High-ionization Lines Research Articles

Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch

Abstract We present a comprehensive multi-epoch photometric and spectroscopic study of SN 2024bch, a nearby (19.9 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) with prominent early high-ionization emission lines. Optical spectra from 2.8 days after the estimated explosion reveal narrow lines of H i, He ii, C iv, and N iv that disappear by day 6. High-cadence photometry from the ground and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite show that the SN brightened quickly and reached a peak M V ~ −17.8 mag within a week of explosion, and late-time photometry suggests a 56Ni mass of 0.050 M ⊙. High-resolution spectra from days 7.9 and 43 trace the unshocked circumstellar medium (CSM) and indicate a wind velocity of 30–40 km s−1, a value consistent with a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor. Comparisons between models and the early spectra suggest a pre-SN mass-loss rate of M ̇ ~ 1 0 − 3 – 1 0 − 2 M ⊙ yr − 1 , which is too high to be explained by quiescent mass loss from RSGs, but is consistent with some recent measurements of similar SNe. Persistent blueshifted H i and [O i] emission lines seen in the optical and near-IR spectra could be produced by asymmetries in the SN ejecta, while the multicomponent Hα may indicate continued interaction with an asymmetric CSM well into the nebular phase. SN 2024bch provides another clue to the complex environments and mass-loss histories around massive stars.

A candidate quadruple AGN system at z∼3

Multiple galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at kiloparsec separations from each other are exceedingly rare, and in fact, only one quadruple AGN is known so far. These extreme densities of AGNs are expected to pinpoint protocluster environments and therefore should be surrounded by large galaxy overdensities. In this letter, we present another quadruple AGN candidate at z ∼ 3 including two SDSS quasars at a separation of roughly 480 kpc. The brighter quasar is accompanied by two AGN candidates (a type 1 AGN and a likely type 2 quasar) at a close (∼ 20 kpc) separation identified through emission line ratios, line widths, and high ionization lines, such as The extended Lyα emission associated with the close triple system is more modest in extent and brightness compared to similar multiple AGN systems and could be caused by ram-pressure stripping of the type 2 quasar host during infall into the central dark matter halo. The predicted evolution of the system into a z=0 galaxy cluster with the AGN host galaxies forming the brightest cluster galaxy needs to be further tested by galaxy overdensity studies on large scales around the quadruple AGN candidate. If confirmed as a quadruple AGN with X-ray observations or rest-frame optical line ratios, this system would represent a second AGN quartet and be the highest-redshift multiplet and the closest high-redshift triplet known.

UNCOVER: A NIRSpec Census of Lensed Galaxies at z = 8.50–13.08 Probing a High-AGN Fraction and Ionized Bubbles in the Shadow

We present JWST NIRSpec prism spectroscopy of lensed galaxies at z ≳ 9 found behind the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744 in the UNCOVER Cycle 1 Treasury Program. We confirm the redshift via emission lines and/or the Lyα break for 10 galaxies at z = 8.50–13.08 down to M V = −17.3. We achieve a 100% confirmation rate for z > 9 candidates reported in H. Atek et al. Using six sources with multiple line detections, we find that offsets in redshift estimates between the lines and the Lyα break alone can be ±0.2, raising caution in designing future follow-up spectroscopy for the break-only sources with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. With spec-z-confirmed sources in UNCOVER and the literature, we derive lower limits on the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) at z ≃ 9–12 and find that these lower limits agree with recent photometric measurements. We identify at least two unambiguous and several possible active galactic nucleus (AGN) systems based on X-ray, broad Hβ, high ionization lines, and excess in the UV LF. This requires the AGN LFs at z ≃ 9–10 to be comparable or even higher than the X-ray AGN LF estimated at z ∼ 6 and suggests a plausible cause of the high abundance of z > 9 galaxies claimed in the recent photometric measurements is AGNs. One UV-luminous source is confirmed at the same redshift as a broad-line AGN at z = 8.50 with a physical separation of 380 kpc in the source plane. These two sources show emission blueward of Lyα, indicating a giant ionized bubble enclosing them with a radius of 7.69 ± 0.18 pMpc. Our results imply that AGNs have a nonnegligible contribution to cosmic reionization.

