High Iodine Content Research Articles

The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women.

Thyroid dysfunction is associated with both vitamin D deficiency and iodine; however, it is unclear whether they interact. This study aimed to investigate whether and to what extent the interactions between vitamin D and iodine contribute to the risk of thyroid disorder. Participants (n = 4280) were chosen using multistage, stratified random sampling from Shanghai. Fasting blood was drawn for the 25(OH)D and thyroid parameter tests. Spot urine samples were gathered to test for urine iodine. To evaluate the interactive effects of vitamin D and iodine, crossover analysis was carried out. Pregnant women with a high urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and severe vitamin D deficiency had a significantly higher risk of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TrAb) positivity (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 5.22) in the first trimester. Severe vitamin D deficiency and high UIC interacted positively for the risk of TrAb positivity (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.910, 95%CI: 0.054, 3.766; attributable proportion = 0.700, 95%CI: 0.367, 1.03). Severe vitamin D deficiency combined with excess iodine could increase the risk of TrAb positivity in pregnant women in the first trimester.

The effect of hospital urine components on the degradation of ciprofloxacin during UV/chlorine disinfection process: Kinetics, pathways, and toxicity evaluation

UV/chlorine as an advanced oxidation process (AOPs) has been employed to treat contaminants. However, current research has primarily focused on drinking water and sewage treatment. This paper investigated the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) by UV/chlorine treatment in hospital urine components that contain a higher concentration of iodine (I−). The results indicated that the characteristic ions (HCO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) and I− in hospital urine inhibited CIP removal. In contrast, the characteristic ion, Cl− ion promoted this degradation reaction. Surprisingly, microgram levels of I− strongly inhibited CIP degradation. The characteristic ions can reduce the contribution of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) and reactive chlorine species (RCS). I− can decrease the contribution rate of HO• while slightly increasing the contribution of other radical oxidation in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) ascribed to the formation of HOI and reactive iodine species (RIS). Three degradation pathways have been proposed based on the main transformation products: hydroxylation, electron transfer, and halogen substitution. The piperazine ring of CIP was the main reactive group, and the N2, C10, C16, and C13 atoms were identified as reaction sites. Preliminary toxicity analysis suggested that the toxicity of hospital hydrolyzed urine containing iodine was higher than that of PBS.

A novel method for the synthesis of X-ray imaging degradable polymers

Bonding iodine atoms to polymer is a common means of obtaining polymer with X-ray imaging ability. However, it is generally not possible to obtain degradable polymers with both high molecular weight and high iodine content. We propose a novel method for combining iodine atoms to polymers, which has a degradable carbonate group as its basic structural unit and iodine atoms attached to the backbone in the form of covalent bonds. First, cyclic carbonate monomers with a carbon–carbon double bond is synthesized, the monomers are purified and then polymerized to obtain polycarbonates containing carbon–carbon double bonds. Subsequently, the iodine atoms were successfully introduced into the polymer chains by the addition reaction. The iodinated polycarbonate exhibited high level of X-ray opacity. The structure and X-ray developing ability of the polycarbonates were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, XPS, EDS, GPC and Micro-CT. In vitro degradation experiments of the iodinated polycarbonate proved that the polymer is degradable.

Iodine biofortification of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants cultivated in three different soils.

An important challenge for mankind today is to find a plant-based source of iodine, instead of table salt, which would provide the recommended daily dosage of iodine. The aim of this work was to study the accumulation of iodine and the physiochemical changes in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) irrigated with iodine-containing water. Applying iodine at concentration of 0.5 mg L-1 resulted 51, 18, and 35% decrement in biomass of bean fruit, while in pea fruit, a 13% reduction and a 3 and 2% increment were observed when the plants were cultivated in sand, sandy silt, and silt, respectively. The highest iodine concentrations in the bean and pea fruits were detected in plants cultivated in silt soil with concentration of 0.5 mg I- L-1 and amounted to 1.6 and 0.4 mg kg-1, respectively. In presence of iodine at concentration of 0.5 mg L-1, the concentration of magnesium, phosphorous, manganese and iron increased in the bean fruit, while in the case of pea, at iodine concentration above 0.1 mg L-1 the uptake of these nutrients were hampered. Based on these facts, the iodized bean can be recommended as a possible food source to enhance the iodine intake.

