high-K Calc-alkaline Character Research Articles

Petrological insights into connections between the S- and I-type magmatic associations in metamorphic core complexes: a case study of the Çataldağ metamorphic core complex (NW Turkey)

As one of the Cordilleran-type metamorphic core complexes in the western Anatolian extensional province and the broader Aegean region, the Çataldağ metamorphic core complex is composed of a granite-gneiss-migmatite complex and a synkinematic pluton, bounded by a detachment fault zone. The plutonic rocks within the footwall of the Çataldağ metamorphic core complex consist of Eo-Oligocene anatectic S-type leucogranites associated with gneiss-migmatite complex forming the core rocks and an I-type synkinematic pluton that emplaced into the core rocks in the Early Miocene. This paper presents the petrography, mineral chemistry, major-trace element geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of the Çataldağ I-type synkinematic pluton. It discusses the magma source evolution from the Eo-Oligocene to the Early Miocene and their relations to the Çataldağ metamorphic core complex formation by comparing two contrasting granitic associations from a petrological perspective. The Çataldağ I-type synkinematic pluton primarily comprises porphyritic granodiorite, granite, and peripheral rocks including evolved granite and pegmatite dikes. Thermobarometry calculations estimate crystallisation conditions of approximately 795 °C at 1–2 kbar (averaging 1.5 kbar), corresponding to a shallow crustal magma chamber (⁓5 km deep). The pluton is metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and of a high-K calc-alkaline character. The 87Sr/86Sr(i) and εNd values of the studied samples range from 0.70684 to 0.70772 and from −6.1 to −2.3, respectively. Pb isotopic compositions are 18.74–19.29 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.69–15.78 for 207Pb/204Pb, and 38.89–39.39 for 208Pb/204Pb. Geochemical modelling shows that a large amount of metasomatised lithospheric mantle-derived melt component (up to 70%) and a minor crustal component (<50%) contributed to the source region of the magma. The combination of isotopic data and thermodynamic modelling suggests that the compositional variations within the pluton were primarily the result of open system processes, predominantly the assimilation of crustal rocks with a dominance of fractional crystallisation. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures and trace element characteristics of I-type pluton, as well as their comparisons with those of S-type leucogranites within the Çataldağ core complex, indicate heterogeneous magma sources, evolving from crust-dominated to mantle-dominated magma from Eo-Oligocene to the early Miocene, reflecting mantle upwelling beneath NW Anatolia. We infer that the long-lived, mantle-driven Eocene plutonic activity that preceded the development of core complexes may have led to thermal weakening, melting, and crustal flow in the lower-middle crust beneath NW Anatolia, facilitating the formation of the granite-gneiss-migmatite complex during the incipient phase of extension in the Eo-Oligocene. Coinciding with the rapid exhumation of the S-type granite and migmatite complex, the formation and emplacement of I-type synkinematic pluton along the detachment fault zone of the Çataldağ core complex were developed as a result of asthenospheric upwelling driven by lithospheric removal processes. This inferred lithospheric removal was triggered by Hellenic slab rollback affecting the entire western Anatolia since the Oligocene. The transition from S- to I-type granites observed in the Çataldağ core complex and other Aegean massifs may indeed be a manifestation of the intensity or accumulation of this crustal extension.

Geological and geochemical characteristics of Late Ordovician volcanic levels of the Gözdağ Formation in the İstanbul-Zonguldak Tectonic Unit (NW Turkey): Implications for global events during the Ordovician

The İstanbul-Zonguldak Tectonic Unit is regarded as the easternmost fragment of Avalonia-Carolina and stands for Far East Avalonia. Its stratigraphy also is characterized by discontinuous sedimentation from Late Ediacaran to Late Carboniferous. In the western part of the block, known as the İstanbul Terrane, the Gözdağ Formation is represented by lagoonal sedimentary rocks consisting of shale-sandstone with limestone of Middle Ordovician-Lower Silurian age. Here, I report on stratigraphic positions and petrographical and geochemical data of fine- and coarse-grained tuffs and lavas in the Late Ordovician strata of the Gözdağ Formation. The fine- and coarse-grained tuffs have pyroclastic and the lavas have porphyritic, vitrophyric and aphanitic textures. The fine-and coarse-grained tuffs are Sandbian and Katian ages, and the lavas are Hirnantian ages, according to the stratigraphic positions of the Late Ordovician volcanic rocks. Geochemically, the-fine grained tuffs have High-K calc-alkaline character and the coarse-grained tuffs and lavas have calc-alkaline affinity. They are devoid of noticeable with-in plate components, as deduced by the presence of obvious negative Nb anomalies, and they have subduction signatures. In conjunction with the data from literature, the Sandbian fine-grained tuffs were deposited in a lagoonal depocenter in the İstanbul-Zonguldak Tectonic Unit during the Taconic orogeny formed in the earliest late Ordovician between the Piedmont Terrane and Laurentia. The Katian coarse-grained tuffs were deposited in a shallow marine in it during the last phase of the consumption of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Ocean from volcanoes occurred in volcanic arc-related settings. Besides, I the Hirnantian lavas flowed in a lagoonal depocenter in it during the soft-docking of Avalonia and Baltica, known as the pre-Caledonian orogeny.

