Period Of High-intensity Training Research Articles

Needlestick injuries among anesthesia providers from a large US academic center: A 10-year retrospective analysis

Study objectiveAnesthesiologists are at high risk for needlestick injury. Such injuries pose a serious health threat from exposure to bloodborne pathogens. This retrospective analysis aimed to examine needlestick injury rate among anesthesia providers between 2010 and 2020 at the University of California Los Angeles, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine to determine specialty-specific factors associated with these injuries. DesignRetrospective analysis. SettingAcademic Anesthesiology Department. Patients and interventionsNone. MeasurementsAll reported incidents of needlestick injuries to employees are sent to the Injury and Illness Prevention Committee. We included all anesthesia residents, fellows, nurse anesthetists, solo anesthesiologists, and supervising anesthesiologists. Main resultsThe overall rate of reported needlestick injuries was 5.3%. The rates for anesthesia residents were 2.1%, 13.5%, 7.9%, and 6.7% for post graduate year 1–4 (PGY 1–4) residents. The rates were 14.3%, 4.7%, 2.1%, and 6.9% for fellows, nurse anesthetists, supervising anesthesiologists, and solo anesthesiologists, respectively. We found that PGY2 residents had a higher injury rate than PGY1 residents (p-value<0.001). When grouping PGY2, PGY3, and PGY4 residents together, they had a collective rate of 9.4%. Furthermore, residents had a higher needlestick injury rate than supervising anesthesiologists (p-value <0.001). ConclusionsPGY2 residents and fellows had the highest rate of needlestick injury. Our study highlights the trend of increasing sharps injuries after PGY1 while supervising anesthesiologists had the lowest rate. Proposed mechanisms for the increased sharps injuries include residents' transition from medicine-based internship to the operating room environment with increased exposure to potentially injurious equipment, overnight call, and increased work-related and cognitive stress. Improving understanding of institution-specific prevention programs, raising awareness during their initial high-intensity training period with one-to-one supervision when habits are formed, and reducing exposure to sharps using a needleless system are some steps toward reducing the incidence of sharps injuries in a field where the risk remains high.

A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.

Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods.

The effect of different water immersion strategies on delayed onset muscle soreness and inflammation in elite race walker

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and contrast water therapy (CWT) on serum interleukin 6 and prostaglandin 2 levels in self-perceived exertion, and muscle soreness of elite race walkers over a 15-day high-intensity training period. Methods: Thirty elite male race walkers were randomly divided into three groups: control group (C, n = 10), cold-water immersion (CWI, n = 10) group, contrast water therapy (CWT, n = 10) group. After daily training, elite race walkers were exposed to either CWI (10 minutes at 10 ∘C) or CWT (4 cycles of 2.5 minutes, alternately at 12 ∘C and 38 ∘C). Elite race walkers in the control group only performed simple stretching without any additional treatment. The serum interleukin 6, prostaglandin 2, self-perceived exertion, and muscle soreness were tested at 6 training points at baseline (B), light load-1 (L1), heavy load-1 (H1), medium load (M), heavy load-2 (H2), light load-2 (L2), respectively. Results: When compared with the CWT group, the interleukin 6 level, prostaglandin 2 level, self-perceived exertion, and muscle soreness of the C group were not significantly different. When compared with the CWT group, the interleukin 6 level in the CWI group was significantly lower at the time point of L1 and H2. Similarly, CWI significantly reduced the prostaglandin 2 levels at M and L2, except for H2. Self-perceived exertion and muscle soreness were not significantly different in both groups. Conclusions: The results from this study demonstrate that CWI may be more effective than CWT for reducing inflammatory markers at certain points in a training cycle, but it does appear that this effect can be induced in a predictable fashion.

PO-151 The change characteristics of precompetition biochemical indexes of excellent male gymnasts

PO-151 The change characteristics of precompetition biochemical indexes of excellent male gymnasts

A short period of high-intensity interval training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether improvements in pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics following a short period of high-intensity training (HIT) would be associated with improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Ten untrained male volunteers (age 26 ± 2 yr; mean ± SD) performed six HIT sessions (8-12 × 60 s at incremental test peak power; 271 ± 52 W) over a 2-wk period. Before and after the HIT period, V̇o2 kinetics was modeled during moderate-intensity cycling (110 ± 19 W). Mitochondrial function was assessed with high-resolution respirometry (HRR), and maximal activities of oxidative enzymes citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were accordingly determined. In response to HIT, V̇o2 kinetics became faster (τ: 20.4 ± 4.4 vs. 28.9 ± 6.1 s; P < 0.01) and fatty acid oxidation (ETFP) and leak respiration (LN) both became elevated (P < 0.05). Activity of CS and COX did not increase in response to training. Both before and after the HIT period, fast V̇o2 kinetics (low τ values) was associated with large values for ETFP, electron transport system capacity (ETS), and electron flow specific to complex II (CIIP) (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings support that selected measures of mitochondrial function obtained with HRR are important for fast V̇o2 kinetics and better markers than maximal oxidative enzyme activity in describing the speed of the V̇o2 response during moderate-intensity exercise.

