High Internal Locus Of Control Research Articles

Authentic Impediments: The Influence of Identity Threat, Cultivated Perceptions, and Personality on Robophobia

Considering possible impediments to authentic interactions with machines, this study explores contributors to robophobia from the potential dual influence of technological features and individual traits. Through a 2 x 2 x 3 online experiment, a robot’s physical human-likeness, gender, and status were manipulated and individual differences in robot beliefs and personality traits were measured. The effects of robot traits on phobia were non-significant. Overall, subjective beliefs about what robots are, cultivated by media portrayals, whether they threaten human identity, are moral, and have agency were the strongest predictors of robophobia. Those with higher internal locus of control and neuroticism, and lower perceived technology competence, showed more robophobia. Implications for the socio-technical aspects of robots’ integration in work and society are discussed.

1 Associations of Locus of Control and Memory Self-Awareness in Older Adults with and without MCI

Objective:While loss of insight into one’s cognitive impairment (anosognosia) is a feature in Alzheimer’s disease dementia, less is known about memory self-awareness in cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or factors that may impact self-awareness. Locus of control, specifically external locus of control, has been linked to worse cognitive/health outcomes, though little work has examined locus of control as it relates to self-awareness of memory functioning or across cognitive impairment status. Therefore, we examined associations between locus of control and memory self-awareness and whether MCI status impacted these associations.Participants and Methods:Participants from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study (mean age=73.51; 76% women; 26% Black/African American) were classified as CU (n=2177) or MCI (amnestic n=313; non-amnestic n=170) using Neuropsychological Criteria. A memory composite score measured objective memory performance and the Memory Functioning Questionnaire measured subjective memory. Memory self-awareness was defined as objective memory minus subjective memory, with positive values indicating overreporting of memory difficulties relative to actual performance (hypernosognosia) and negative values indicating underreporting (hyponosognosia). Internal (i.e., personal skills/attributes dictate life events) and external (i.e., environment/others dictate life events) locus of control scores came from the Personality in Intellectual Aging Contexts Inventory. General linear models, adjusting for age, education, sex/gender, depressive symptoms, general health, and vocabulary examined the effects of internal and external locus of control on memory self-awareness and whether MCI status moderated these associations.Results:Amnestic and non-amnestic MCI participants reported lower internal and higher external locus of control than CU participants. There was a main effect of MCI status on memory self-awareness such that amnestic MCI participants showed the greatest degree of hyponosognosia/underreporting, followed by non-amnestic MCI, and CU participants slightly overreported their memory difficulties. While, on average, participants were fairly accurate at reporting their degree of memory difficulty, internal locus of control was negatively associated with self-awareness such that higher internal locus of control was associated with greater underreporting (ß=-.127, 95% CI [-.164, -.089], p<.001). MCI status did not moderate this association. External locus of control was positively associated with self-awareness such that higher external locus of control was associated with greater hypernosonosia/overreporting (ß=.259, 95% CI [.218, .300], p<.001). Relative to CU, amnestic, but not non-amnestic, MCI showed a stronger association between external locus of control and memory self-awareness. Specifically, higher external locus of control was associated with less underreporting of cognitive difficulties in amnestic MCI (ß=.107, 95% CI [.006, .208], p=.038).Conclusions:In CU participants, higher external locus of control was associated with greater hypernosognosia/overreporting. In amnestic MCI, the lower external locus of control associations with greater underreporting of objective cognitive difficulties suggests that perhaps reduced insight in some people with MCI may result in not realizing the need for external supports, and therefore not asking for help from others. Alternatively, in amnestic participants with greater external locus of control, perhaps the environmental cues/feedback translate to greater accuracy in their memory self-perceptions. Longitudinal analyses are needed to determine how memory self-awareness is related to future cognitive declines.

Does internal locus of control get you out of homelessness?

This paper examines the role of internal locus of control in shaping transitions into homelessness. The data is taken from a longitudinal Australian dataset comprising a sample of vulnerable individuals. The results, based on a Wooldridge Conditional Maximum Likelihood (WCML) estimator, show that individuals with a high internal locus of control are significantly less likely to enter a homeless episode.

