High-intensity Zone Research Articles

Effect of physical and physiological parameters on the performance of sub-elite Indian upper order batsmen in T20 matches: a pilot study

Scanty studies on physiological demands and movement characteristics to predict batting performance in comparative T20 cricket matches seem to be a fetus of seeds yet to be explored. A pilot study was carried out to explore the relationship between physical and physiological responses with the batting performance of sub elite T20 upper order batsmen and also the effect of batting innings on their performance. Twenty male batsmen who represented at district level (age: 20.0±2.4years, height: 1.68±0.58m, body mass: 63.6±7.6kg) and played in the upper order (1-4) were purposely selected and alienated according to batting innings. Key performance indicators of batting indicate that an individual score is significantly correlated (p=<0.001) with running between the wickets. The study revealed a significant correlation (p=0.02) between the individual score and average heart rate. Also, an ‘inverted U’ shaped trend line was observed between the individual score (y) and the average heart rate (x) (y = -0.09x2 + 1.38x + 7.27 with R² = 0.33). The moderate to high heart rate (126-157 bpm) zone was found to be effective for scoring at least 30 runs. Batting innings had no significant influence on upper-order batsmen's physical, physiological, and batting performance metrics. During batting, most of the time was spent while standing, most of the distance was covered by walking, and average heart rate of the batsmen was in the moderate to high-intensity zone.

The type 2 high intensity zone: Two cases of axial low back pain in the setting of high T1 and high T2 signal in the posterior annulus

The type 2 high intensity zone: Two cases of axial low back pain in the setting of high T1 and high T2 signal in the posterior annulus

Intensified training before Olympic-distance triathlon in recreational triathletes: "Less pain, more gain".

To examine 1) the contribution of physiological performance variables to Olympic-distance (OD) triathlon performance, and 2) the links between an 8-wk intensified training plus competition preceding the main OD triathlon race and the changes in the physiological status in triathletes. An observational longitudinal study. Endurance performance variables during maximal incremental running and cycling tests, and average velocity during an all-out 400-m swimming performance test (V400) were assessed before (T1) and after (T2) the intensified training in 7 recreational-level triathletes. Overall main OD triathlon time was extremely largely (r = -0.94; P = 0.01) correlated with peak running velocity (PRV). Best correlation magnitude between exercise modes' partial race times and the corresponding specific physiological criterion tests was observed for swimming (r = -0.97; P<0.001). Improvement in V400 (2.9%), PRV (1.5%) and submaximal running blood lactate concentration (17%) was observed along the training period, whereas no changes were observed in the cycling endurance performance variables. Higher volume of training plus competition at high intensity zones during cycling, running and swimming were associated with lower improvements or declines in their corresponding exercise mode-specific criterion performance variables (r = 0.81-0.90; P = 0.005-0.037). Results indicate that: 1) PRV is highly associated with overall OD triathlon performance, and 2) spending much time at high relative intensities during swimming, cycling or running may lead, in a dose-response manner, to lower improvements or decreases on those exercise-specific physiological performance variables. This may favor the emergence of overreaching or diminished performance.

Nonlinear Propagation and Filamentation on 100 Meter Air Path of Femtosecond Beam Partitioned by Wire Mesh.

High-intensity (∼1 TW/cm and higher) region formed in the propagation of ∼60 GW, 90 fs Ti:Sapphire laser pulse on a ∼100 m path in air spans for several tens of meters and includes a plasma filament and a postfilament light channel. The intensity in this extended region is high enough to generate an infrared supercontinuum wing and to initiate laser-induced discharge in the gap between the electrodes. In the experiment and simulations, we delay the high-intensity region along the propagation direction by inserting metal-wire meshes with square cells at the laser system output. We identify the presence of a high-intensity region from the clean-spatial-mode distributions, appearance of the infrared supercontinuum wing, and occurrence of the laser-induced discharge. In the case of free propagation (without any meshes), the onset of the high-intensity zone is at 40–52 m from the laser system output with ∼30 m extension. Insertion of the mesh with 3 mm cells delays the beginning of the high-intensity region to 49–68 m with the same ∼30 m extension. A decrease in the cell size to 1 mm leads to both delay and shrinking of the high-intensity zone to 71–73 m and 6 m, respectively. Three-dimensional simulations in space confirm the mesh-induced delay of the high-intensity zone as the cell size decreases.