Mapping the Inner 0.1 pc of a Supermassive Black Hole Environment with the Tidal Disruption Event and Extreme Coronal-line Emitter AT 2022upj

Extreme coronal-line emitters (ECLEs) are objects showing transient high-ionization lines in the centers of galaxies. They have been attributed to echoes of high-energy flares of ionizing radiation, such as those produced by tidal disruption events (TDEs), but have only recently been observed within hundreds of days after an optical transient was detected. AT 2022upj is a nuclear UV–optical flare at z = 0.054, with spectra showing [Fe x] λ6375 and [Fe xiv]​​​​​ λ5303 during the optical peak, the earliest presence of extreme coronal lines during an ongoing transient. AT 2022upj is also the second ever ECLE (and the first with a concurrent flare) to show broad He ii λ4686 emission, a key signature of optical/UV TDEs. We also detect X-ray emission during the optical transient phase, which may be related to the source of ionizing photons for the extreme coronal lines. Finally, we analyze the spectroscopic evolution of each emission line and find that [Fe x] and [Fe xiv] weaken within 400 days of the optical peak, while [Fe vii] λ5720, [Fe vii] λ6087, and [O iii] λλ4959,5007 emerge over the same period. The velocities of the iron lines indicate circumnuclear gas within 0.1 pc of the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), while a dust echo inferred from NEOWISE data indicates that circumnuclear dust lies a minimum of 0.4 pc away, providing evidence of stratified material around an SMBH. AT 2022upj is thus the first confirmed ECLE–TDE with clear signatures of both classes and with spectroscopic evolution on a ∼year-long timescale. This event helps unveil the impacts of highly energetic flares such as TDEs on the complex environments around SMBHs.

AGN STORM 2. X. The Origin of the Interband Continuum Delays in Mrk 817* *Based in part on observations associated with program GO-16196 made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.

The local (z = 0.0315) active galactic nucleus (AGN) Mrk 817 was monitored over more than 500 days with space-borne and ground-based instruments as part of a large international campaign, AGN STORM 2. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the broadband continuum variations using detailed modeling of the broad line region (BLR), several types of disk winds classified by their optical depth, and new numerical simulations. We find that diffuse continuum (DC) emission, with additional contributions from strong and broad emission lines, can explain the continuum lags observed in this source during high- and low-luminosity phases. Disk illumination by the variable X-ray corona contributes only a small fraction of the observed continuum lags. Our BLR models assume radiation-pressure-confined clouds distributed over a distance of 2–122 light days. We present calculated mean emissivity radii of many emission lines, and DC emission, and suggest a simple, transfer-function-dependent method that ties them to cross-correlation lag determinations. We do not find clear indications for large-optical-depth winds, but identify the signature of lower-column-density winds. In particular, we associate the shortest observed continuum lags with a combination of τ(1 Ryd) ≈ 2 wind and a partly shielded BLR. Even smaller optical depth winds may be associated with X-ray absorption features and with noticeable variations in the widths and lags of several high-ionization lines like He ii and C iv. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of torus dust emission on the observed lags in the i and z bands.

Size and kinematics of the low-ionization broad emission line region from microlensing-induced line profile distortions in gravitationally lensed quasars