The effect of digital maturity level of workplace on perceived employee well-being as moderated by locus of control

Choices, determined by an employee's locus of control, affect their perceived well-being. But there is a lack of research that shows whether locus of control acts as a direct factor or a moderator. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the level of digital maturity of the workplace on the perceived well-being of employees as moderated by the locus of control in the banking sector of Lithuania. The analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, as well as information interpretation and generalization were applied in the research. A survey of 232 employees of Lithuanian commercial banks was conducted. Descriptive statistics methods, significance tests, polynomial regression analysis were used for data analysis and formulation of conclusions. We found that locus of control moderates the relationship between employee perceived well-being and the salience of digital tools and the use of digital tools, although the relationship was weak. Employees with the dominance of internal locus of control believe that the importance of digital tools in their work is high and important, compared to the frequency of using these tools. Employees with an external locus of control tend to use digital tools more and feel greater psychological well-being when they use them to complete assigned tasks. Respondents with a high internal locus of control more often occupy high positions in the organisation, have subordinate employees and work with more complex digital tools. They are not concerned with the abundance or frequency of use of tools, but with the necessary functionality and capabilities. Therefore, the perceived psychological well-being of such employees is more influenced by the significance of digital tools.

Higher Education Students and Entrepreneurial Attitudes: A Human Resource Approach

This paper is to perform analyze of the influence of entrepreneurial education, locus of control and self eficacy on entrepeneurial attitude among students. The population of this study are the class of 2015 managament students Economics Faculty of Mercu Buana University. Total sample used is 147 out of 233 total population. Data collection used a survey method, with the questionnaire research intrument. It used a Partial Least Square aplication in analysing the data. The result proves that entrepreneurial education has a positive influence on entrepreneurial attitudes, locus of control has a positive influence on entrepreneurial attitudes and self efficacy has a positive influence on enterepeneurial attitudes. Entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitudes among students. When students are given more subjects regarding entrepreneur issues it sparks their will to start a self owned small campany. Secondly, the internal locus of control has a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial attitudes. Students with higher internal locus of control have confident to control and manage their own business. They believe their business will success within their control and ability. Lastly, self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial attitudes. Higher self-efficacy student means feels confident that they will be able to learn and do well as an entrepreneur

Examination of individual antecedents of entrepreneurial tendency

Bu çalışmada girişimcilik ve girişim oluşturma sürecini daha iyi anlamak için çevresel ve bilişsel faktörlere odaklanılmıştır. Kontrol odağı, girişimci öz yeterlilik, girişimcilik eğilimi, öznel norm ve belirsizlikten kaçınma arasındaki ilişkiler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırma Sakarya Üniversitesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi ve Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesinde İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi ve İşletme Fakültesinde girişimcilik dersi alan ve girişimcilik planı olan 200 öğrenci üzerine yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Levenson Kontrol Odağı ölçeği, Girişimci öz yeterlilik ölçeği, belirsizlikten kaçınma ve öznem norm ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan başlıca analizler ise betimleyici istatistikler, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizleri, korelasyon ve regresyon analizi ve diğer istatistiki analizlerdir. Bireylerin öz yeterlilik inancı, kontrol odak durumu, belirsizlikten kaçınma algısı ve öznel norm algısı öğrencilerin girişimciliğe eğilimini bilişsel açıdan etkilemesi söz konusudur. Bu doğrultuda korelasyon analizi sonucu belirsizlikten kaçınma değişkeni diğer değişkenlerle anlamı ve pozitif ilişki gösterirken, öznel norm sadece kariyer eğilimi ve girişimci öz yeterlilik ile anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki, Girişimci (kariyer) eğilimi ise kontrol odağı ve girişimci öz yeterlilik değişkenlerinde anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki göstermiştir. Regresyon analizinde ise girişimcilik eğilimi üzerinde girişimci öz yeterliliğin pozitif yönde ve düşük bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır.

