR BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN THE TOPIC OF FUNGI

Science literacy has become increasingly important for individuals in carrying out their activities. Science education also strives to enhance students' interest in developing knowledge, skills, and thinking abilities. This research aims to determine the science literacy skills of students in the Low-Level Organism Taxonomy course, particularly in the topic of Fungi, and to assess students' learning interest in the same course. The study was conducted at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medan State University. The population of this study consisted of all students from the 2021 Biology program, totaling 120 individuals. The research sample comprised 31 participants selected through purposive sampling technique. This study employed a descriptive research design. The results revealed that students demonstrated a level of science literacy skills in the Fungi topic categorized as Functional Scientific Literacy, with an average percentage of 67.4%. Additionally, the students exhibited high learning interest in the Fungi topic, with an average percentage of 70.72%.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas III Pada Mata Pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuam Alam (IPA) Di SDK Wilain Dengan Menggunakan Metode Kooperatif TGT (Team Games Tournament)

Education is a means and container for developing human resources (HR), therefore it needs to get attention and support from both the government, community and family. In the world of education today there are still many learning methods that use conventional learning models, namely students only listen to the teacher explaining the subject matter, without any action or activity as a learning experience. Learning activities like this, cause the results achieved by students in learning are not maximized, because students are only able to memorize facts, concepts, principles and theories. This study discusses efforts to improve student learning outcomes through TGT type cooperative learning. This study aims to obtain information about improving science learning outcomes for third grade students in the 2022/2023 school year through cooperative learning of the TGT type. The formulation of the problem in this study is: can the learning outcomes of class III students at SDK WILAIN be improved through the TGT Cooperative model. The object of research in this study were all Class III students of SDK WILAIN, totaling 16 people. The research instruments used in data collection were observation guidelines and test results after the action was taken. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Based on the initial survey conducted by the author, teachers who only used the lecture method resulted in low interest in learning and student learning outcomes in class III. Likewise for science subjects at SDK WILAIN, according to the documentation in the form of subject scores obtained from subject teachers, only 5 people (31.25%) out of 16 students showed high interest in learning that met the KKM (Minimum Completeness Criteria determined by For this reason, a new learning strategy is needed to improve the quality of the science learning process so that it has an impact on student learning outcomes.By using the Team Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning method, it is hoped that it can increase student learning interest.
 The results showed that there was an increase in student learning outcomes before and after the implementation of the TGT cooperative model. The score of students' interest in learning in class III SDK WILAIN before applying the cooperative model was 31.25%, which met the minimum completeness criteria or were in the low category. While the learning outcomes of third grade students at SDK WILAIN after implementing the TGT cooperative model were 87.5% which were in the high category. So the application of the TGT cooperative model can improve the learning achievement of class III students at SDK WILAIN.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEREST IN FOLLOWING ONLINE LEARNING WITH LEARNING OUTCOMES IN BASIC BOGA SUBJECTS DEPARTMENT OF CULINARY ADMINISTRATION IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

At the beginning of 2020, education in Indonesia implemented online learning to prevent the spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). Students who take part in online learning have an increasingly high interest in learning, and there are also students who, since online learning is carried out, have less interest in learning. The research aims to find out students' interest in participating in online learning with learning outcomes that are held in the Basic Culinary Subject of the Culinary Department Odd Semester Academic Year 2020/2021. Quantitative descriptive research approach, sampling with saturated sample technique. Respondents totaled 37 people, namely class XI students who took Basic Culinary Subjects. Questionnaire data collection techniques, observation, documentation, and report cards. Descriptive data analysis and prerequisite test or normality test and linearity test. The study found a positive relationship between interest in online learning and learning outcomes in Basic Culinary Subjects, with a Pearson correlation value of 0.155 significance level of 0.498 > 0.05. This means that there is no correlation between interest in participating in online learning and student learning outcomes in basic culinary subjects in the culinary department at SMK Negeri 1 Takengon. It was concluded that the relationship between interest in online learning and student learning outcomes in the Basic Culinary Subject of the Culinary Department for the 2020/2021 Academic Year is weak.

Penerapan Metode Drill Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Qowaid Nahwiyyah Di Madrasah Diniyyah Al- Amiriyyah Blokagung Banyuwangi

This article is the result of research that aims to find out how the application of the drill method is used in the process of improving the qowaid nahwiyyah abilities of superior program students at madrasah diniyyah al-amiriyyah, as well as to find out the advantages and disadvantages of its application. This research approach is descriptive qualitative with grounded theory type, which uses three data collection methods, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of learning by applying the drill method in increasing understanding of qowaid nahwiyyah is in accordance with the theory and achieving maximum results. In the learning process, the teacher goes through the steps of preparation, implementation and evaluation. The drill method in qowaid nahwiyyah learning is very effective, by repeating material it really helps students understand material with different backgrounds, the drill method can make students active in learning and delivering material in short and clear language. In addition, student responses to the application of the drill method were very positive, because there was an interactive dialogue between the teacher and students. In addition to these har, there are also advantages and disadvantages in the implementation of learning using the drill method. The advantages of applying the drill method include: high student interest in learning and enthusiasm in understanding the material, it is easier to find out the problems experienced by students in understanding the material, in a short time gaining mastery of the material according to the target. The disadvantages of the drill method are: students feel bored participating in learning, students feel more pressured because evaluations are often held, students often arrive late so that learning time is delayed and the facilities they have are inadequate.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA DITINJAU DARI MINAT BELAJAR SISWA