Microlensing-induced distortions of broad emission line profiles observed in the spectra of gravitationally lensed quasars can be used to probe the size, geometry, and kinematics of the broad-line region (BLR). To this end, single-epoch Mg II or Hα line profile distortions observed in five gravitationally lensed quasars, J1131-1231, J1226-0006, J1355-2257, J1339+1310, and HE0435-1223, have been compared with simulated ones. The simulations are based on three BLR models, a Keplerian disk (KD), an equatorial wind (EW), and a polar wind (PW), with different sizes, inclinations, and emissivities. The models that best reproduce the observed line profile distortions were identified using a Bayesian probabilistic approach. We find that the wide variety of observed line profile distortions can be reproduced with microlensing-induced distortions of line profiles generated by our BLR models. For J1131, J1226, and HE0435, the most likely model for the Mg II and Hα BLRs is either KD or EW, depending on the orientation of the magnification map with respect to the BLR axis. This shows that the line profile distortions depend on the position and orientation of the isovelocity parts of the BLR with respect to the caustic network, and not only on their different effective sizes. For the Mg II BLRs in J1355 and J1339, the EW model is preferred. For all objects, the PW model has a lower probability. As for the high-ionization C IV BLR, we conclude that disk geometries with kinematics dominated by either Keplerian rotation or equatorial outflow best reproduce the microlensing effects on the low-ionization Mg II and Hα emission line profiles. The half-light radii of the Mg II and Hα BLRs are measured in the range of 3 to 25 light-days. We also confirm that the size of the region emitting the low-ionization lines is larger than the region emitting the high-ionization lines, with a factor of four measured between the sizes of the Mg II and C IV emitting regions in J1339. Unexpectedly, the microlensing BLR radii of the Mg II and Hα BLRs are found to be systematically below the radius-luminosity (R − L) relations derived from reverberation mapping, confirming that the intrinsic dispersion of the BLR radii with respect to the R − L relations is large, but also revealing a selection bias that affects microlensing-based BLR size measurements. This bias arises from the fact that, if microlensing-induced line profile distortions are observed in a lensed quasar, the BLR radius should be comparable to the microlensing Einstein radius, which varies only weakly with typical lens and source redshifts.

CLOUDY modeling suggests a diversity of ionization mechanisms for diffuse extraplanar gas

Context. The ionization of diffuse gas located far above the energetic midplane OB stars poses a challenge to the commonly accepted notion that radiation from OB stars is the primary ionization source for gas in galaxies. Aims. We investigated the sources of ionizing radiation, specifically leaking midplane H II regions and/or in situ hot low-mass evolved stars (HOLMES), in extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) in a sample of eight nearby (17−52 Mpc) edge-on disk galaxies observed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Methods. We constructed a model for the photoionization of eDIG clouds and the propagation of ionizing radiation through the eDIG using subsequent runs of CLOUDY photoionization code. Our model includes radiation originating both from midplane OB stars and in situ evolved stars and its dilution and processing as it propagates in the eDIG. Results. We fit the model to the data using the vertical line ratio profiles of our sample galaxies, and find that while the ionization by in situ evolved stars is insignificant for most of the galaxies in our sample, it may be able to explain the enhanced high-ionization lines in the eDIG of the green valley galaxy ESO 544−27. Conclusions. Our results show that while leaking radiation from midplane H II regions is the primary ionization source for eDIG, in situ evolved stars can play a significant part in ionizing extraplanar gas in galaxies with low star forming rates.

No evidence of active galactic nucleus features in the nuclei of Arp 220 from JWST/NIRSpec IFS

Context. Arp 220 is the nearest ultra-luminous infrared galaxy. It shows evidence of 100 pc scale molecular outflows that are likely connected with galaxy-scale outflows traced by ionised and neutral gas. The two highly obscured nuclei of Arp 220 are sites of intense star formation, with extreme (far-infrared based) star formation rate surface densities, ΣSFR ≳ 103 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2. Despite extensive investigations that searched for active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in the Arp 220 nuclei, direct evidence remains elusive. Aims. We present JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations covering the 0.9 − 5.1 μm wavelength range of the innermost (5″ × 4″, i.e. 1.8 × 1.5 kpc) regions of Arp 220. The primary goal is to investigate the potential presence of AGN signatures in the nuclear regions by analysing the spectra extracted from circular apertures with a radius of 55 pc (0.15″) around each of the two nuclei. Methods. The analysis aims to identify highly ionised gas emission lines (with ionisation potential > 54 eV) and other spectral features indicative of AGN activity. Atomic and molecular gas kinematics were also taken into account to study the outflow signatures at < 60 pc scales. Results. We identify ∼70 atomic and ∼50 molecular emission lines in the nuclear spectra of Arp 220. We used recombination line ratios to measure optical extinctions in the range AV ∼ 11 − 14 mag. High-ionisation lines are not detected, except for the [Mg IV] line at 4.49 μm, which we interpret as due to shocks rather than to AGN ionisation. We identify broadening and multiple kinematic components in the H I and H2 lines caused by outflows and shocks, with velocities up to ∼550 km s−1. Significantly higher velocities (up to ∼900 km s−1) are detected in the off-nuclear regions, but they do not conclusively represent direct evidence for AGN activity. Broad-line region components are not detected in any permitted emission line within the NIRSpec wavelength range. Conclusions. Even with the unprecedented sensitivity of JWST/NIRSpec IFS, achieving an unambiguous identification or exclusion of the presence of an AGN in the Arp 220 system remains challenging because of its extreme dust obscuration.