Differences in Training Characteristics Between Junior, Under 23 and Professional Cyclists.

The aim was to compare the training characteristics of junior, under 23 and professional road cyclists. Training data collected during the 2019 competitive season of thirty male cyclists, divided into three age-related categories (JUN; U23; PRO), were retrospectively analyzed for training characteristics, external and internal training load. Higher duration per training session were observed in PRO (2.6±0.3 h) compared to both U23 (2.2±0.3 h; P<0.001) and JUN (2.0±0.2 h; P<0.001). Elevation gain per distance was higher in PRO (13.8±1.9 m·km-1) compared to U23 (10.6±0.9 m·km-1; P=0.001) and JUN (6.7±0.3 m·km-1; P<0.001), and in U23 compared to JUN (P<0.001). Annual total work was lower in JUN (3694±467 kJ·kg-1) compared to U23 (5268±746 kJ·kg-1; P=0.001) and PRO (5759±1103 kJ·kg-1; P<0.001). eTRIMP per hour was higher in JUN (151±40) compared to both U23 (115±23; P=0.003) and PRO (112±22; P=0.013). JUN spent more training time at medium and high heart rate intensity zones compared to U23 and PRO (P<0.05).

Match characteristics of professional outfield amputee soccer players during official amputee soccer matches

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate physiological responses and movement profiles of amputee soccer players during official matches. Material and Methods: Five outfield amputee soccer players with a 9.20±0.81 years of amputee soccer experience (age 28.60±5.32 years; height 1.71±0.05 m; body mass 71.54±9.39 kg) volunteered for this study. Physiological responses [blood lactate (BLa), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)] and activity profiles [peak speed, total distance covered (TD), TD at five speed categories (SC), percentages of TD at five SC and time spent in four maximal heart rate (HRmax) zones] were analyzed during seven official amputee soccer matches. Results: Mean game BLa, RPE, HR and HRmax were 5.58±1.63 mmol.L-1, 9.43±2.62, and 151.77±16.05 bpm and 180.74±9.23 bmp, respectively. HRmax was higher in the first half than in the second half (p=0.02). Players covered 102.62±7.24 m.min-1 and this did not change between the halves during amputee soccer matches (p=0.40). TD at very low SC was 73.86±0.57 m.min-1 whereas TD at very high SC accounted only for 0.24±0.04 m.min-1. Similarly, the percentage of the TD at very low SC was 70.18±10.30% and the percentage of the TD at very high SC was 0.24±0.04%. Amputee soccer players spent ~31 min and ~15 min at high intensity and moderate HRmax zones, respectively. These accounted only about ~5 min at very low and low intensity HRmax zones during whole matches. Conclusion: These results showed that amputee soccer played at the professional level is a high-intensity exercise, which could be used to prescribe amputee soccer specific training regimes.

In-plane cyclic testing of full-scale reinforced concrete frames with innovative isolated infill walls strengthened by highly ductile concrete

Conventional infilled frames exhibit weak seismic performance in high-intensity zones owing to the strong infill-frame interaction and vulnerability of the infill masonry. In this study, an innovative infill frame system with isolated infill walls retrofitted with highly ductile concrete (HDC) layers is proposed with the aim of minimizing the infill–column interaction and improving the lateral strength and deformation of masonry-infilled frames. Four full-scale specimens, including one bare frame, one conventional infilled frame, one conventional infilled frame retrofitted with HDC layers, and one isolated infilled frame retrofitted with an HDC layer, were tested under in-plane cyclic loading. The results indicated that the proposed isolated infill solution could effectively minimize the interaction between the isolated infill and columns. The observed damage on the isolated infill wall was minimal, whereas the damage to the columns was nearly identical to that of the bare frame. The isolated infill frame exhibited a higher lateral strength, deformation, and energy dissipation than the conventional infilled frame. Additionally, the proposed analytical model is highly consistent with the experimental results and can be used in design-oriented equations for innovative isolated infill frames.