Mechanisms of iodine enrichment in the pore-water of fluvial/lacustrine aquifer systems: Insight from stable carbon isotopes and batch experiments

• High iodine groundwater occurs in discharge area of fluvial/lacustrine aquifer systems. • Local transformation of sediment Fe minerals explains the enrichment of pore-water iodine in the deep sediments. • Iodine-rich pore-water in the shallow sediments near the coastal area is related to the marine transgressions. The wide occurrence of high iodine groundwater is posing negative effects on human health. The land subsidence due to groundwater over-exploitation causes the release of iodine-rich pore-water trapped in clayey sediment into groundwater, however, the mechanisms of iodine enrichment in pore-water were still unclear. In this study, we selected the Datong Basin (DB) and North China Plain (NCP) with few and severe land subsidence, respectively, to understand the contributions of complex hydro-biogeochemical processes on the enrichment of iodine in groundwater and pore-water by using the inorganic/organic carbon isotope and batch experiments. The results showed that at the DB, the range of groundwater iodine was 4–2175 µg/L, and the enrichment of groundwater iodine is mainly related to the transformation of iron oxyhydroxides triggered by microbial degradation of organic matter, which was reflected by the more depleted δ 13 C DIC signatures of groundwater and gradual increasing trend of ratio of HCl-extractable Fe(II)/sediment Fe total and sediment δ 13 C DOC signatures with depth. In comparison, groundwater iodine at the NCP had the range of 2–1106 µg/L, and pore-water rich in iodine preserved in the clayey sediment serves as the main source. The depth profiles of sediment iron mineral fractions and δ 13 C DOC signatures suggested that the NCP sediments experienced lower degree of reductive transformation of iron minerals and microbial degradation of natural organic matter. At some specific depths higher than 300 m, the evident higher ratios of HCl-extractable Fe(II)/sediment Fe total indicate that the local transformation of iron minerals can explain the pore-water rich in iodine at deep sediments, which was supported by the results of microbial batch experiments. The pore-water with high iodine concentration preserved in the shallow sediment is more likely related to the marine transgressions. This study helps to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of high iodine groundwater, which may provide some new insights on further groundwater management.

Insights into the formation and mitigation of iodinated disinfection by-products during household cooking with Laminaria japonica (Haidai)

Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) have attracted extensive interests because of their higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. Our recent studies have firstly demonstrated that cooking with seaweed salt could enhance the formation of I-DBPs with several tens of μg/L level. Here, I-DBP formation and mitigation from the reaction of disinfectant with Laminaria japonica (Haidai), an edible seaweed with highest iodine content, upon simulated household cooking process was systematically investigated. The total iodine content in Haidai ranged from 4.6 mg-I/g-Haidai to 10.0 mg-I/g-Haidai, and more than 90% of iodine is soluble iodide. During simulated cooking, the presence of disinfectant simultaneously decreased iodide by 15.0–32.8% to 2.7–5.8 mg/L and increased total organic iodine by 1.3–10.9 times to 0.5–1.8 mg/L in Haidai soup, proving I-DBP formation. The concentrations of iodinated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were at the levels of several hundreds of μg/L and several μg/L, respectively, which are 2–3 orders and 1–2 orders of magnitude more than those in drinking water. Effects of key factors including disinfectant specie, disinfectant dose, temperature and time on I-DBP formation were also ascertained, and temperature and disinfectant specie played a decisive role in the formation and speciation of I-DBPs. In order to avoid the potential health risk from the exposure of I-DBPs in Haidai soup, it is prerequisite to soak and wash dry Haidai sample over 30.0 min before cooking, which could effectively remove major soluble iodide. In general, this study provided the new insight into I-DBP formation from daily household cooking with Haidai and the corresponding enlightenment for inhabitants to eat Haidai in daily life.

Wavelength Selective Solar Cells Using Triple Cation Perovskite.

Perovskite materials offer high-efficiency low-cost solar cells and applications versatility. We report on cesium-based hybrid perovskite solar cells with wavelength-selective properties ranging from 500 nm (UV-VIS) to 800 nm (IR). The band gap tuning was achieved through composition changes of mainly lead(II) iodide PbI2 and lead(II) bromide PbBr2. The optical spectra of the developed materials were studied, including the photoluminescence (PL), optical transparency, X-ray diffraction and external quantum efficiency for samples prepared under different compositions. It was found that a high content of iodine displayed a photoluminescence (PL) peak at 790 nm, whereas a high content of bromine showed a PL peak at 548 nm. The combined composition mixture of PbI2 and PbBr2 can be fine-tuned to prepare materials that absorbed light in the visible range (640–660 nm) or other selective wavelengths in the range from 500 to 800 nm. The illuminated current-voltage characteristics of the solar cells were carried out under the AM 1.5 condition using an ABET solar simulator with a reference solar cell for comparison and control. The average efficiency of the fabricated solar cells ranged from 3.5% to 15.5%, depending on perovskite composition. Wavelength-selective solar cells have potential applications in smart windows, building of integrated PVs and solar-operated greenhouses.