Ne v] emission from a faint epoch of reionization-era galaxy: evidence for a narrow-line intermediate-mass black hole

ABSTRACT Here, we present high spectral resolution ${\it JWST}$ NIRSpec observations of GN 42437, a low-mass (log(M$_\ast /{\rm M}_\odot)=7.9$), compact ($r_e \lt 500$pc), extreme starburst galaxy at $z=5.59$ with 13 emission-line detections. GN 42437 has a low metallicity (5–10 per cent Z$_\odot$) and its rest-frame H$\alpha$ equivalent width suggests nearly all of the observed stellar mass formed within the last 3 Myr. GN 42437 has an extraordinary 7$\sigma$ significant [Ne v] 3427 Å detection. The [Ne v] line has a rest-frame equivalent width of $11\pm 2$Å, [Ne v]/H$\alpha =0.04\pm 0.007$, [Ne v]/[Ne iii] 3870Å $= 0.26\pm 0.04$, and [Ne v]/He ii 4687Å $ = 1.2\pm 0.5$. Ionization from massive stars, shocks, or high-mass X-ray binaries cannot simultaneously produce these [Ne v] and other low-ionization line ratios. Reproducing the complete nebular structure requires both massive stars and accretion on to a black hole. We do not detect broad lines nor do the traditional diagnostics indicate that GN 42437 has an accreting black hole. Thus, the very high-ionization emission lines powerfully diagnose faint narrow-line black holes at high redshift. We approximate the black hole mass in a variety of ways as log(M$_{\rm BH}/{\rm M}_\odot) \sim 5{-}7$. This black hole mass is consistent with local relations between the black hole mass and the observed velocity dispersion, but significantly more massive than the stellar mass would predict. Very high-ionization emission lines may reveal samples to probe the formation and growth of the first black holes in the universe.

First Direct Evidence for Keplerian Rotation in Quasar Inner Broad-line Regions

We introduce a novel method to derive rotation curves with light-day spatial resolution of the inner regions of lensed quasars. We aim to probe the kinematics of the inner part of the broad-line region by resolving the microlensing response—a proxy for the size of the emitting region—in the wings of the broad emission lines. Specifically, we assess the strength of the microlensing effects in the wings of the high-ionization lines Si iv and C iv across various velocity bins in five gravitationally lensed quasars: SDSS J1001+5027, SDSS J1004+4112, HE 1104−1805, SDSS J1206+4332, and SDSS J1339+1310. Using Bayesian methods to estimate the dimensions of the corresponding emission regions and adopting a Keplerian model as our baseline, we examine the consistency of the hypothesis of disklike rotation. Our results reveal a monotonic, smooth increase in microlensing magnification with velocity. The deduced velocity–size relationships inferred for the various quasars and emission lines closely conform to the Keplerian model of an inclined disk. This study provides the first direct evidence of Keplerian rotation in the innermost region of quasars across a range of radial distances spanning from ∼5 to 20 lt-days.