USEFULNESS OF Β-HYDROXY-Β-METHYLBUTYRATE (HMB) SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIFFERENT SPORTS: AN UPDATE AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS.

although -hydroxy--methylbutyrate (HMB) is generally marketed as a supplement for increasing muscle mass and strength, it is still not fully understood how and in which particular sports and conditions HMB can be more effective. the primary purpose of this review is to update and summarize the current knowledge about the usefulness of HMB and to organize this information by different sports with specific reference to sports with high wear and tear phenomena as soccer, rugby or football. a search was performed in PubMed database. This review presents the results about HMB use in sport. the articles identified in this review support the notion that HMB could help to attenuate tissue catabolism and initiate muscle anabolism particularly in untrained individuals exposed to strenuous exercise or when trained individual are exposed to periods of high physical stress. HMB could therefore be applied in some specific periods of athlete's season where there are high-intensity training periods, high density of competitions and little recovery time between them, starting recovery phases from an injury period and/or any other different situation where performance or recovery could be affected by a great catabolic environment. this update contributes to clarify and define possible mechanisms and/or effectiveness of HMB supplementation related to endurance sports (i.e. cycling and athletics), strength-power sports (i.e. resistance training, football, rugby, soccer, judo, waterpolo and rowing) and recreational activities.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant status response of handball athletes: Implications for sport training monitoring

The chronic exposure to regular exercise training seems to improve antioxidant defense systems. However, the intense physical training imposed on elite athletes may lead to overtraining associated with oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different training loads and competition on oxidative stress, biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymatic defense in handball athletes during 6-months of monitoring. Ten male elite handball athletes were recruited to the study. Blood samples were collected four times every six weeks throughout the season. During most intense periods of training and competitions there were significant changes in plasma indices of oxidative stress (increased TBARS and decreased thiols). Conversely, chronic adaptations to exercise training demonstrated a significant protective effect against oxidative stress in erythrocyte (decrease in TBARs and carbonyl group levels). Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased, suggesting a training-induced antioxidant adaptation. Biomarkers of skeletal muscle damage were significantly increased during high-intensity training period (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase). No significant changes were observed in plasma IL-6, TNF-α and uric acid, whereas a significant reduction was found in the IL-1β concentration and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. Oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers can change throughout the season in competitive athletes, reflecting the physical stress and muscle damage that occurs as the result of competitive handball training. In addition, these biochemical measurements can be applied in the physiological follow-up of athletes.

Dietary Thiamin and Riboflavin Intake and Blood Thiamin and Riboflavin Concentrations in College Swimmers Undergoing Intensive Training

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of high-intensity physical activity during training on the biochemical status of thiamin and riboflavin in athletes. Thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in whole blood of a group of 19 athletes (6 men and 13 women) were measured during a low-intensity preparatory period and compared with measurements taken during a high-intensity training period. Additional variables measured included anthropometric characteristics, estimated energy expenditure during swim training, distance covered, resting energy expenditure obtained by indirect calorimetry, estimated energy requirement per day, and dietary intake of energy, thiamin, and riboflavin estimated from 3-day food records. For both male and female subjects, no major changes were observed in anthropometric characteristics or dietary intake, but energy expenditure during swim training per day significantly increased in the intensive-training period (496 ± 0 kcal in the preparation period compared with 995 ± 96 kcal in the intensive-training period for male subjects [p < .001] and 361 ± 27 kcal vs. 819 ± 48 kcal, respectively, for female subjects [p < .001]). Blood thiamin concentration decreased significantly during the intensive-training period compared with the preparation period (41 ± 6 ng/ml decreased to 36 ± 3 ng/ml for male subjects [p = .048], and 38 ± 10 ng/ml decreased to 31 ± 5 ng/ml for female subjects [p = .004]); however, the concentration of riboflavin was unchanged. These results suggest that intense training affects thiamin concentration, but not riboflavin concentration, in the whole blood of college swimmers.

Nutrition for winter sports

Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered.