The SELFI Study: Iodine Excess and Thyroid Dysfunction in Women Undergoing Oil-Soluble Contrast Hysterosalpingography.

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) with oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) improves pregnancy rates. However, OSCM has high iodine content and long half-life, leading to potential iodine excess. This work aimed to determine the pattern of iodine excess after OSCM HSG and the effect on thyroid function. A prospective cohort study was conducted of 196 consecutive consenting eligible women without overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. All completed the study with compliance greater than 95%. Participants underwent OSCM HSG (Auckland, 2019-2021) with serial monitoring of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and urine iodine concentration (UIC) for 24 weeks. The main outcome measure was the development of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), defined as a nonpregnant TSH greater than 4 mIU/L with normal FT4 (11-22 pmol/L) in those with normal baseline thyroid function. Iodine excess (UIC ≥ 300 μg/L) was almost universal (98%) with UIC peaking usually by 4 weeks. There was marked iodine excess, with 90% and 17% of participants having UIC greater than or equal to 1000 μg/L and greater than 10 000 μg/L, respectively. Iodine excess was prolonged with 67% having a UIC greater than or equal to 1000 μg/L for at least 3 months. SCH developed in 38%; the majority (96%) were mild (TSH 4-10 mIU/L) and most developed SCH by week 4 (75%). Three participants met the current treatment guidelines (TSH > 10 mIU/L). Thyroxine treatment of mild SCH tended to improve pregnancy success (P = .063). Hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.3 mIU/L) occurred in 9 participants (5%). OSCM HSG resulted in marked and prolonged iodine excess. SCH occurred frequently with late-onset hyperthyroidism occasionally. Regular thyroid function tests are required for 6 months following this procedure.

Feasibility of iodine concentration and extracellular volume fraction measurement derived from the equilibrium phase dual-energy CT for differentiating thymic epithelial tumors

PurposeTo assess the diagnostic feasibility of iodine concentration (IC) and extracellular volume (ECV) fraction measurement using the equilibrium phase dual-energy CT (DECT) for the evaluation of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs).Materials and methodsThis study included 33 TETs (11 low-risk thymomas, 11 high-risk thymomas, and 11 thymic carcinomas) that were assessed by pretreatment DECT. IC was measured during the equilibrium phases and ECV fraction was calculated using IC of the thymic lesion and the aorta. IC and ECV fraction were compared among TET subtypes using the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of IC and ECV fraction to diagnose thymic carcinoma.ResultsIC during the equilibrium phase and ECV fraction differed among the three TET groups (both p < 0.001). IC during the equilibrium phase and ECV fraction was significantly higher in thymic carcinomas than in thymomas (1.9 mg/mL vs. 1.2 mg/mL, p < 0.001; 38.2% vs. 25.9%, p < 0.001; respectively). The optimal cutoff values of IC during the equilibrium phase and of ECV fraction to diagnose thymic carcinoma were 1.5 mg/mL (AUC, 0.955; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 90.9%) and 26.8% (AUC, 0.888; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 72.7%), respectively.ConclusionIC and ECV fraction measurement using DECT are helpful in diagnosing TETs. High IC during the equilibrium phase and high ECV fraction are suggestive of thymic carcinoma.

A Red Seaweed from Eastern Sicily: Chondracanthus Tedeei, called “Màuru”

Much of the research conducted in recent decades has involved the identification of alternative foods capable of filling the growing demand for proteins and reducing the phenomenon of greenhouse gases, also thanks to their content of antimethanigenic substances. For this reason, many researchers have focused their attention on algae in general and red algae in particular. This note reports the results of the analyzes carried out on the red macroalga Chondracanthus tedeei, widespread in a restricted area of eastern Sicily, where it is known by the dialectal name of “Màuru”, to highlight its main bromatological characteristics. The results obtained show a good carbohydrate and protein content and a high ash content (39.46, 38.3 and 20.68%, respectively) on dry matter (DM) basin. The protein is of good value for having a percentage content of essential amino acids, similar to that of egg; the ashes have an optimal sodium and potassium content (~ 1: 1) and a high iodine content. Although the results obtained are comparable to those found in other red algae, of the same species and of other species, further investigations would be desirable, both to highlight any seasonal and / or environmental variability, and to determine the content in other interesting bioactive substances, such as, for example, fatty acids, antimethanigenic substances, heavy metals.