A Big Red Dot: Scattered light, host galaxy signatures and multi-phase gas flows in a luminous, heavily reddened quasar at cosmic noon

Abstract We present a deep X-Shooter rest-frame UV to optical spectral analysis of the heavily reddened quasar, ULASJ2315+0143 at z = 2.566, known to reside in a major-merger host galaxy. The rest-frame optical is best-fit by a dust-reddened quasar (E(B-V)QSO = 1.55) with black-hole mass $\rm log_{10}(H\beta , M\small {BH} [{\rm M}_{\odot }]) = 10.26 \pm 0.05$, bolometric luminosity $\rm L_{Bol}$ = $\rm 10^{48.16}\, erg\,\,s^{-1}$ and Eddington-scaled accretion rate log$_{10}(\rm \lambda _{Edd}) = -0.19$. We find remarkable similarities between ULASJ2315+0143 and the high-redshift Little Red Dots (LRDs). The rest-frame UV cannot be explained by a dusty quasar component alone and requires an additional blue component consistent with either a star-forming host galaxy or scattered AGN light. We detect broad high-ionisation emission lines in the rest-UV, supporting the scattered light interpretation for the UV excess. The scattering fraction represents just 0.05% of the total luminosity of ULASJ2315+0143 . Analysis of the mid infra-red SED suggests an absence of hot dust on torus-scales similar to what is observed for LRDs. The obscuring medium is therefore likely on galaxy scales. We detect narrow, blueshifted associated absorption line systems in 1 iv, 1 v, 1 iv and 1 iii. There is evidence for significant high-velocity (>1000 $\rm km\, s^{-1}$) outflows in both the broad and narrow line regions as traced by 1 iv and [1 iii] emission. The kinetic power of the [1 iii] wind is $\dot{\epsilon }_{k}^{ion} = 10^{44.61} \rm erg\, s^{-1} \sim 0.001\, L_{Bol}$. ULASJ2315+0143 is likely in an important transition phase where star formation, black-hole accretion and multi-phase gas flows are simultaneously occurring.

Circumstellar Interaction Signatures in the Low-luminosity Type II SN 2021gmj

We present comprehensive optical observations of SN 2021gmj, a Type II supernova (SN II) discovered within a day of explosion by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc survey. Follow-up observations show that SN 2021gmj is a low-luminosity SN II (LL SN II), with a peak magnitude M V = −15.45 and an Fe ii velocity of ∼1800 km s−1 at 50 days past explosion. Using the expanding photosphere method, we derive a distance of 17.8−0.4+0.6 Mpc. From the tail of the light curve we obtain a radioactive nickel mass of M56Ni = 0.014 ± 0.001 M ⊙. The presence of circumstellar material (CSM) is suggested by the early-time light curve, early spectra, and high-velocity Hα in absorption. Analytical shock-cooling models of the light curve cannot reproduce the fast rise, supporting the idea that the early-time emission is partially powered by the interaction of the SN ejecta and CSM. The inferred low CSM mass of 0.025 M ⊙ in our hydrodynamic-modeling light-curve analysis is also consistent with our spectroscopy. We observe a broad feature near 4600 Å, which may be high-ionization lines of C, N, or/and He ii. This feature is reproduced by radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of red supergiants with extended atmospheres. Several LL SNe II show similar spectral features, implying that high-density material around the progenitor may be common among them.

Discovery of a damped Ly α absorber in the circumnuclear zone of the FeLoBAL quasar SDSS J083942.11+380526.3

ABSTRACT SDSS J083942.11+380526.3 ($z=2.315$) is an iron low-ionization broad absorption lines quasar that exhibits visible Balmer absorption lines (H $\alpha$), implying a significant $n=2$ population. The quasar also shows an array of absorption lines, including O i, Ni ii, Fe ii, Mg ii, Al iii to C iv, and N v. The high-ionization absorption lines such as C iv and Si iv are revealed by slightly blueshifted broad absorption lines troughs. The resonance doublets such as Mg ii and Al iii are saturated but did not reached zero intensity which indicates that the broad-line region (BLR) is partially covered. Overall, however, the absorption is predominantly from low-ionization Fe ii lines, emitted from ground and excited states up to at least 3.814 eV. This implies that the absorbing gas spans the hydrogen ionization front and extends into the partially ionized zone where neutral hydrogen is certainly present. Notably, the hydrogen line spectrum of the quasar shows no signature of expected Ly $\alpha$ absorption. Instead, the line spectrum shows an unusual Ly $\alpha$ emission characterized by a fully filled emission line spectrum which is a composite of a strong narrow core superposed on a weak broad base. Taking into account the effect of partial covering to BLR, we have extracted a strong Damped Ly α systems (DLA) trough in Ly $\alpha$ emission region. To fit the spectrum, we performed photoionized model calculations and compared them to the observations. We found that photoionization modelling using cloudy can successfully reproduce the main characteristics of the quasar spectrum, and the predicted neutral hydrogen column density arising from the clouds responsible for the low-ionization absorption provides a good match to the extracted DLA trough. This indicates that both the DLA and the low-ionization absorption arise from the same medium that is roughly collocated with the dusty torus.