Radiological Hazards and Natural Radionuclide Distribution in Granitic Rocks of Homrit Waggat Area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt.

Natural radioactivity, radiological hazard, and petrological studies of Homrit Waggat granitic rocks, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt were performed in order to assess their suitability as ornamental stone. On the basis of mineralogical and geochemical compositions, Homrit Waggat granitic rocks can be subdivided into two subclasses. The first class comprises granodiorite and tonalite (I-type) and is ascribed to volcanic arc, whereas the second one includes alkali-feldspar granite, syenogranite, and albitized granite with high-K calc alkaline character, which is related to post-orogenic granites. 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activities of natural radionuclides occurring in the examined rocks were measured radiometrically using sodium iodide detector. Furthermore, assessment of the hazard indices—such as: annual effective dose (AED) with mean values (0.11, 0.09, 0.07, 0.05, and 0.03, standard value = 0.07); gamma radiation index (Iγ) with mean values (0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.14, standard value = 0.5); internal (Hin) with mean values (0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2, standard value = 1.0); external (Hex) index (0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.24, and 0.12, standard value = 1.0); absorbed gamma dose rate (D) with mean values (86.4, 75.9, 53.5, 43.6, and 20.8, standard value = 57); and radium equivalent activity (Raeq) with mean values (180, 154, 106.6, 90.1, and 42.7, standard value = 370)—were evaluated with the knowledge of the natural radionuclides. The result of these indices falls within the acceptable worldwide limits. Therefore, we suggest that these rocks are safe to be used in industrial applications.

Platinum-Group Element Geochemistry and Magma Evolution of the Mount Hagen (Papua New Guinea) Magmatic System

Abstract Mount Hagen is a mid-Pleistocene stratovolcano located in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. It was selected for this study because of (1) its close location to several giant Cu–Au porphyry deposits in the region; (2) its high-K calc-alkaline character (absarokite–shoshonite) and (3) its wide compositional range (2 to 12 wt % MgO). Whole-rock geochemistry, petrography and QEMSCAN observations are consistent with fractional crystallisation of the evolving magma being controlled by the phases now represented by the megacrysts in the lavas: olivine and clinopyroxene at high MgO and hornblende and plagioclase at low MgO. However, the role of plagioclase is enigmatic. Although it is an abundant megacryst phase in the low-MgO samples, plagioclase has little or no influence on fractional crystallisation, suggesting that it may be an antecryst. The appearance of plagioclase megacrysts does not slow the rate of increase in Al2O3 or Sr with decreasing sample MgO and the low-MgO samples do not have Eu anomalies. At ~5.5 wt % MgO, there are significant changes in the system that are inconsistent with simple fractional crystallisation. These changes include hornblende and plagioclase replacing olivine and clinopyroxene as the principal megacryst phases, a sharp rise in platinum-group elements (PGE) concentrations, the brief reappearance of high Fo olivine megacrysts and reversed zoning in the plagioclase megacrysts. These changes are interpreted to have resulted from a new pulse of magma entering the system, with higher water, MgO, SiO2 and PGE concentrations than the original parent magma. Scatter in the PGE data is attributed to the presence of micronuggets in all samples, including the most mafic samples. We conclude that the magma system became sulphide saturated during an early stage in its fractionation history, probably before leaving the crust to deep crustal magma chamber, and then became undersaturated as a consequence of decreasing pressure as magma ascended into a mid-crustal magma chamber. The early saturation episode had a pronounced influence on PGE concentration but had little affect Cu and Au, due to their lower partition coefficient into sulphides. The magma became sulphide saturated again in the crustal magma chamber at ~8.5 wt % MgO, this time affecting all chalcophile elements. Given the early episodes of sulphide saturation, depletion in Au in the Mount Hagen magma system and the absence of a known porphyry system, it is unlikely that Mount Hagen produced economic porphyry mineralisation.

Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of Lindero porphyry gold deposit in the Southern Puna plateau, Argentina