SELF-ESTEEM, PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AND LOCUS OF CONTROL AMONG BREAST CANCER PATIENTS

The present study aimed to explore the interrelationship among self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and locus of control; to find out the demographic differences on these variables among breast cancer patients. Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale, Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and The Locus of Control Scale were administered on the purposive sample of 150 breast cancer women in different cities of Pakistan. Two age groups were taken (25-35 years; younger patients) and (36-50 years; older patients), with different educational levels (above F.A.) and (below F.A.), on the basis of tenure of illness (I & II; early stages) and (III & IV; advanced stages). The correlational data found significant positive correlation of self-esteem with psychological wellbeing and locus of control. Significant positive correlation of older women was found with self-esteem and internal locus of control, and of younger women with external locus of control. Significant educational differences demonstrated high self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and internal locus of control in women with high qualification. Significant negative correlation of breast cancer stages found with self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and for locus of control, early staged (I & II) women have higher level of Internal Locus of Control, and advanced staged (III & IV) women have higher level of External Locus of Control. The study will help out in mounting ways through which clinicians or therapists can educate patients to combat the stressful psychological effects of this chronic illness

When left-behind children become adults and parents: The long-term human capital consequences of parental absence in China

This study examines the long-term effects of childhood left-behind experience on human capital outcomes across two generations in China. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find evidence that adults with left-behind experience in early life have fewer schooling years, lower cognitive test scores, a lower Big Five personality traits index, but a higher internal locus of control. Meanwhile, they are more likely to report underweight, chronic diseases, depression, and lower levels of perceived health and happiness. Our findings of the negative consequences on personality traits and health outcomes are robust to a battery of specification and validity tests. These effects also differ markedly by adults' gender, birth cohort, hukou status, and the characteristics of left-behind experience (i.e., type, timing, and duration). Further, our results also suggest a potential intergenerational transmission mechanism in which human capital loss is induced by one's early-life exposure to parental absence. Specifically, one's childhood left-behind experience is also inversely associated with their offspring's outcomes such as Big Five noncognitive skills, birth weight, and height-for-age z-score. Although adults with left-behind experience are inclined to spend more time with offspring compared with their non-left-behind counterparts, they also tend to have significantly poorer household socioeconomic outcomes and less offspring educational investment.

Self-reported mental well-being of mothers with young children during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A mixed-methods study.

Objectives:Mothers of young children have been identified as a particularly vulnerable group during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to explore how occupational, psychosocial and partnership-related factors were associated with their self-reported mental well-being during the first COVID-19 wave.Methods:Five hundred fifty participants of the BaBi cohort study (est. 2013, Bielefeld, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany) were invited to complete an online survey and to take part in email interviews (April–May 2020). With survey data, we assessed self-reported mental well-being through validated instruments (eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire; short version of the Symptom Checklist) and ran linear regression models for occupational, psychosocial and partnership-related factors. We performed content analysis on the interviews’ data to further understand the determinants of the women’s mental well-being.Results:One hundred twenty-four women participated in the survey; of which 17 also participated in the interviews. A perceived lack of support in childcare was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, while having a higher internal locus of control was associated with lower levels. Psychological distress was higher in those reporting lack of emotional or childcare support. Interviews confirmed the interplay of potential stressors and highlighted the difficulties to reconcile different expectations of motherhood.Discussion:Occupational, psychosocial and partner-related factors can act (to varying degree) both as resources and stressors to the self-reported mental well-being of mothers of young children. These impacts took different forms and created opportunities or challenges, depending on specific life circumstances, such as work or family situations, relationships and own psychosocial resources. Although not representative, our study contributes to building the COVID-19 evidence base, delineating the mental health toll of the pandemic on mothers of young children and the factors that contribute to it.