The progression of the vertebral body bruise associated with a spinal fracture

BackgroundAdvances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have made it possible to find the vertebral body bruise (VBB), which was not found in computed tomography (CT) after trauma. There has been only one study with adult patients about whether traumatic VBB will cause a collapse of the vertebral body or not. The purpose is to elucidate the progression of VBB in non-osteoporotic adult patients and to identify the possible factors influencing the progression.MethodThe VBB was defined on MRI as band-like or diffuse zones of high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences without fracture of the cortex based on CT. The study population with traumatic VBB associated with non-osteoporotic spinal fracture was composed of 15 females and 21 males. The minimal follow-up period was 6 months. The ratio of anterior to posterior heights of the VBB, the ratio of anterior heights of the VBB to the average of those of cranial and caudal adjacent vertebral bodies, the anterior wedge angle of the VBB, and the focal angle around the VBB were compared between the initial and final visits. We evaluated the age of the patients, the C2 plumb line distance, the regional location of VBB, the etiology of VBB, and the treatment methods of the fractures as possible risk factors influencing the progression.ResultsThere was no difference in the ratios and angles between the initial and final visits. The differences in the ratios and angles between the initial and final visits were not dependent on the possible risk factors. The anterior superior area is the most common in the distribution of VBB.ConclusionsUnlike compression fractures, the vertebral body with traumatic VBB found in adult patients with non-osteoporotic spinal fractures of AO classification A or B types did not develop collapse. In clinical practice, it is reasonable to diagnose it as a spinal fracture rather than a VBB if the collapse of a possible VBB occurs.

Full-endoscopic Intradiscal Surgery: State of the Art

Two types of full-endoscopic intradiscal surgery have been described in the literature. The first is full-endoscopic thermal annuloplasty, which was introduced in 2004 for discogenic pain. The proposed pain generator is a high signal intensity zone or a toxic annular tear, which can be treated by full-endoscopic thermal annuloplasty using a bipolar radio-pulse device. The second is full-endoscopic disc cleaning surgery, which is more recent and has been used to treat intractable chronic low back pain due to type 1 Modic change. In this review, we describe the current status of full-endoscopic intradiscal surgery.

Experimental Investigation of the Near-Surface Flow Dynamics in Downburst-like Impinging Jets Immersed in ABL-like Winds

Downburst winds are strong downdrafts of cold air that embed into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and produce intense horizontal outflow upon impingement on the ground. They are highly transient and three-dimensional extreme wind phenomena with a limited spatiotemporal structure that often makes the anemometric measurements in nature inadequate for reconstructing their complex flow fields. In the framework of the project THUNDERR, an experimental campaign on downburst outflows has been carried out at the WindEEE Dome at Western University, Canada. The present study analyzes the three-dimensional interaction between downburst (DB) outflows produced as large-scale impinging jets and ABL winds. Most experimental, numerical and analytical models in the literature neglect this flow interplay or treat it in an oversimplistic manner through a vector superposition. We found that the generated near-surface outflow is asymmetric, and a high-intensity wind zone develops at the interface between DB and ABL winds. The time variability of the leading edge of the outflow was investigated by synchronizing all wind measurements across the testing chamber. The three-dimensional flow structure was studied using a refined grid of Cobra probes that sampled the flow at high frequencies. The passage of the primary vortex produced a significant decrease in the height of maximum radial wind speed, predominantly in the ABL-streamwise direction. The turbulence intensity was the highest in the region where DB propagates into oppositely directed ABL winds.

Effects of mesoscale eddies on the spatial coherence of a middle range sound field in deep water

Mesoscale eddies have a remarkable influence on the underwater sound field. Many previous studies have investigated the effects of eddies on transmission loss, the convergence zone, time delay, etc. However, the effects of eddies on spatial coherence are less well studied and remain unclear. In this paper, the effects of eddies on spatial coherence at the subsurface in deep water are investigated. The eddy environments are simulated with Gaussian eddy equations, the complex pressure field is obtained using a range-dependent parabolic equation model and the associated mechanism is analyzed based on ray theory and models. The results show that cold/warm mesoscale eddies affect spatial coherence in a high-intensity zone by changing the locations and width of the convergence zone. In the shadow zone, the horizontal correlation radius and the vertical correlation radius increase with range and decrease with depth, and they are increased by warm eddies and decreased by cold eddies, mainly caused by variation of the multipath structure.