Modeling Ionized Gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud: The Wolf–Rayet Nebula N76

We present Cloudy modeling of infrared emission lines in the Wolf–Rayet (WR) nebula N76 caused by one of the most luminous and hottest WR stars in the low metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud. We use spatially resolved mid-infrared Spitzer/InfRared Spectrograph and far-infrared Herschel/PACS spectroscopy to establish the physical conditions of the ionized gas. The spatially resolved distribution of the emission allows us to constrain properties much more accurately than using spatially integrated quantities. We construct models with a range of constant hydrogen densities between nH = 4–10 cm−3 and a stellar wind-blown cavity of 10 pc, which reproduces the intensity and shape of most ionized gas emission lines, including the high ionization lines [O iv] and [Ne v], as well as [S iii], [S iv], [O iii], and [Ne iii]. Our models suggest that the majority of [Si ii] emission (91%) is produced at the edge of the H ii region around the transition between ionized and atomic gas while very little of the [C ii] (<5%) is associated with the ionized gas. The physical conditions of N76 are characterized by a hot HII region with a maximum electron temperature of T e ∼ 24,000 K, electron densities that range from n e ∼ 4 to 12 cm−3, and high ionization parameters of log(U)∼−1.15to−1.77. By analyzing a low-metallicity WR nebula with a single ionization source, this work gives valuable insights into the impact WR stars have on the galaxy-integrated ionized gas properties in nearby dwarf galaxies.

GN-z11: The environment of an active galactic nucleus atz = 10.603

Recent observations with theJames WebbSpace Telescope (JWST) have further refined the spectroscopic redshift of GN-z11, one of the most distant galaxies identified with theHubbleSpace Telescope, atz = 10.603. The presence of extremely dense gas (&gt; 1010cm−3), the detection of high-ionisation lines and of CII*1335 emission, and the presence of an ionisation cone indicate that GN-z11 also hosts an active galactic nucleus. Further photometric and spectroscopic follow-up demonstrates that it lies in a large-scale, overdense structure with possible signatures of Population III stars in its halo. Surprisingly, Lyαhas also been detected despite the expected largely neutral intergalactic medium at such a redshift. We exploit recent JWST/NIRSpec integral field unit observations to demonstrate that the Lyαemission in GN-z11 is part of an extended halo with a minimum size of 0.8–3.2 kpc, depending on the definition used to derive the halo size. The surface brightness of the Lyαhalo around GN-z11 appears consistent with Lyαhalos observed aroundz ∼ 6 quasars. At the wavelength of Lyαatz ∼ 10.6, we identify three other emission line candidates within the integral field unit field of view with no UV rest-frame counterpart visible in deep images from the JWST/NIRCam. If confirmed, this could be the first evidence that the local region of GN-z11 represents a candidate protocluster core, forming just 400 Myr after the Big Bang. We give a first estimate of the dark matter halo mass of this structure (Mh = 2.96−0.39+0.44 × 1010 M⊙), which is consistent with a Coma-like cluster progenitor.