The Lindero gold deposit is located in the Southern Puna plateau, northwest Argentina. The deposit is centered in a cluster of six subvolcanic intrusions emplaced at the margin of the Arizaro Basin. Three alteration types were recognized: (i) Ca–Na silicate (clinopyroxene + magnetite + K-feldspar + quartz + calcite ± plagioclase), (ii) K-silicate (K-feldspar + quartz + magnetite ± biotite ± anhydrite) and (iii) chlorite-calcite alteration. The highest ore grades are linked to the K-silicate alteration. The proven plus probable reserves of Lindero are 84,226 t with average grades of 0.63 g/t Au and 0.11% Cu. A previous study assigned Lindero to the iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit type but many features of Lindero suggest that it is a porphyry gold deposit, including (i) the temporal and spatial link between alteration and the intrusive bodies, (ii) the alteration distribution pattern, particularly the small volume of rock affected by Ca–Na silicate alteration, (iii) the Au-rich and Cu-poor mineralization style.The magmatic complex at Lindero comprises an early-mineral unit (FPD), four inter-mineral units (CPD1, PBFD, CPD2 and DDP) and one post-mineral unit (PMI). In-situ U/Pb SIMS dating of the oldest (FPD), an intermediate (PBFD) and the youngest (DDP) intrusive units, confirms a middle Miocene age. The weighted mean ages of the oldest and youngest units are indistinguishable, with 15.36 ± 0.13 Ma (n = 21) and 15.47 ± 0.11 Ma (n = 16), respectively. Individual ages from each unit range by ~1 m.y. and the overall spread of zircon ages is 15.92 ± 0.23 to 14.44 ± 0.33 Ma. We suggest that emplacement of the subvolcanic stocks took place within this span time, likely at the lower end of this range (15.0–14.4 Ma). Two 40Ar/39Ar ages of hydrothermal biotites from the K-silicate alteration (14.99 ± 0.16 Ma and 14.93 ± 0.12 Ma) indicate that hydrothermal alteration began practically simultaneously with the emplacement of the porphyry units.All of the intrusive units are similar compositionally. They show a fine- to medium-grained porphyric texture (1–4 mm) comprising plagioclase, amphibole, clinopyroxene and scarce quartz phenocrysts (40–55 vol % of phenocrysts) in a K-feldspar ± quartz microcrystalline (0.02–0.07 mm) groundmass, except in the post-mineral unit which has a cryptocrystalline groundmass. Whole-rock analyses reveal a narrow range of dioritic composition (58.6–61.9 wt % SiO2) and high-K calc-alkaline character for all units. Trace element features (low Ba/Nb ratios, high Nb) of the Lindero magmas indicate a back-arc affinity, similar to those from the Southern Puna and distinct from the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) frontal arc. The Sr and Nd isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.706042 to 0.706607; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512501 to 0.512582) from Lindero intrusives are also similar to Southern Puna back-arc volcanic rocks. The Pb isotope ratios of Lindero (206Pb/204Pb = 18.79 to 18.83; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.60 to 15.63; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.66 to 38.74) overlap with both back-arc and arc magmas in the CVZ. The narrow age range, spatial association and uniform chemical and isotopic composition of Lindero porphyry units suggest that were derived from a common magma source, which underwent fractionation and/or crustal assimilation before emplacement as suggest by the low concentrations of Mg, Cr, Ni and Sr. The Lindero porphyry units show chemical and isotopic similarities with those from porphyry gold deposits in the Maricunga belt, Chile, and with the porphyry copper deposits of Argentina located in a back-arc setting; however, they differ from porphyry copper deposits in the frontal-arc setting of Chile, notably by the lack of an adakite-like signature (high Sr/Y ratio).

Tectono-magmatic implications of the Jurassic volcanic and volcanoclastic record of the Santa Marta Massif (Colombia)

The Lower-Middle Jurassic volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks of the Santa Marta Massif (SMM) record the magmatic evolution of a continental arc developed on the NW margin of Gondwana. However, the lack of a comprehensive description of these successions has made it difficult to understand the geologic processes that occurred during the onset, development, and termination of the volcanic activity. Our new U–Pb zircon ages, whole-rock geochemistry, and petrographic analyses suggest that volcanism started at ca. 191 Ma, similar to plutonic activity, likely after the slab rolled-back from a previous flat-slab subduction zone. During this initial stage, the volcanic deposits consisted of andesite-basaltic andesite and trachy-andesite rocks, of calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline character and dominantly metaluminous affinity. At ca. 177–168 Ma, the geologic record included andesite-basaltic andesites, dacites and, rhyolites of high-K calc-alkaline to calc-alkaline character, and peraluminous to metaluminous affinity. Finally, before cessation, at ca. 167–163 Ma, the volcanism presented andesite-basaltic andesite, trachy-andesite, trachyte and rhyolite compositions, with dominantly high-K calc-alkaline character, and peraluminous to metaluminous affinity. The geochemical comparison with coeval volcanic units deposited in La Guajira, Middle Magdalena Valley, Perijá, and San Lucas ranges indicate a similar magmatic evolution in the north of Colombia. The causes of the cessation of magmatic activity are still unknown, however, these may be associated with the generalized extensional event that was triggered by the breakup of Pangea.