The Effects of Sound Speed Profile to the Convergence Zone in Deep Water

The structure of a sound speed profile (SSP) in deep water causes refraction of sound rays and Convergence Zones (CZs) of high intensity where the rays focus at shallow depth. Study of sound field characteristics in the CZs has always been the focus of deep-water acoustics research. Many studies have been conducted on sound propagation in different parts of the oceans with different environments and, in this paper, the range and width of CZ is analyzed in the East Indian Ocean (EIO) and the South China Sea (SCS). Through the experimental data collected in different seasons with the propagation conditions change in the EIO and the SCS, we observe that the SSPs in different marine environments have a significant impact on the CZs of deep water. The sound channel mixing layer and isothermal layer have great effect on the CZ ranges. The water depths in the two experimental areas are similar, the range of the first CZ in the EIO is 7–8 km farther than that in the SCS, and the width of the CZs in the EIO is about 2–3 km narrower than that in the SCS. The surface mixed layer and the thermocline affect the CZ width but has little effect on the CZ range when the sound speed at the source and the bottom are practically the same. As the propagation conditions change along the seasons in the EIO, the range of the first CZ is almost the same, but the width of the CZs in the summer is about 2 km narrower than that in the spring. The water depth affects the CZ width but has little effect on the CZ range if the CZs can be formed. The different CZ characteristics between EIO and SCS are explained by both theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. The influence of the SSP structure and water depth on the CZ range are analyzed and the corresponding mechanism is explained. The research results are of great significance for underwater acoustic detection in deep sea.

Limited human access is linked to higher effectiveness in a marine sanctuary

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a widely used tool for coral reefs conservation, but massive tourism activities inside MPAs worldwide can challenge their effectiveness. This study investigated the role of different levels of protection strictness (no-entry, low and high tourism-allowed zones) set for a marine sanctuary in shaping benthic cover and reef fish community structure in the richest and largest coral reef system of the Southwestern Atlantic. Reef fish community structure and benthic cover differed between protection levels. No-entry zones showed significant higher coral coverage and biomass of piscivores and herbivores than tourism-allowed zones. Highest differences were found between no-entry and high tourism intensity zones. Despite the fact that protection from fishing by itself can ensure conservation benefits, we show here that the establishment of no-entry zones improve MPAs effectiveness.

Cross-Sectional Differences in Race Demands Between Junior, Under 23, and Professional Road Cyclists.

To compare the race demands of junior (JUN), under 23 (U23), and professional (PRO) road cyclists. Thirty male cyclists, divided into 3 age-related categories (JUN, n = 10; U23, n = 10; and PRO, n = 10), participated in this study. Race data collected during the 2019 competitive season were retrospectively analyzed for race characteristics, external, and internal competition load. Higher annual and per race duration, distance, elevation gain, Edward's training impulse, total work, and work per hour were observed in PRO versus U23 and JUN, and U23 versus JUN (P < .01). PRO and U23 recorded higher mean maximal power (RPOs) between 5 and 180minutes compared with JUN (P < .01). Edward's training impulse per hour was higher in JUN than PRO and U23 (P < .01). Accordingly, JUN spent a higher percentage of racing time in high internal intensity zones compared with U23 and PRO, while these 2 categories spent more time at low internal intensity zones (P < .01). JUN races were shorter and included less elevation gain per distance unit compared to U23 and PRO races, but more internally demanding. JUN produced less power output in the moderate-, heavy-, and severe-intensity exercise domains compared with U23 and PRO (RPOs: 5-180min). U23 and PRO races presented similar work demands per hour and RPOs, but PRO races were longer than U23.