Quasar 3C 47: Extreme Population B jetted source with double-peaked profiles

Context. An optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disk (AD) around a supermassive black hole might contribute to broad-line emission in type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the emission line profiles are most often not immediately consistent with the profiles expected from a rotating disk. The extent to which an AD in AGN contributes to the broad Balmer lines and high-ionization UV lines in radio-loud (RL) AGN needs to be investigated. Aims. This work aims to determine whether the AD can account for the double-peaked profiles observed in the Balmer lines (Hβ, Hα), near-UV (MgIIλ2800), and high-ionization UV lines (C IVλ1549, CIII]λ1909) of the extremely jetted quasar 3C 47. Methods. The low ionization lines (LILs) (Hβ, Hα, and Mg IIλ2800) were analyzed using a relativistic Keplerian AD model. Fits were carried out following Bayesian and multicomponent nonlinear approaches. The profiles of prototypical high ionization lines (HILs) were also modeled by the contribution of the AD, along with fairly symmetric additional components. Results. The LIL profiles of 3C 47 agree very well with a relativistic Keplerian AD model. The disk emission is constrained between ≈102 and ≈103 gravitational radii, with a viewing angle of ≈ 30 degrees. Conclusions. The study provides convincing direct observational evidence for the presence of an AD and explains that the HIL profiles are due to disk and failed-wind contributions. The agreement between the observed profiles of the LILs and the model is remarkable. The main alternative, a double broad-line region associated with a binary black hole, is found to be less favored than the disk model for the quasar 3C 47.

EMPRESS. XIV. Strong High-ionization Lines of Young Galaxies at z = 0–8: Ionizing Spectra Consistent with the Intermediate-mass Black Holes with M BH ∼ 103–106 M ⊙

We present ionizing spectra estimated at 13.6–100 eV for 10 dwarf galaxies with strong high-ionization lines of He ii λ4686 and [Ne v] λ3426 ([Ne iv] λ2424) at z = 0 (z = 8) that are identified in our Keck/LRIS spectroscopy and the literature (the JWST Early Release Observations program). With the flux ratios of these high-ionization lines and >10 low-ionization lines of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and sulfur, we determine ionizing spectra consisting of stellar and nonthermal power-law radiation by photoionization modeling with free parameters of nebular properties, including metallicity and ionization parameter, canceling out abundance ratio differences. We find that all of the observed flux ratios are well reproduced by the photoionization models with the power-law index α EUV of α EUV ∼ (–1) − 0 and the luminosity L EUV of L EUV ∼ 1040–1042 erg s−1 at ∼55–100 eV for six galaxies, while four galaxies include large systematics in α EUV caused by stellar radiation contamination. We then compare α EUV and L EUV of these six galaxies with those predicted by the black hole (BH) accretion disk models and find that α EUV and L EUV are similar to those of the intermediate-mass BHs (IMBHs) in BH accretion disk models, albeit with possibilities of the other scenarios. Confirming these results with a known IMBH having a mass M BH of M BH = 105.75 M ⊙, we find that four local galaxies and one z = 7.665 galaxy have ionizing spectra consistent with those of IMBHs with M BH ∼ 103–105 M ⊙.

The Spectral Energy Distributions and Bolometric Luminosities of Local AGN: Study of the Complete 12 μm AGN Sample

We measure the bolometric luminosity of a complete and unbiased 12 μm-selected sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the local Universe. For each galaxy, we used a 10-band radio-to-X-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) to isolate the genuine AGN continuum in each band, including subarcsecond measurements where available, and correcting those contaminated by the host galaxy. We derive the median SED of Seyfert type 1 AGN, Seyferts with hidden broad lines (HBLs), Seyferts of type 2, and LINER nuclei in our sample. The median Seyfert 1 SED shows the characteristic blue bump feature in the UV, but nevertheless, the largest contribution to the bolometric luminosity comes from the IR and X-ray continua. The median SEDs of both HBL and type 2 AGN are affected by starlight contamination in the optical/UV. The median SED of HBL AGN is consistent with that of Seyfert 1s, when an extinction of A V ∼ 1.2 mag is applied. The comprehensive SEDs allowed us to measure accurate bolometric luminosities and derive robust bolometric corrections for the different tracers. The 12 μm and K-band nuclear luminosities have good linear correlations with the bolometric luminosity, similar to those in the X-rays. We derive bolometric corrections for either continuum bands (K band, 12 μm, 2–10 keV, and 14–195 keV) or narrow emission lines (mid-IR high-ionization lines of [O iv] and [Ne v] and optical [O iii] 5007 Å) as well as for combinations of IR continuum and line emission. A combination of continuum plus line emission accurately predicts the bolometric luminosity up to quasar luminosities (∼1046 erg s−1).