Fluid flux in the lithosphere beneath southern Tibet during Neo-Tethyan slab breakoff: Evidence from an appinite–granite suite

The mechanism of magma generation during continental collision remains enigmatic. Appinite–granite suites commonly occur within collisional orogenic belts, providing an opportunity to monitor lithospheric evolution and the geodynamic processes involved. This paper presents geochronological, mineralogical, and geochemical data for the Eocene (~50 Ma) Pengcuolin appinite–granite suite, which is the first such suite to have been found in the southern Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet. Two distinct populations of plagioclase are observed in the appinitic rocks: high-An plagioclases that crystallized as an early phase from H2O-saturated mafic magmas, and low-An plagioclases that formed as a late phase at pressures of ~3 kbar and ~5 kbar, as calculated from equilibrium thermobarometry using low-Al and high-Al amphiboles, respectively. The amphibole-rich appinitic rocks have low SiO2 contents and moderate values of Mg#, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and depleted in high field strength elements. They have homogeneous initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.705174–0.705330, εNd(t) values of 0.85 to 1.47, and zircon εHf(t) values of 3.3 to 7.9. These features suggest the appinites were derived from the melting of mantle peridotites that had been permeated by slab-derived fluids. Whole-rock geochemical data, equilibrium melting calculations, and ABS5 modeling results indicate that the primary melts of the appinitic rocks were generated from garnet-stabilized mantle, and that the melts then ascended with crystallization taking place under H2O-saturated conditions and under variable temperatures and pressures. The associated granites have a high and narrow range of SiO2 contents, and they exhibit a high-K calc-alkaline character, and low A/CNK ratios and Mg# values. These geochemical characteristics, plus their widespread distribution and depleted isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sri = ~0.705, εNd(t) = 1.12–1.59, and zircon εHf(t) = 6.9–9.2), are comparable to those of Cenozoic granitoids elsewhere in southern Tibet and consistent with the partial melting of juvenile mafic lower-crustal materials. This appinite–granite suite not only attests to a flux of slab fluids through the lithospheric mantle during breakoff of the Neo-Tethyan slab, it also sheds light on the vertical profile of magma evolution from the deep mantle to the shallow crust. The emplacement of the appinite–granite suite was facilitated by regional faults, but the rising hydrous basaltic magmas were often trapped by the thick overlying continental crust, and those underplating magmas provided the heat and water that caused the partial melting of the continental crust, finally leading to the widespread Cenozoic felsic (and rare mafic) magmatic rocks of southern Tibet.

Late Neoproterozoic adakitic lavas in the Arabian-Nubian shield, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

The Sahiya and Khashabi volcano-sedimentary successions are exposed near the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, the northernmost segment of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). These Neoproterozoic successions include a series of intermediate to acidic lavas and associated pyroclastic deposits. Field observations and geochemical data reveal two distinct eruptive phases. The lavas representing each phase are intercalated with volcaniclastic greywackes and siltstones. The first eruptive phase, well exposed at Wadi Sahiya, includes basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite with minor rhyolite. The rocks of this sequence are at most weakly deformed and slightly metamorphosed. The second eruptive phase, well exposed at Wadi Khashabi, includes only undeformed and unmetamorphosed dacite and rhyolite. The two volcano-sedimentary successions were separated and dismembered during intrusion of post-collisional calc-alkaline and alkaline granites.Geochemical compositions of the Sahiya and Khashabi volcanic rocks confirm the field data indicating discrete phases of magmatism, however all the compositions observed might plausibly be derived from a common source and be related to one another dominantly through fractional crystallization. The low and variable Mg# values (55–33) measured in the basaltic andesites and andesites preclude their equilibration with a mantle source. Rather, even the most primitive observed lavas are already the products of significant fractional crystallization, dominated by removal of amphibole and plagioclase. Continued fractionation eventually produced dacite and rhyolite marked by significant depletion in Y and HREE. The gradual appearance of negative Nb-Ta anomalies with increasing SiO2 through both suites suggests at least some component of progressive crustal contamination.The medium- to high-K calc-alkaline character of the Sahiya and Khashabi volcanics could be explained either by their formation at an active continental margin or by a two-stage model that appeals to re-melting of arc material in a post-collisional setting. The Wadi Sahiya basaltic andesite and andesite samples exhibit the defining chemical characteristics of adakites: high Sr (>700 ppm), low Y (<16 ppm), high Sr/Y (>20) and low Yb (<1.8 ppm). Although this signature can be associated with slab melting, here we show that it reflects partial melting of lithospheric mantle beneath thickened continental arc crust. The early eruptive phase, exposed at Sahiya, was erupted on an active continental margin, whereas the later Khashabi succession marks the transition to a post-collisional stage.

Syn-collisional I-type Esenköy Pluton (Eastern Anatolia-Turkey): An indication for collision between Arabian and Eurasian plates

The Esenköy pluton which is situated in the East Anatolian Accretionary Complex (EACC) is represented by I-type, metalumino, calc-alkaline, VAG + syn-COLG, gabbro, diorite, quartz diorite, tonalite and granodiorite type rocks. This paper presents the characteristics of the above granitoids on their major, trace, rare earth elements (REE) and their zircon U–Pb dating. Zircon U-Pb crystallisation ages for gabbro, tonalite and granodiorite are 22.3 ± 0.2 Ma, 21.7 ± 0.2 Ma and 21.8 ± 0.2 Ma respectively. Esenköy granitoids show medium and high-K calc-alkaline character, with six exceptional K-poor sample plot in tholeiitic series field. The Rb/Y-Nb/Y diagram for Esenköy granitoids display subduction zone enrichment trend. The data which obtained from major, trace and REE geochemical characteristics and 206Pb/238U ages indicate that the collision which is take place between Arabian and Eurasian plates along the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone has begun in the Early Miocene (Aquitanian) or before from Early Miocene.