The Effect of Locus of Control on Job Performance: An Empirical Study of Executive Level Employees in a Selected Sri Lankan Apparel Organization

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of Locus of Control (LOC) on the work-related job performance in Sri Lanka. Subjects were drawn from a pool of apparel sector executives who completed a questionnaire made up of valid and reliable instruments that measured each of the variables studied. The study was conducted on a sample of 168 executive level employees that was randomly selected from a sample frame of the selected apparel organization. The data was mainly analyzed by using the analytical software SPSS version 23 that provided more meaning and validated results. The findings indicate that one aspect of an executive’s (Apparel sector) personality, as measured by locus of control, plays an important role in predicting the level of job performance in a selected apparel organization in Sri Lanka. Executives with a higher internal locus of control are more likely to have higher levels of job performance. Further it reveals that there is a significant difference between male and female executive employees with regard to degree of locus of control. Consequently, this study extends the locus of control literature by examining the relationship of locus of control with job performance and gender difference.

“I Want to be an Entrepreneur”: The Important Role of Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Education and Internal Locus of Control

This study examines the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial social support, and internal locus of control in increasing entrepreneurial intention. This research was conducted at S1 Management students at Ciputra University Surabaya (class of 2016). The total number of respondents in this study was 92 students. The analysis used is partial least square structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS). Data were processed using WarlPls version 7. The results of this study indicate that entrepreneurial social support and the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education can improve internal locus of control. High internal locus of control will have an impact on student's intention to become entrepreneurs as their career choices. Other results also show that the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education is an important part of increasing entrepreneurial intention compared to entrepreneurial social support factors.

The dark side of the quarantine: night eating, sleep quality and the health locus of control in women

PurposeStaying at home for a prolonged period, the stress during COVID-19 quarantine may affect sleep quality, night eating behaviours of individuals. This paper aims to identify the relationship between night eating behaviour, sleep quality, perceptions of health locus of control in women during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachAn anonymous, Web based, cross-sectional study was conducted for the duration of a month (April-May, 2020). The study evaluated the nutritional habits of the participants. Anthropometric measurements were noted. Night Eating Syndrome Questionnaire (NESQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control-A were used for data collection.FindingsWith a mean age of 33 ± 8 years, 529 women participated in the study. The mean NESQ score was 14.4 ± 4.7, PSQI score was 6.4 ± 2.9. Higher night eating scores were observed in participants with chance locus of control (CLC) perception when compared to participants with internal health locus of control (IHLC) perception (p < 0.05). Lower sleep quality was observed in obese participants compared to normal/overweight participants (p < 0.05). It was also found that night eating behaviours significantly predicted sleep quality (R = 0.36, R2 = 0.13; p < 0.01), explaining about 13.3% of total variance of sleep quality.Research limitations/implicationsOnly internet users and women participated in the study, and the questionnaire form was applied online; the information was obtained in the form of the participants' own statements.Practical implicationsIt was found that night eating behaviour significantly predicted sleep quality during the pandemic. It was also determined that the individuals with high chance locus of control perception had higher NES scores than the individuals with high internal locus of control perception.Originality/valueThe night eating behaviours significantly predict sleep quality, individuals with a high perception of CLC had a higher night eating score than individuals with high perception of IHLC during the pandemic.

The role of life satisfaction and locus of control in changing purchase intentions for organic and local food during the pandemic

This study investigates the relation between locus of control, life satisfaction, and Covid-19 related changes in consumers’ intentions to purchase organic or local food. It is assumed that people with high internal locus of control pro-actively engage in pro-environmental behaviors, e.g. organic or local food consumption. In addition, literature suggests that internal locus of control positively influences life satisfaction and that the relation between life satisfaction and changes in local and organic food purchase intentions during the Covid-19 pandemic is mediated through food choice motives. The results of this study confirm these theoretical considerations. However, concerning the relation between internal locus of control and stated changes in food choices, a significant and positive relation could only be found between internal locus of control and the willingness to purchase more locally produced food items since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, but not between internal locus of control and the importance attached to organically produced food. As locus of control and life satisfaction have mainly been applied in health-related contexts so far, this study addresses the lack of research concerning its application in food and consumer behavior research. Comprehensive knowledge on these relations adds to theoretical framework building, and further research on these measures in different food-related contexts is necessary.