Metal-poor star formation at z &amp;gt; 6 with JWST: new insight into hard radiation fields and nitrogen enrichment on 20 pc scales

ABSTRACT Nearly a decade ago, we began to see indications that reionization-era galaxies power hard radiation fields rarely seen at lower redshift. Most striking were detections of nebular C iv emission in what appeared to be typical low-mass galaxies, requiring an ample supply of 48 eV photons to triply ionize carbon. We have obtained deep JWST/NIRSpec R = 1000 spectroscopy of the two z &amp;gt; 6 C iv-emitting galaxies known prior to JWST. Here, we present a rest-UV to optical spectrum of one of these two systems, the multiply-imaged z = 6.1 lensed galaxy RXCJ2248-ID. NIRCam imaging reveals two compact (&amp;lt;22 pc) clumps separated by 220 pc, with one comprising a dense concentration of massive stars (&amp;gt;10 400 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2) formed in a recent burst. We stack spectra of 3 images of the galaxy (J = 24.8–25.9), yielding a very deep spectrum providing a high-S/N template of strong emission line sources at z &amp;gt; 6. The spectrum reveals narrow high-ionization lines (He ii, C iv, N iv]) with line ratios consistent with powering by massive stars. The rest-optical spectrum is dominated by very strong emission lines ([O iii] EW = 2800 Å), albeit with weak emission from low-ionization transitions ([O iii]/[O ii] = 184). The electron density is found to be very high (6.4–31.0 × 104 cm−3) based on three UV transitions. The ionized gas is metal poor ($12+\log (\rm O/H)=7.43^{+0.17}_{-0.09}$), yet highly enriched in nitrogen ($\log (\rm N/O)=-0.39^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$). The spectrum appears broadly similar to that of GNz11 at z = 10.6, without showing the same AGN signatures. We suggest that the hard radiation field and rapid nitrogen enrichment may be a short-lived phase that many z &amp;gt; 6 galaxies go through as they undergo strong bursts of star formation. We comment on the potential link of such spectra to globular cluster formation.

Comprehensive Connection among the Quasars with Different Types of Outflow Absorption Lines

It is commonly accepted that outflows from the central regions of quasars play a substantial role in regulating the global properties of the host galaxy. These outflows are typically detected through blueshifted absorption lines. However, the question remains whether outflows observed with different absorption line types indeed reflect the same environmental or evolutionary stage of the host galaxy. In this study, we use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog and employ the flux ratio of [O II] and [Ne V] emission lines as indicators to compare star formation rates (SFRs) within host galaxies of quasars exhibiting various outflow absorption line types: low-ionization broad absorption line (LoBAL), low-ionization Mini-BAL (LoMini-BAL), low-ionization narrow absorption line (LoNAL), high-ionization broad absorption line (HiBAL), high-ionization Mini-BAL (HiMini-BAL), and high-ionization narrow absorption line (HiNAL). Our findings indicate that the SFR of LoMini-BAL quasars is comparable to that of LoNAL quasars, somewhat less than that of LoBAL quasars, but markedly greater than that of HiBAL quasars. Furthermore, the SFR of HiMini-BAL quasars mirrors that of HiNAL or Non-abs (no associated absorption lines) quasars, but is significantly higher than that of HiBAL quasars. If we consider that differing absorption line types are indicative of the quasar evolution stage, our results propose an inclusive evolution sequence: LoBALs evolve into LoMini-BALs/LoNALs, then progress to HiBALs, and ultimately morph into HiMini-BALs/HiNALs/Non-abs. Concomitantly, the SFR within the host galaxies of quasars appears to decline noticeably nearing the LoNAL phase’s end and rejuvenates before the HiMini-BAL phase.