Two stage mantle-derived granitic rocks and the onset of the Brasiliano orogeny: Evidence from Sr, Nd, and O isotopes

The elongate Monteirópolis batholith (270km2) is composed of alkali feldspar granite to granodiorite, it is part of the Águas Belas–Canindé composite batholith and it intruded rocks of the Pernambuco–Alagoas Domain, northeastern Brazil. This batholith is bounded by the NNE–SSW-trending Jacaré dos Homens transpressional shear zone on its southwestern margin, and displays low-angle foliation, coeval to the development of a regional flat-lying foliation. Microgranular dioritic enclaves and amphibole-rich clots are abundant. The mineralogy of this pluton comprises biotite and amphibole as major accessory phases, and titanite and magmatic epidote as trace minerals. Major and trace element chemistry shows high SiO2, total alkalis, Ba and Sr, low Fe# and Nb contents, all of these conferring a high-K calc-alkaline character. The rocks are enriched in LREE and LILE and depleted in HFSE, and show fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns with Eu/Eu*=0.67 to 1.25. Chondrite-normalized spidergrams show marked negative Nb–Ta and Ti anomalies, typical of subduction-related magmas. U–Pb SHRIMP zircon data yielded a crystallization age of 626±4Ma. Regional structures and U–Pb geochronological data for the Jacaré dos Homens transpressional shear zone suggest that shearing was initiated at ca. 640Ma. Dilatational movements along this shear zone opened space for magma emplacement. The rocks in this batholith are characterized by slightly negative to slightly positive εNd values (−0.78 to +1.06), average Nd-model age of 1.0Ga, low initial 87Sr/86Sr(626 Ma) values of 0.7050 to 0.7052, and low δ18O values (zircon) of +5.00 to +5.94‰ V-SMOW. A possible protolith, Tonian mantle-derived rocks in the lower continental crust, could have been partially melted by underplating of mantle-derived mafic magma during collision of the São Francisco Craton and the Pernambuco–Alagoas Domain during onset of the Brasiliano orogeny.

Petrogenesis of the post-collisional Eocene volcanic rocks from the Central Sakarya Zone (Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey): Implications for source characteristics, magma evolution, and tectonic setting

Eocene volcanic rocks from the Central Sakarya Zone in the north of the Izmir–Ankara suture zone (IASZ) are predominantly intermediate-acidic lava flows and pyroclastics that crop out with a W–E orientation. The volcanic rocks include Bozanic lavas, agglomerates, Igdir lavas, and Kapikaya tuffs. The Bozanic lavas contain plagioclase, hornblende, clinopyroxene, and biotite, whereas the Igdir lavas consist of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, and quartz. According to the total alkali–silica (TAS) diagram, the Bozanic lavas are mainly composed of andesite and dacite, with one sample of trachyandesite, whereas the Igdir lavas mainly contain dacite and minor andesite. Bozanic and Igdir lavas exhibit moderate- to high-K calc-alkaline character. Major oxide and trace element variations suggest the effects of fractional crystallization in the evolution of the volcanic rocks. N-type mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) normalized trace element patterns of the lavas exhibit enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; K, Rb, Ba, Th) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs; Zr, Ti, Y). In addition, the chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) plots of the rocks show moderately enriched and nearly concave-shaped patterns (LaN/YbN = 5.4–17.6 for the Bozanic lavas and 6.5–13.1 for the Igdir lavas), suggesting clinopyroxene (Cpx) and hornblende dominated fractionation. Negative Eu anomalies in the acidic lavas reveal plagioclase fractionation. Some trace element ratios of the lavas demonstrate a subduction signature and crustal contamination in the generation of the parent magma(s). Multi-dimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest that the studied volcanic rocks have developed in a collisional setting.

PETROGENESIS OF THE MAGLAJ VOLCANICS, CENTRAL BOSNIA

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tertiary volcanic rocks occur within two geotectonically different areas: (1) in northeastern Bosnia, the wider area of Srebrenica and, (2) to a lesser extent in central Bosnia, the wider areas of Maglaj, Teslić and Nemila (Kolići). The major and trace element variations in the rocks surrounding Maglaj indicate their high-K calc-alkaline character, and are consistent with fractionation of the observed phenocryst assemblages (plagioclase, sanidine, biotite and hornblende). The scatter in some graphs cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation from a common parent magma. More likely, such variations are affected by variable contribution and assimilation of continental crust within the magmas generated in the mantle. The presence of reverse zoned plagioclase phenocrysts, as well as a resorbed rim enclosing the coexisting quartz phenocrysts, can be interpreted by mixing of magmas with different temperatures and compositions.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;All analyzed rocks show enrichment of the LILEs over the HFSEs and have significant negative Ta-Nb, P and Ti anomalies, and positive U and Pb anomalies, which are characteristic of subduction-related volcanic rocks generated in (post) collisional zones. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exibit enrichment on the LREEs over the HREEs with (La/Yb)cn ranging from 21.4 to 21.9. All analyzed rocks have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* =0.86-0.89) which suggests that plagioclase fractionation played a minor role in the genesis of the dacites. Ratios of some diagnostic elements versus SiO2 diagrams are best explained as a result of assimilation of varying degree in the continental crust during magma ascent and continuing fractional crystallization. High values of LILE/HFSE ratios in K/Ti (6.6 to 11.9), K/Zr (124-169), K/Nb (1598-2692) and Ba/Nb (44-65) and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb in the volcanic rocks surrounding Maglaj can be explained as the result of complex processes in the magmatic system originally derived from a mantle wedge.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Magmatic context of Bou Skour copper deposit (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Petrogrography, geochemistry and alterations