Quantifying the effects of rainfall intensity fluctuation on runoff and soil loss: From indicators to models

Rainfall represents the main driving force of runoff and soil erosion. Previous studies usually focused on the effects of general rainfall characteristics at event scale on runoff and soil erosion, but the effects of rainfall intensity fluctuation at intra-event scale, i.e., the temporal distribution of intensity bursts across the rainfall profile, have always been difficult to be characterized. In this study, the rainfall intensity profile was disaggregated into high-intensity zone and low-intensity zone using the average rainfall intensity as threshold, and a series of indicators were proposed to describe the features of rainfall intensity fluctuation. Field observations of runoff and soil loss in six grass-cover plots under natural rainfall conditions were conducted from 2011 to 2016 in the Loess Plateau of China. The main rainfall indicators influencing runoff coefficient (RC), sediment concentration (SC) and soil loss coefficient (SLC) were identified using the principal component analysis, and runoff and soil loss regression models were developed using data from 2011 to 2013 to predict RC, SC and SLC during 2014–2016. The results indicated that the natural rainfall events displayed strong intensity fluctuations (e.g., aggregation, intermittency, and variability), with approximate 78% of rainfall amount occurring in only 27% of rainfall duration. Most of the proposed rainfall intensity fluctuation indicators were significantly correlated with RC, SC and SLC (p < 0.05). The average intensity of rainfall peaks (Iap) and rainfall duration of high-intensity zone (RDh) were the main variables to simulate RC, and the average intensity of high-intensity zone (Iah) and relative amplitude of rainfall intensity (Ram) controlled SC and SLC. The models considering rainfall intensity fluctuation had good performances in predicting RC, SC and SLC with higher R2 values (0.64 vs 0.46), lower RMSE values (0.66 vs 0.76) and higher NSE values (0.54 vs 0.42) compared to the models only considering general rainfall characteristics. The prediction accuracy of SLC was higher than that of RC and that of SC was lowest. These results gain an insight into the marked influence of rainfall intensity fluctuation in generating and predicting runoff and soil loss, and shed light on exploring rainfall-erosion relationships.

Elite Diving Athlete With Traumatic Growth Plate Injury of the Proximal Humerus: A Case Report

Growth plate injury of the proximal humerus is rare. We herein report a traumatic growth plate injury of the proximal humerus in an elite diving athlete. A 16-year-old female diving athlete injured her left shoulder during 7.5 m platform hands-first diving practice. At the first visit, she presented with upper left shoulder tenderness and left shoulder range-of-motion limitation. There was no fracture or dislocation on X-ray and computed tomography (CT), but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a high-intensity zone in the left lateral epiphysis of the proximal humerus. We treated her conservatively by rest with sling and rehabilitation. She partially restarted diving practice five weeks post-injury and returned to competition eight weeks post-injury. Even if there is no sign of fracture or dislocation, we should consider MRI for patients who are before the age of growth plate closure.

Seismic dynamics of a pipeline shallowly buried in loosely deposited seabed foundation

It is widely known that submarine pipelines constructed in high seismic intensity zones are vulnerable due to soil liquefaction under the attack of seismic waves. It is meaningful for engineers to get insight into the seismic dynamic response mechanism of submarine pipelines, which mostly are buried in loosely deposited seabed floors in practical engineering. In this study, taking the integrated numerical model FSSI-CAS 2D as the platform, the seismic dynamic response of a shallowly buried submarine pipeline in a loosely deposited seabed floor is investigated. It is indicated by the numerical results that a shallowly buried submarine pipeline in loose seabed floor intensively responds to input seismic wave. Considerable vibration in horizontal and floatation in vertical occur for the pipeline due to the soil softening in the surrounding soil, as well as the soil liquefaction in the zone away from the pipeline. The buoyancy applied on the outer wall of the pipeline caused by the pore pressure accumulation makes a significant contribution to the upward floatation of the pipeline. It is found that the seismic wave-induced residual liquefaction firstly initiates in the medium depth of seabed floor due to the relatively great permeability of the loose seabed soil, and then develops toward to the upper and lower seabed synchronously. Because of the intensive interaction between the pipeline and its surrounding seabed soil, liquefaction has not occurred in the zone at the right and left-hand side of, as well as over the pipeline. Based on comparative analysis, it is found the magnitude of pipeline floatation if natural gas is transported is much greater than that if crude oil is transported. Finally, it is observed that considerable subsidence at the magnitude order of 1 m occurs for the pipeline in the post-reconsolidation process after seismic wave attacking. It is indicated by the analysis presented in this study that the integrated model FSSI-CAS 2D would be a trustworthy platform to study the seismic dynamic response of marine structures.