Hormonal Responses to a High-Intensity Training Period in Army Recruits

2047 A decrease in performance and premature fatigue may characterize both overreached and overtrained athletes. However reliable diagnostic markers for distinguishing between well-trained, overreached and overtrained athletes are lacking. Recently, a “two exercise test”-protocol was developed to detect the subtle differences in performance and hormonal response in athletes: overtrained and overreached athletes may show an altered and dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary axis respons to two bouts of exercise. PURPOSE: we followed a group of moderately trained army recruits during their training camp and measured performance and hormonal responses. Methods: Twelve male army recruits (age 22.13, SD 2.61) participated in this study: they were followed during a twelve week training camp that consisted of an eight week para-trooper training period followed by a 4 week more specific commando training. The participants were tested before the training camp (T1) and after eight (T2) and twelve weeks (T3). All recruits performed two maximal incremental exercise tests separated by four hours. Blood was analysed for cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Performance was measured as the time to voluntary exhaustion and calculated as the seconds to perform the graded maximal exercise test. Data were compared with a pared T-test; significant level was set at P<0.05. Results: Both cortisol and ACTH showed decreased levels after the firts exercise bout during the second test period (T2). We also observed a significantly decreasing neuroendocrine respons to the second bout of exercise when the three periods were compared: the decrease in cortisol respons was significantly lower in the third period (T3) when compared with the first (T1) (P = 0,03) and the second (T2) (P = 0,02) period. ACTH responses showed the same pattern (P = 0,04;P = 0,01). There were no significant differences in performance found between the three periods. The decrease at the end of the first exercise bout of the second test period (T2) could be an indication of the acute fatigue due to the intensive last exercise week of the 8 week period. The decrease in respons to the second exercise bout between the the different test periods may be due to a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary axis respons caused by overreaching as performance did not decrease significantly. Conclusion: This study demonstrates clearly a less pronounced neuroendocrine respons (cortisol, ACTH) to a second bout of exercise on the same day in army recruits after a high-intensity training period.

Hormonal Responses to a High-Intensity Training Period in Army Recruits

Hormonal Responses to a High-Intensity Training Period in Army Recruits

Effect of Q10 supplementation on tissue Q10 levels and adenine nucleotide catabolism during high-intensity exercise.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration of ubiquinone-10 (Q10), at rest, in human skeletal muscle and blood plasma before and after a period of high-intensity training with or without Q10 supplementation. Another aim was to explore whether adenine nucleotide catabolism, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial function were affected by Q10 treatment. Seventeen young healthy men were assigned to either a control (placebo) or Q10-supplementation (120 mg/day) group. Q10 supplementation resulted in a significantly higher plasma Q10/total cholesterol level on Days 11 and 20 compared with Day 1. There was no significant change in the concentration of Q10 in skeletal muscle or in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria in either group. Plasma hypoxanthine and uric acid concentrations increased markedly after each exercise test session in both groups. After the training period, the postexercise increase in plasma hypoxanthine was markedly reduced in both groups, but the response was partially reversed after the recovery period. It was concluded that Q10 supplementation increases the concentration of Q10 in plasma but not in skeletal muscle.

Sympathoadrenergic regulation and the adrenoceptor system

We investigated the effects of endurance and high-intensity training periods on the plasma catecholamine (CA) concentration at rest; on the basal alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor density, regulation, and function on circulating cells; and on the cardiovascular adaptation in long-distance runners and swimmers. The findings of each period were compared with those of untrained men. Endurance training of the long-distance runners and the swimmers led both to a reduced sympathetic activity at rest, indicated by lower CA values, and to a lower beta-receptor density and responsiveness on circulating lymphocytes and an increased alpha 2-receptor sensitivity on circulating platelets. During the high-intensity training period beta-receptor density and responsiveness increased, alpha 2-receptor sensitivity normalized, and heart rate as well as blood pressure values increased in both trained groups. The basal sympathetic activity remained reduced, but the norepinephrine-to-epinephrine (NE/EPI) ratio increased. The NE/EPI ratio might play an important part in the regulation of adrenoceptor density during these different training periods. Swimming-specific characteristics caused different physiological impacts compared with running training, but an attenuated baroreceptor sensitivity might be indicated in both intensively trained groups.

Dynamic training and circulating levels of corticotropin-releasing factor, beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin in rheumatoid arthritis

The study aimed at evaluating the effects of a dynamic training program on circulating levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), beta-lipotropin (β-LPH), and beta-endorphin (β-EP) in 8 patients (5 females and 3 males, aged 39–65 years) with classical/definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Blood samples were collected immediately before, in the middle of, and after a 6-week high-intensity training period as well as after a subsequent 1-year period of low-intensity training. In addition, baseline data were obtained 3 weeks before the start of the training program. Use of multivariate analyses of variance, and of analyses of variance of contrast variables, indicated a short-term effect of the high-intensity training program for β-EP with increased levels ( P < 0.05) between the 3rd and the 6th weeks, no significant differences being obtained for CRF or β-LPH here. Corresponding analyses with regard to the combined high and low-intensity training program revealed CRF ( P < 0.01), and β-LPH ( P < 0.01) levels to increase over time, no long-term effect being found for β-EP. Despite the intensity of the dynamic training program, no change was found in pain experience as measured on a visual analogue scale.