The Bou Skour copper deposit is located in the western part of the Saghro massif (Eastern Anti-Atlas), about 50km East of the city of Ouarzazate. It is subdivided into several areas that are, from North to South: “Panthère”, “Chaigne”, “Anne Marie”, “Chapeau de fer” and “Patte d’Oie”. The latter is economically the most important and is the object of this study. The “Patte d’Oie” district consists mainly of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. The extrusive rocks are represented by andesites spatially associated with pyroclastic terms (ignimbrites and pyroclastic breccias). This volcanic unit is intruded by a pink granite pluton and a I-type granodiorite with equigranular texture (Bou Skour granodiorite) showing to the border a microgranular facies (microgranodiorite). All these magmatic formations are intersected by rhyolitic dykes (NNE–SSW) and doleritic dykes (WNW–ESE to NW–SE). The granodiorite and andesite have undergone a polyphase hydrothermal alteration: (i) potassic alteration, (ii) phyllitic alteration, (iii) silicification, (iv) argillic alteration and (v) propylitic alteration. The analysis of geochemical data of granodiorite, granite, andesite and dolerite confirmed: (i) their petrographic natures, (ii) the medium-K calc-alkaline affiliation of andesite and granodiorite, which would have been set up into an active geotectonic environment, probably of island arc or collision, during the Pan-African orogeny, (iii) The high-K calc-alkaline character of granite indicating a post-collision development during the Pan-African orogeny and (iv) The alkaline affinity of the dolerite which is linked to an extensive post-orogenic setting (post-Pan-African). The copper mineralization of “Patte d’Oie” area is hosted, exclusively, in the andesitic and granodioritic facies. It is represented, essentially, by chalcopyrite and bornite minerals and is, probably, related to a porphyry system (disseminated and stockwork mineralization) remobilized late, in Hercynian structures (vein mineralization).

Late Permian appinite–granite complex from northwestern Liaoning, North China Craton: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications

The appinite–granite suite commonly occurs within post-subduction regimes during the final stage of an orogeny and thus holds the key to monitoring critical geodynamic and crustal evolutionary processes. The present zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical study documents the Late Permian appinite–granite complex from northwestern Liaoning, North China Craton. The hornblende-rich appinitic rocks have an SiO2 range from 41.8 to 53.4%, moderate to high alkali contents, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7066 to 0.7128, εNd(t) of −8.3 to −13.3 and zircon εHf(t) from −10.1 to −18.7. These features suggest that their generation most likely involves metasomatism of mantle peridotites by sediment-derived liquids related to subduction and a later partial melting. The associated monzogranites range in SiO2 from 72.6 to 75.0% and exhibit a high-K calc-alkaline character, with high Sr–Ba abundances and elevated Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios. Such potassic adakitic signatures, plus their evolved isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sri=0.7063 to 0.7066, εNd(t)=−15.6 to −16.3, zircon εHf(t)=−16.5 to −18.8), are consistent with partial melting of mixed protoliths including newly underplated enriched mafic lower crust and minor old lower crustal materials. Such a mafic and felsic magma association not only attests to a heterogeneously enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the northern North China Craton, but also indicates reworking within a post-orogenic transcurrent regime of lithospheric delamination. The temporal coincidence of the present appinite–granite complex with regional transcurrent fault activity leads to the further suggestion that such mafic–felsic magmatic suites could provide spatial markers for monitoring important post-orogenic structural and geodynamic processes.

Obsidian balls (marekanite) from Cerro Tijerina, central Nicaragua: petrographic investigations

*Corresponding author The paper describes a find of volcanic glass in central Nicaragua. We investigated obsidian samples in perlite from a large profile of volcanic rocks (Cerro Tijerina) in the vicinity of the town of Matagalpa. The obsidian occurs in the form of up to 3-cm dark-coloured balls (spheres) randomly distributed in brittle grey perlite, which also has spherulitic texture. These balls, previously called marekanite, are characterised by an abundance of microphenocrysts (feldspar, biotite, amphibole, apatite and magnetite). Microprobe analysis of the homogenous glass of obsidian balls and perlite has confirmed their subalkaline, and particularly high-K calc-alkaline character (SiO 2 ≥ 70 %, Na 2 O + K 2 O < Al 2 O 3 ), which is typical of rhyolitic melts. A sharp contact was observed between the core and the surface layer (approx. 0.1–0.2 mm) of the obsidian balls, reflecting changes in the H 2 O content.