Redefining the link between Subjective Norm and Entrepreneurship Intention: Mediating Effect of Locus of Control

Entrepreneurship acts as a panacea for improving country growth and is prevalent in reducing the unemployment rate. A plethora of studies have focused on the main determinants that affect people’s intention to become an entrepreneur. The entrepreneurship intention research is mainly focused on the influence of the external environment and the individual personality aspects are not sufficiently considered. This study examines the mediating effect of locus of control in the relationship between subjective norm and youth entrepreneurship intention. This study is based on a cross‐sectional online survey design. The sample includes 248 Malaysian youth. The variables are measured based on the adapted scales and IBM SPSS 27 was used for the statistical analysis. Data were analysed using regression analysis to assess the possible mediating effect of locus of control. The present study provides evidence that locus of control partially mediates the relationship between subjective norm and entrepreneurship intention. Thus, this study concluded how entrepreneurs differ from the rest of the population in terms of locus of control. This study contributes to entrepreneurship literature by revealing that individuals with a high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs.

Transformational leadership and patient safety in hospital

This study examines to make up this significant gap in the existing literature. Using a cross-sectional sample consisting of 240 nurses in the hospitals of Uzbekistan and a structural model, with a random sampling technique by employing explanatory, and causal design was used to test the developed framework. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires, the survey instruments were distributed by hand among the private and public sector, we find that nurses’ perceived safety culture (SC) and decision-making capacity (DMC) act as important mechanisms linking TL to PS. Meanwhile, nurses’ perceived locus of control (LC) moderates the effect of TL on SC and DMC in such a way that this effect is more salient for nurses with internal LC than for nurses with external LC. This paper examines the contribution, that individuals with high internal LC are more affected by TL, generate and can better develop SC and DMC. The study findings demonstrated the significant role of transformational leadership played in order to improve working conditions and the environment, which helps nurses to create good conditions, relationships with patients and increase patient safety. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed

Locus of Control in College Students with and Without Visual Impairments, and the Visual Characteristics that Affect It

Introduction: According to previous research, locus of control (LOC) has a crucial role in an individual’s psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: (1) comparing LOC of college students with and without visual impairments while controlling for gender, educational level, and age; (2) investigating the relationship between LOC and visual characteristics in college students with visual impairments; and (3) predicting LOC of these students using their visual characteristics. Methods: The design of this study was causal-comparative. The statistical population included a sample of college students with and without visual impairments who were enrolled at the University of Isfahan, Iran. Fifteen of the 20 college students with visual impairments were selected through convenience sampling and amongst sighted students, 15 individuals were selected in a way that they were matched with college students with visual impairment regarding gender, educational level, and age. The Rotter Locus of Control Scale was used to measure LOC. Also, visual impairment characteristics and demographic data were collected. The results were analyzed by t-test and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Results indicated no significant difference between LOC of college students with and without visual impairments ( p &gt; .05), and both groups tended to have internal LOC on average. The results indicated that adjustment to visual impairment and the recent status of visual impairment might predict the LOC of a college student who is visually impaired and explained 59.2% of its variance with this sample ( p &lt; .005). Discussion: LOC of college students with visual impairments was similar to their sighted counterparts. The better adjusted the person was to his or her visual impairment and the less worsening the status of visual impairment was, the higher internal LOC he or she had. Implications for practitioners: Families and society can help individuals with visual impairments build their internal LOC, by teaching them how to adjust to their disability and providing them the conditions to increase their independence. At the same time, preparing them for entering university may also help them develop their sense of internal LOC.