Hill Slope Failure During The Development Of Infrastructure Projects In Himalaya: Case Study of Udhampur- Ramban National Highway, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Himalaya is youngest tectonic Active Mountain and northern boundary of India. Various infrastructure projects are under develop in Himalayan region for the better connectivity of peoples and national security of border line. Widening of 295 km National Highway-44 in Jammu and Kashmir is an important developmental project. The highway passes through Outer Himalayan and Higher Himalayan sequences of rocks and is frequently affected by landslides at various places. The paper deals with 43 km Udhampur-Chenani and Nashri- Ramban section of the highway within sedimentary and metamorphic rock sequence. The area is prone to landslides on account of fragile geological, topographic and hydrological conditions. The study area has high rainfall intensity and numerous old landslides zones. During the project feasibility stage, project authority has identified the landslide prone area and suggested precautionary measures but during the construction work various unpredicted landslide and ground sinking events happened which given trouble in project construction cost and project completion time. In this paper, the challenges faced due to landslide and ground failure as failure of old slide adjutant to road construction, agriculture and residential ground failure at higher altitude due to road construction, collapse of high tension towers in cut slopes; its impact on construction activities; are discussed with mitigation measures for unidentified landslide related challenges.

Xiong'an Railway Station: A Supersized Railway Station in a High Seismic Intensity Zone

Xiong'an Railway Station is the first super-large elevated railway station located in a high seismic intensity zone. A reinforced concrete frame structural system is adopted for the rail-bearing floor and the lower floors, while a steel structural system is adopted for the large-span roof. H-shaped steel frame beams are adopted for the elevated waiting hall, while double flange H-shaped steel beams are adopted in areas subject to great forces. Plane trusses are arranged bidirectionally between the frame beams to facilitate the laying and maintenance of equipment pipelines. The main span of the elevated waiting hall is 78 m, and variable-height box beams are adopted. The platform canopies are supported by specially shaped steel pipe columns, and the roof frame beams are connected to the tops of columns through spherical bearings. Structural innovations have been carried out in terms of semi-embedded column bases, stepped wall thickness steel pipe columns with special section shapes, large-span stiffened thin-walled box beams, and bidirectional large displacement bearings.

Traumatic vertebra and endplate fractures promote adjacent disc degeneration: evidence from a clinical MR follow-up study.

The integrity of endplate is important for maintaining the health of adjacent disc and trabeculae. Yet, pathological impacts of traumatic vertebra and endplate fractures were less studied using clinical approaches. This study aims to investigate their effects on the development of adjacent disc degeneration, segmental kyphosis, Modic changes (MCs), and high-intensity zones (HIZs). Magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with acute traumatic vertebral compression fractures (T11-L5) were studied. On MR images, endplate fractures were evaluated as present or absent. Disc signal, height, bulging area, sagittal Cobb angle, MCs, and HIZs were measured on baseline and follow-up MR images to study the changes of the disc in relation to vertebra fractures and endplate fractures. Ninety-seven patients were followed up for 15.4 ± 14.0months. There were 123 fractured vertebrae, including 79 (64.2%) with endplate fractures and 44 (35.8%) without. Both the adjacent and control discs decreased in signal and height over time (p < 0.001), and the disc adjacent to vertebral fractures had greater signal and height loss than the control disc (p < 0.05). In the presence of endplate fractures, the adjacent discs had greater signal decrease in follow-up (p < 0.05), as compared to those without endplate fractures. Sagittal Cobb angle significantly increased in segments with endplate fractures (p < 0.05). Vertebra fractures were associated with new occurrence of MCs in the fractured vertebra (p < 0.001) but not HIZs in the adjacent disc. Traumatic vertebral fractures were associated with accelerated adjacent disc degeneration, which appears to be further promoted by concomitant endplate fractures. Endplate fractures were associated with progression of segmental kyphosis.