Late Cretaceous porphyry Cu and epithermal Cu–Au association in the Southern Panagyurishte District, Bulgaria: the paired Vlaykov Vruh and Elshitsa deposits

Vlaykov Vruh–Elshitsa represents the best example of paired porphyry Cu and epithermal Cu–Au deposits within the Late Cretaceous Apuseni–Banat–Timok–Srednogorie magmatic and metallogenic belt of Eastern Europe. The two deposits are part of the NW trending Panagyurishte magmato-tectonic corridor of central Bulgaria. The deposits were formed along the SW flank of the Elshitsa volcano-intrusive complex and are spatially associated with N110-120-trending hypabyssal and subvolcanic bodies of granodioritic composition. At Elshitsa, more than ten lenticular to columnar massive ore bodies are discordant with respect to the host rock and are structurally controlled. A particular feature of the mineralization is the overprinting of an early stage high-sulfidation mineral assemblage (pyrite ± enargite ± covellite ± goldfieldite) by an intermediate-sulfidation paragenesis with a characteristic Cu–Bi–Te–Pb–Zn signature forming the main economic parts of the ore bodies. The two stages of mineralization produced two compositionally different types of ores—massive pyrite and copper–pyrite bodies. Vlaykov Vruh shares features with typical porphyry Cu systems. Their common geological and structural setting, ore-forming processes, and paragenesis, as well as the observed alteration and geochemical lateral and vertical zonation, allow us to interpret the Elshitsa and Vlaykov Vruh deposits as the deep part of a high-sulfidation epithermal system and its spatially and genetically related porphyry Cu counterpart, respectively. The magmatic–hydrothermal system at Vlaykov Vruh–Elshitsa produced much smaller deposits than similar complexes in the northern part of the Panagyurishte district (Chelopech, Elatsite, Assarel). Magma chemistry and isotopic signature are some of the main differences between the northern and southern parts of the district. Major and trace element geochemistry of the Elshitsa magmatic complex are indicative for the medium- to high-K calc-alkaline character of the magmas. 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios of igneous rocks in the range of 0.70464 to 0.70612 and 143Nd/144Nd(i) ratios in the range of 0.51241 to 0.51255 indicate mixed crustal–mantle components of the magmas dominated by mantellic signatures. The epsilon Hf composition of magmatic zircons (+6.2 to +9.6) also suggests mixed mantellic–crustal sources of the magmas. However, Pb isotopic signatures of whole rocks (206Pb/204Pb = 18.13–18.64, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.58–15.64, and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.69–38.56) along with common inheritance component detected in magmatic zircons also imply assimilation processes of pre-Variscan and Variscan basement at various scales. U–Pb zircon and rutile dating allowed determination of the timing of porphyry ore formation at Vlaykov Vruh (85.6 ± 0.9 Ma), which immediately followed the crystallization of the subvolcanic dacitic bodies at Elshitsa (86.11 ± 0.23 Ma) and the Elshitsa granite (86.62 ± 0.02 Ma). Strontium isotope analyses of hydrothermal sulfates and carbonates (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70581–0.70729) suggest large-scale interaction between mineralizing fluids and basement lithologies at Elshitsa–Vlaykov Vruh. Lead isotope compositions of hydrothermal sulfides (206Pb/204Pb = 18.432–18.534, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.608–15.647, and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.497–38.630) allow attribution of ore-formation in the porphyry and epithermal deposits in the Southern Panagyurishte district to a single metallogenic event with a common source of metals.

Contrasting complexities in the evolution of calc-alkaline and alkaline melts of the Nigde volcanic rocks, Turkey: textural, mineral chemical and geochemical evidence

The Nigde volcanic province in central Turkey comprises four separate stratovolcanoes (Tepekoy, Cinarli, Melendiz and Keciboyduran) of Mio-Pliocene age (MPv) and several monogenetic cones of Pleistocene age (Pv). The MPv rocks are composed of large volume of andesitic lavas and pyroclastics with medium to high-K calc-alkaline character. They are strongly porphyritic with phenocryst assemblages of plag + opx + cpx + Fe-Ti oxides + bio ± amph ± quartz, and commonly exhibit disequilibrium textures such as complexly zoned plagioclases, reversely zoned pyroxenes, and reacted amphiboles and biotites. Geothermobaro-metric studies based on mineral chemistry data suggest that the MPv calc-alkaline magmas underwent a complex evolutionary history of cooling, crystallisation and mixing within two distinct magma chambers sited in the lower and in the upper crust, respectively. The rocks of Pv include small volumes of alkaline basalts showing poorly porphyritic textures and equilibrated phenocryst assemblages of ol +cpx +lesser plag and Fe-Ti oxides. Textural features, and strong compositional variations in single phenocrysts from andesites clearly reflect magma mixing-mingling and open-system modifications. Major and trace element evidence also argues against dominant fractional crystallisation processes and supports magma mixing for andesitic magmas. In contrast, textural, mineral chemical and geochemical evidence for Pv alkaline rocks indicate that magmas had a relatively simple evolutionary history dominated by small degrees of fractional crystallisation of mafic minerals along volcanic conduits. MPv show typical island-arc trace element signatures, such as negative anomalies in high-field strength element (HFSE) and high ratios between HFSE and large ion lithophile elements (LILE). Slight HFSE negative anomalies are also observed in Pliocene alkaline basalt, suggesting contamination by arc component, either in the source or during alkaline magma ascent.