Medium-Temperature Sodium-Iodine Battery System

A medium-temperature sodium-iodine battery system is presented. The rechargeable molten-sodium system works at approx. 100 °C with high efficiency, and potentially lower cost than existing high-temperature sodium-batteries (which are usually operating at a temperature of around 300 °C). Our battery system uses an aqueous iodine/iodide solution as catholyte and sodium-ion conductive Zr-based NaSICON ceramic material as solid electrolyte. The free halogen, which is formed upon charge, is complexed as highly soluble triiodide. Long-term stability of sodium-ion conductive material in contact with aqueous electrolytes, generally, is a concern. NaSICON-based ceramic material has shown not only an enhanced stability [1] against these electrolytes but also an increased sodium-ion conductivity [2], compared to sodium β″-alumina used in sodium-sulfur batteries. The sodium-iodine system has shown to operate in a stable manner with a catholyte allowing for a high total iodine concentration (>3.0 mol/L) [1]. Substitution in the NaSICON composition allows for increased ionic conductivity and enhanced stability against the aqueous cathode. In the case of fissuring of the NaSICON ceramic separator, only solid products are formed. This stops the direct reaction of active materials.[1] M. Holzapfel, D. Wilde, C. Hupbauer, K. Ahlbrecht, T. Berger, Electrochim. Acta 237 (2017), 12-21.[2] S. Naqash, Q. Ma, F. Tietz, O. Guillon, Solid State Ionics 302 (2017), 83-91.This work is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in the project „MiTemp – Mitteltemperatur-Natriumbatterien mit flüssiger Natriumanode und wässriger Iodkathode“ (03XP0183A). Figure 1

Methane Reduction Potential of Brown Seaweeds and Their Influence on Nutrient Degradation and Microbiota Composition in a Rumen Simulation Technique.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of two brown Icelandic seaweed samples (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) on in vitro methane production, nutrient degradation, and microbiota composition. A total mixed ration (TMR) was incubated alone as control or together with each seaweed at two inclusion levels (2.5 and 5.0% on a dry matter basis) in a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) experiment. The incubation period lasted 14 days, with 7 days of adaptation and sampling. The methane concentration of total gas produced was decreased at the 5% inclusion level of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus by 8.9 and 3.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). The total gas production was reduced by all seaweeds, with a greater reduction for the 5% seaweed inclusion level (P < 0.001). Feed nutrient degradation and the production of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the effluent were also reduced, mostly with a bigger effect for the 5% inclusion level of both seaweeds, indicating a reduced overall fermentation (all P ≤ 0.001). Microbiota composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons from the rumen content of the donor cows, fermenter liquid and effluent at days 7 and 13, and feed residues at day 13. Relative abundances of the most abundant methanogens varied between the rumen fluid used for the start of incubation and the samples taken at day 7, as well as between days 7 and 13 in both fermenter liquid and effluent (P < 0.05). According to the differential abundance analysis with q2-ALDEx2, in effluent and fermenter liquid samples, archaeal and bacterial amplicon sequence variants were separated into two groups (P < 0.05). One was more abundant in samples taken from the treatment without seaweed supplementation, while the other one prevailed in seaweed supplemented treatments. This group also showed a dose-dependent response to seaweed inclusion, with a greater number of differentially abundant members between a 5% inclusion level and unsupplemented samples than between a 2.5% inclusion level and TMR. Although supplementation of both seaweeds at a 5% inclusion level decreased methane concentration in the total gas due to the high iodine content in the seaweeds tested, the application of practical feeding should be done with caution.