This study aims to determine how the ability to solve mathematical problems in terms of the learning interest of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 18 Selayar Islands. The type of research used is descriptive-qualitative. The research subjects consisted of 3 students of class VIII B SMP Negeri 18 Selayar Islands which consisted of 1 student with high learning interest, 1 student with moderate learning interest, and 1 student with low learning interest. Data collection techniques used were questionnaires, mathematical problem solving ability tests, and interviews. The questions used to measure mathematical problem solving skills are in the form of essay questions totaling 2 numbers with a system of two-variable linear equations. The results of tests and interviews were analyzed based on indicators of mathematical problem solving ability, namely understanding problems, planning solutions, solving problems according to plan, and re-examining procedures and settlement results. good, at the stage of solving the problem according to the plan the subject is able to solve the problem well, and is able to re-examine the answer. returning to the procedure and the results of the completion of the subject did not re-examine the answer. Subjects with low learning interest understood the problem well, but were at the stage of planning the solution, solving the problem according to plan, and re-examining the procedure and the results of the investigation. settlement has not been fulfilled.

Analysis of the Level of Understanding of the Concept of the Isoline Method of Linear Program Material Based on APOS Theory in terms of Learning Interest

One of the methods that can be used to find solutions to linear programming models is the Graphical Method. Graphical methods are divided into the isoline method and the extreme point method. Based on initial observations and interviews, it was found that around 54% of students still needed help understanding the isoline method material in solving linear programs, especially when given real problems related to everyday life. In addition, students' learning interest in linear programming courses also varies. So the purpose of research in this article is to describe the level of understanding of students who have high, medium, and low learning interest in linear programming material, precisely the isoline method material, in determining the optimum solution. The method in this study is a qualitative method with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire method for data on student learning interests and semi-structured test and interview methods to describe the level of student understanding based on APOS theory. The instruments in this study were questionnaires, written tests, and interview guidelines. Checking the validity of the data in this study used time triangulation. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the research show that: (1) subjects with high learning interest are at the level of schematic understanding; (2) subjects with interest in learning are at the level of understanding objects; and (3) subjects with low interest in learning are at the level of understanding of Action.

Analisis Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Bahasa Arab Pada Maharah Kalam Siswa Kelas V di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Ihsan Pontianak Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022

Abstract : The problem this research is the low ability to speak Arabic students. The purpose of this research are: 1) to identify the process of learning Arabic in speaking skills students of class V; 2) to describe the difficulties of students in learning Arabic in speaking skills class V; 3) to find out the teacher's efforts in dealing with the difficulties of learning Arabic in the speaking skills of class V. This research uses qualitative descriptive research methods with the type of field research. The data sources of this study are class V students and teachers of Arabic subjects. Data collection techniques in this research is observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research are: 1) the process of learning Arabic in the preliminary activities, the core and closing activities of the teacher have carried out learning activities ideally based on the theory of learning activities; 2) the difficulties experienced by students in terms of linguistics, namely; difficulty distinguishing the sounds of letters whose pronunciation is almost the same as ع، غ، خ، ج، ش، ث، ص،ض; stammering pronunciation of the vocabulary contained in the letters ع،ح،خ،ز; difficulties in the meaning of a word or sentence, understanding the formation of a word. Nonlinguistic aspects; different levels of intellectual abilities of students exist, the student's learning motivation is moderate, lack of self-confidence, low high interest in learning, the student environment is passively speaking Arabic; lack of support from the family, lack of strong encouragement in learning Arabic. Keywords: Difficulty Learning Arabic, Speaking Skills in Arabic

PJOK Learning: How to Apply Animation Media Based on Contextual Approach?

This study aims to determine the application of contextual approach-based animation media in Physical, Sport, and Health Education (PJOK) learning for fourth-grade elementary school students. This research is a development method that refers to the ADDIE model. ADDIE development research consists of five stages, namely (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The data analysis technique of this research uses the results of the review of learning content experts, learning design experts, and media experts in the form of input, feedback, criticism, and suggestions for improvement contained in the questionnaire and the percentage score. The results showed that the learning animation media based on the contextual approach PJOK for fourth-grade elementary school students produced learning products suitable for the learning process. Thus, this study concludes that by learning resources using animated media based on a contextual approach, students are more enthusiastic by having a high interest in learning.