The effects of locus of control on procrastination among undergraduates: the coping strategy as a mediator

Procrastination is a common issue among undergraduate students. Studies have found that locus of control and coping strategies are associated with procrastination, and the relationships between locus of control and coping strategies. However, no study has examined the relationships among these three factors. This study aims to use the personality-coping-outcome theory as a framework to examine whether the coping strategy is a mediator for the effects of locus of control on procrastination. One hundred and fifty undergraduates were recruited by using the purposive sampling method. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data. The results showed that those participants with a higher internal locus of control are less likely to procrastinate when the problem-solving coping strategy is adopted. These findings suggested that a firm belief of controlling over one life episode does not necessarily change the procrastination. Programs can be designed to improve undergraduates’ understanding of adopting effective strategies to cope with their procrastination.

Innovative Work Environment, Internal Locus of Control and Intrinsic Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Bangladeshi Employees

Pecuniary reward and perquisites can satisfy employees extrinsically; however, employees become intrinsically satisfied if they are offered challenge and autonomy in their jobs. Thus, jobs can be tailored to increase workers’ intrinsic job satisfaction. Moreover, if employees of an organization are given an innovative work environment, then it can satisfy them intrinsically as well. A workplace is innovative if it allows employees to take new initiatives, to change the existing systems, and to do jobs in a new way that is more efficient than the existing one. However, these phenomena are related to employees with a high internal locus of control, a personality trait desirable to employers in many jobs. Given these theoretical backdrops, this paper studies the influence of innovative work environments on intrinsic job satisfaction of employees in Bangladeshi organizations. Data were collected from 304 employees working in Bangladeshi organizations to investigate these. The contribution of this paper is that the finding of this study can give deep insight and thus help them framing organizational policy and recruitment policy. Keywords: Intrinsic Satisfaction, Innovative Environment, Internal Locus of Control, Personality Trait JEL Classification: D23 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-29-05 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

The impact of social support on job-related behaviors through the mediating role of job stress and the moderating role of locus of control: Empirical evidence from the Vietnamese banking industry

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of social support on job-related behaviors, noting the mediating roles of job stress. Specifically, the study tests the prediction regarding the extent to which these different types of locus of control moderate the relationship between social support and job stress as well. The current study used self-report questionnaires from a sample of employees in the Vietnamese banking industry to test the hypothesis. Results from the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using the SmartPLS 3.0 program showed that social support positively impacted job-related behaviors (e.g., job satisfaction, job performance); these relationships were mediated partially through job stress. Besides, this research revealed that individuals with a higher internal locus of control were more likely to have lower levels of job stress and it also moderated the relationship between social support and job stress. This negative association was weaker for bankers who have a higher external locus of control. The main findings of this research demonstrated that social support and locus of control play an important role in the overall effectiveness of employees. It implied that it is crucial for organizations to set up a good work atmosphere that supports psychological well-being and have suitable policies to strengthen social support among supervisors and employees in an organization to reduce job stress and improve job-related behaviors.

Locus of control in situations of successes and failures and personality traits in young athletes practicing team sports

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze locus of control in situations of successes and failures and personality traits in young people attending sport and non-sport classes. Based on a review of studies, it was presumed that young people who practice team sports have a higher internal locus of control, higher openness to experi-ence, higher conscientiousness, and higher emotional stability than their peers who do not practice sport.Participants and procedureYoung people who took part in the study were both those who attended schools with sport education programs and those who attended non-sport schools. 63 students of the sixth grade of primary school and the first grade of junior high school were surveyed (M = 12.60). Two groups were distinguished: students who followed an extended sports curriculum practicing football and basketball (n = 31), and those who followed a standard cur-riculum (n = 32). The Questionnaire for Locus of Control and the Picture Based Personality Survey for Children, based on the Big Five model, were used in the analyses.ResultsThe results of the studies partially confirmed the assumed hypotheses and showed connections between locus of control in situations of failure and openness to experience in the group of athletes.ConclusionsThis study constitutes a summary of the first stage of a three-year longitudinal project. Conclusions from the study will allow characterization of developmental changes of locus of control and personality traits in young athletes. Assessment of personality profile constitutes help for sport psychology practitioners in preparing train-ing that uses accurate reinforcement systems corresponding with the traits of players that are members of a team.