Preparation and Antibacterial Activity of New Iodine-Containing Materials based on Pectin Modified with Pharmacologically Active Acids

A new approach has been developed for obtaining stable iodine-containing powders based on pectins modified with pharmacologically active (nicotinic, salicylic, 5-aminosalicylic, anthranilic) acids. A set of methods (IR-, UV-, 13C NMR-spectroscopy, elemental, thermogravimetric analysis, viscometry, polarimetry, electron microscopy) were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of iodine-containing compositions. It has been established that the modification of pectin with organic pharmacophores leads to an increase in the iodine content in the modified samples by 4-7 times and makes it possible to obtain compounds not only with a high iodine content from 30 to 60 % but also with its controlled and prolonged release. Furthermore, according to the results of microbiological tests against soil bacteria Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, and lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis, a high antibacterial activity of the obtained iodine-containing materials was established.

Urinary sodium, iodine, and volume in relation to metabolic syndrome in Mesoamerican children and their parents

Background and aimsThe roles of sodium or iodine intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) etiology remain controversial. We evaluated the associations of 24 h urinary sodium and iodine with MetS among Mesoamerican children and their adult parents. Methods and resultsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 217 school-age children and 478 parents from 9 Mesoamerican cities. Exposures were high 24 h urinary sodium excretion and concentration (>2000 mg/d or mg/L, respectively) and high 24 h urinary iodine excretion and concentration (≥300 μg/d or μg/L, respectively). In children, the outcome was a standardized metabolic score from five criteria analogous to the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria. In adults, MetS was defined according to the ATP III criteria. We estimated adjusted mean differences in the metabolic risk score and adjusted prevalence ratios of MetS between exposure categories using multivariable regression. In children, high sodium concentration was associated with a 0.10 units (43% of a SD) higher score (P = 0.001) and high iodine concentration was related to a 0.09 units (39% of a SD) higher score (P = 0.009). Unexpectedly, high 24 h urinary volume was associated with a lower metabolic score. In adults, high 24 h sodium excretion was related to hypertension and high iodine concentration was related to increased MetS prevalence. ConclusionHigh sodium and iodine concentrations, but not 24 h iodine excretion, are significantly associated with MetS in children, whereas high 24 h urinary volume is related to a decreased metabolic score. In adults, high iodine concentration tends to be related to increased MetS prevalence, but not 24 h iodine excretion.

Self-assembly of iodine-containing oxidants with nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds for novel energetic biocidal agents

Iodine-rich energetic compounds are a special class of functional biocidal materials. Balancing the inherent competing needs for both high-iodine contents and high-energies in these materials remains a challenge. In this work, four novel iodine-rich energetic compounds were designed and synthesized through the crystal engineering-driven self-assembly of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds and iodine-containing oxidants such as HIO3 and H5IO6. The structures and performance of these iodine-rich energetic compounds were investigated. Among them, compound 3 possessed a relatively high iodine content (46.32%) while maintaining an excellent detonation performance (detonation velocity: 7445 m s−1, and detonation pressure: 41.2 GPa, respectively). This work demonstrates the effectiveness of crystal engineering-driven self-assembly for the development of potential iodine-rich energetic biocidal agents.

Localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and toll-like receptor 2 immunoreactive cells in endostyle of urochordate Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823).

The endostyle is the first component of the ascidian digestive tract, it is shaped like a through and is located in the pharynx's ventral wall. This organ is divided longitudinally into nine zones that are parallel to each other. Each zone's cells are physically and functionally distinct. Support elements are found in zones 1, 3, and 5, while mucoproteins secreting elements related to the filtering function are found in zones 2, 4, and 6. Zones 7, 8, and 9, which are located in the lateral dorsal section of the endostyle, include cells with high iodine and peroxidase concentrations. Immunohistochemical technique using the following antibodies, Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and lectin histochemistry (WGA—wheat‐germagglutinin), were used in this investigation to define immune cells in the endostyle of Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823). Our results demonstrate the presence of immune cells in the endostyle of S. plicata, highlighting that innate immune mechanisms are highly conserved in the phylogeny of the chordates.Research highlights Immune cells positive to TLR‐2 and VIP in the endostyle of Styela plicata.Expression of WGA in several zones of endostyle.Use of comparative biology to improve the knowledge about immunology in ascidians.

Nutrient adequacy and safety of functional lamb enriched with microelements

The article presents the results of studies of the amino acid composition and the concentration of trace elements in the meat of sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed when introducing feed additives containing essential trace elements into the diet. It was found that muscle tissue protein is saturated with an extremely important source of energy - alanine, its content varies in the studied groups from 0.71 to 0.76 g / 100 g of the product. The highest iodine content was found in the II - 54.6 ±6.8 mcg/kg and III - 61.5±9.6 mcg/kg experimental groups, the smallest amount of iodine was contained in the meat of animals of the control group.