Late Mesozoic post-collisional intermediate to silicic magmatism in the Badjal area, Far East of Russia

The Late Cretaceous Badjal intrusive suite at the Far East of Russia includes a spectrum of rocks having emplaced successively in four phases, from (i) diorite and quartz diorite to (ii) granodiorite, (iii) granite and (iv) high-silica granite, various facies being distinguished within the phases. The generation of these rocks took place after the collision of a number of island arcs and a terrane now locally preserved in Sikhote-Alin region with the Asian continent, that had happened in the end of Early to the beginning of Late Cretaceous. The massifs intrude in Early Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic–sedimentary rocks topping the basement, and in comagmatic volcanic rocks. Chemically, the granitoid rocks have high-K calc-alkaline character and form continuous and regular trends of most of major oxides and trace elements with the SiO 2 contents ranging from 55 to 77 wt.%, that favors the concept of crystal fractionation. Major oxides and REE have a break at 70 wt.% SiO 2 pointing to a change of precipitating mineral assemblage. Such change is also documented by the negative Eu anomaly. We believe that the fractionation of mafic minerals had to take place at the first stage of fractionation, whereas plagioclase and possibly biotite began precipitating later, as supposed by abrupt decrease of Ba. This hypothesis is in accordance with the mass balance calculations. Diorite magma compositionally similar to the first intrusive phase rocks should be taken for parental for the entire Badjal suite. Small volume of these oldest rocks makes us suggest that the parental magma was a mixture of silicic liquid and restite mineral phases that would result from the partial melting of a heterogeneous metapelite–basaltic or metapelite–amphibolitic protolith. Almost total absence of basalt and gabbro of close age in the area makes a suggestion of crustal silicic contamination of a mantle-produced basic magma unlikely. After the melting, the differentiation of the derived magmatic mixture during ascent and the separation of mineral phases acquired from the protolith (restite phases) and of newly formed ones are believed to produce the entire range of rocks of the Badjal intrusive suite, provided the progressive succession of emplacement from less to more silicic species.

The Variscan post-collisional volcanism in Late Carboniferous–Permian sequences of Ligurian Alps, Southern Alps and Sardinia (Italy): a synthesis

In the considered wide sector of the West-Mediterranean southern Europe, the collisional phase of the Variscan orogeny during Late Carboniferous and Permian times was followed by magmatic intrusive and effusive activity and sedimentation into intracontinental, alluvial to lacustrine basins originated by wrench- to normal-fault systems. The first volcanic cycle (generally Late Carboniferous-Early Permian in age) is represented by early calc-alkaline andesites and rhyolites, in variable amounts, and by following large volume of rhyolites, and by dacites. Both andesites and rhyolites show K-normal and high-K calc-alkaline character. The origin of the liquids of the first cycle is ascribed to partial melting processes at the mantle–crust interface telescoped within a thickened crust. The melting is considered as the consequence of thermal re-equilibration following isostatic disequilibrium and the subsequent collapse of the orogenic belt; the ascent of liquids occurred in a (trans-)tensional regime. The second magmatic cycle is represented by alkaline magmatism, and exhibits typical anorogenic features consistent with a rifting regime. This event was no more related with the collapse of the Variscan belt, but rather to the post-Variscan global re-organization of plates that evolved during Late Triassic times to the neo-Tethyan rifting. In both cycles, important differences in timing, areal distribution and outpoured volumes arise.

Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey

Late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks outcrop west, northwest and southwest of the Konya area in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Volcanic products are lava domes, nuée ardentes and ignimbrite deposits, predominantly andesitic to dasitic in composition, together with rare basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite (50.35–69.39% SiO 2). The serie exhibits high-K calc-alkaline affinities. Fractional crystallization of pyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxides is the main process in the magmatic evolution of Konya volcanic rocks. Volcanic units exhibit typical high-K calc-alkaline character. Their geochemical characteristics (e.g., enrichments in LIL elements such as K, Rb, Ba, Sr, depletion in HFSE such as Ti, Nb, and high Ba/Nb and Low Nb/Y ratios) are consistent with those of active continental margin regions. High 87Sr/ 86Sr (0.704841–0.707340) and low 143Nd/ 144Nd (0.512390–0.512618) ratios suggest crustal involvement in their petrogenesis. Correlations between 86Sr/ 87Sr isotope with Rb, Rb/Nb, Rb/Ba, and Rb/Sr also emphasize the effect of crustal contamination on the andesitic and dacitic magmas. As a consequence, Konya volcanic rocks are products of assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes of a magma which seems to be linked to the subduction of the African plate underneath the Anatolian plate during Miocene.