Seaweeds: Bioactive Components and Properties, Potential Risk Factors, Uses, Extraction and Purification Methods

Seaweeds, also known as macroalgae, are abundant sources of various vital bioactive components with a wide range of biological functions. They are sold commercially and are primarily used in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and other related industries. The diverse biological activities linked with bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds have the potential to expand their health benefit value in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Studies revealed that seaweeds have the potential to be used as complementary medicine due to its variety of biological properties that have been shown to be therapeutic for health and disease management, such as antibacterial, anticoagulant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiestrogenic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, antiviral, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, thyroid stimulant, tissue healing properties, and many more. Although seaweeds are generally beneficial to humans, they may still pose possible health risks due to high iodine concentration and exposure to heavy metals and arsenic concentrations. However, information on this topic is still limited. With the great importance of seaweeds, various green extraction methods such as Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Pressurized Solvents Extraction (PSE) and Enzyme-ssisted Extraction (EAE) were used as an alternative to the conventional method to isolate bioactive components and further purified using chromatographic technique analysis to ensure the purity of the extract. This review covers the following topics: general structure and characteristics of seaweeds, seaweed production, bioactive components and properties of seaweed, possible risk factors of seaweeds, applications of seaweeds, extraction, and purification of seaweed extracts.

Iodine Concentrations in Conventional and Organic Milk in the Northeastern U.S.

Milk is a major source of dietary iodine in the United States. Due to a relatively low margin of safety for iodine intake, there are concerns for both deficiency and over-exposure. Iodine concentrations of raw milk samples from farms and retail milk in the Northeastern U.S. region were compared between seasons (winter vs. summer) and farming practices (conventional vs. organic). Overall, mean iodine concentration was 46.2% higher in raw milk from conventional farms vs. organic farms. An interaction effect between season and farming practices was observed. Organic raw milk had higher iodine content in the winter than in the summer (423 ± 54 μg/L vs. 273 ± 24 μg/L), whereas conventional raw milk had higher iodine content in the summer than in the winter (618 ± 75 μg/L vs. 398 ± 27 μg/L). Milk samples from conventional farms had 2.27-fold higher average iodine concentration compared to milk coming from organic farms in the summer but did not differ in the winter. Out of 68 and 98 raw milk samples originating from conventional and organic farms, 22 (32.4%) and 19 (19.4%) respectively, had iodine concentrations &gt; 500 µg/L, reaching as high as 1928 μg/L. In contrast, the overall mean concentration of iodine in retail milk did not differ between conventional and organic milk (345 ± 23 vs. 320 ± 42 μg/L, respectively). The current study confirms dairy milk remains to be a good source of iodine to U.S. consumers. However, dairy farms should be aware of the potential adverse health effects of excess iodine intake. Careful considerations in dairy management may be necessary to not exceed the recommended level of iodine supplementation in both conventional and organic operations at the farm level—to maintain optimal iodine concentrations in retail fluid milk accessible to the consumers.

Hysterosalpingography with Oil-Soluble Contrast Medium Does Not Increase Newborn Hypothyroidism.

Objective Hysterosalpingography (HSG) with oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) improves pregnancy rates in women with idiopathic infertility. However, OSCM has high iodine content and slow clearance resulting in potential iodine excess. If pregnancy occurs, this could impact fetal thyroid gland development and function. We aim to determine the effect of a preconceptional OSCM HSG on the thyroid function of the neonate. Design and Patients. This was a retrospective analysis of newborn TSH data for a cohort of neonates conceived within six months of an OSCM HSG in the Auckland region, New Zealand, from the years 2000 to 2019. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of these newborns were obtained from newborn screening, which is routinely performed for all children at 48–72 hours of life. The primary outcome was the incidence of permanent or transient congenital hypothyroidism in this cohort. Results Of 146 babies included, all had normal TSH levels with values ranging from 1 to 7 mIU/L on the whole blood analysis of a capillary heel sample using the Perkin–Elmer AutoDelfia assay. Conception during the first 3 cycles following an OSCM HSG was 76%; however, TSH levels in this group were not higher than those conceived in later cycles. Conclusion Preconceptional OSCM HSG did not increase the risk of congenital hypothyroidism in the New Zealand scenario.