High-intensity Training Group Research Articles

Abstract TP110: Impact of High-Intensity Training on Cardiopulmonary and Lipid Profiles in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Cardiovascular comorbidities are highly prevalent in patients who suffer from cerebrovascular disease. Peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak) is a well-established, independent predictor of cardiovascular health and premature mortality. Dyslipidemia also contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease risk. Although previous studies have demonstrated improvements in these parameters with any exercise, the evidence remains inconclusive regarding which exercise intensity offers the greatest benefit. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) with other exercise intensities, including moderate intensity (MIT) and usual activity (UA). Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases for studies comparing HIT with MIT or UA in stroke patients. We evaluated changes from baseline in VO 2 peak, serum LDL, and HDL levels. Additionally, a separate analysis comparing HIT with MIT and UA was conducted for VO 2 peak. Results: A total of eight studies, involving 338 patients, were included in our analysis, with 163 (48%) of these patients undergoing HIT. The pooled analysis revealed that VO 2 peak was significantly higher in the control group compared to the HIT group, with a mean difference (MD) of 2.01 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 0.85-3.18, p < 0.01). Further analysis of four studies comparing HIT with MIT and three studies comparing HIT with UA showed that VO 2 peak was significantly higher following MIT (MD 2.03; 95% CI: 0.70-3.35; p < 0.01) and UA (MD 3.73; 95% CI: 0.87-6.59; p = 0.01). A separate analysis of three studies involving 148 patients showed no significant difference in serum LDL levels (MD 0.51; 95% CI: -0.46-1.49; p = 0.30) or serum HDL levels (MD -0.02; 95% CI: -0.16-0.13; p = 0.83). Conclusion: High-intensity training, based on a moderate sized pooled sample, does not offer superior advantages in changes from baseline in cardiopulmonary parameters compared to different exercise intensities. Future well-structured randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate different exercise intensities and durations for more definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the early data seems to indicate that there are no differences between exercise modalities.

A085: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Meditation on Cognitive Function in Sedentary College Students

Background/Purpose: Prolonged sedentary behavior is prevalent in the daily lives of Chinese college students. Given that college students, as representatives of the younger demographic, confront increased academic, social, and other challenges, it is imperative to explore strategies for enhancing their cognitive function. The principal aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of acute high-intensity interval training combined with meditation on the cognitive function of sedentary college students. Methods: A total of 51 sedentary college students (20.24±2.19) were included in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into high-intensity interval training combined with meditation group, high-intensity interval training group, and control group. Stroop task was used to record the accuracy and reaction times, and a near-infrared spectral brain imaging system was used to monitor the brain's oxy-hemoglobin concentration responses. Results: (1) Stroop task reaction times exhibited a significant main effect for the test phase (F=30.142, p < 0.001, η2=0.386) and a significant interaction between test phase and group (F=7.627, p = 0.001, η2=0.241). Simple effect analysis revealed faster post-test reaction times for both the Combination (F=7.783, p = 0.008, η2=0.140) and HIIT group (F=37.231, p < 0.001, η2=0.437) compared to pre-test. (2) The fNIRS data showed that the activation of channel 7 (F=12.527, p = 0.001, η2=0.207), channel 15 (F=13.742, p = 0.001, η2=0.223) and channel 16 (F=10.529, p = 0.002, η2=0.180) in the acute high-intensity training group was significantly higher than that in the pre-test, and the activation of channel 15 (F=14.832, p < 0.001, η2=0.236) and channel 16 (F=8.605, p = 0.005, η2=0.152) in the combined group was higher than that in the pre-test. Conclusion: Both acute high-intensity interval training combined with meditation and acute high-intensity interval training independently exhibited positive effects on cognitive performance in sedentary college students. Additionally, the combined intervention significantly enhanced the activation levels of factor L-DLPFC, while acute high-intensity interval training significantly increased the activation levels of both factors L-DLPFC and R-FPA. This study found a new intervention method to improve the cognitive performance of sedentary college students.

Effect of blood flow restriction training on insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a pathological condition characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance is hypothesized to underlie metabolic syndrome. Modern studies, including Mendelian randomization, have demonstrated that muscle strength and muscle mass may play an important role in the mechanisms of insulin resistance. Aim. To establish the relationship between relative upper limb muscle strength and triglyceride/glucose index, and to evaluate the effects of different resistance exercise regimens on alternative measures of insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods. At the first stage of the study, 216 men aged from 25 to 50 years were examined. The relative muscle strength of the upper limbs in the bench press exercise and the triglyceride/glucose index were assessed. At the second stage, a randomized controlled trial was conducted, for which 60 men who met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Men with metabolic syndrome were divided into three groups: low-intensity strength training with blood flow restriction (n = 20), high-intensity strength training (n = 20), low-intensity strength training without blood flow restriction (n = 20). Training was carried out 2 times a week for 12 weeks. Before and after the study, the triglycerides/glucose index, the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoproteins, and the combination of the triglycerides/glucose index with body mass index were assessed. Results and discussion. It was found that the relative muscle strength of the upper limbs was inversely proportional to the triglycerides/glucose index (r = –0.52; p 0.05) in the examined men. After 12 weeks of resistance training, statistically significant reductions in triglyceride/glucose index, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and triglyceride/glucose index/body mass index combination were found for the low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training groups (both, p 0,01). Changes in body composition, an increase in the proportion of muscle fibers I and IIa and a decrease in the proportion of muscle fibers IIx, an increase in the activity of glucose transporters, and a decrease in systemic inflammation are the main potential mechanisms for the beneficial effects of resistance training, including in combination with blood flow restriction, on insulin resistance in men with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion. There is an inverse relationship between muscle strength and triglycerides/glucose index; resistance training is an effective and safe tool for reducing alternative indicators of insulin resistance and can be included in comprehensive correction programs for men with metabolic syndrome.

Effects of circuit weight training by intensity on stress hormones and antioxidant capacity in high-school wrestlers.

We aimed to investigate the effects of 8-week circuit weight training by intensity on blood stress hormones and antioxidant capacity in high-school wrestlers. This study involved 27 male wrestlers with >2 years of wrestling experience who were randomly assigned to either a low intensity (n=13) or a high-intensity circuit weight training group (n=14). The participants performed circuit weight training for 60 min per session, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The low- and high-intensity circuit weight training exercises were performed at 50%-60% and 70%-80% of one-repetition maximum for 10 stations, respectively, and 8-15 repeated sessions per station were performed in order. No changes were observed in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels between the two training groups. When compared to levels before the training, ACTH and epinephrine levels decreased, whereas cortisol levels increased. However, no difference was observed in norepinephrine levels. Further, no differences were observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels between the two groups. However, MDA and GPX levels were increased from those before training. Changes in superoxide dismutase levels were observed between the two groups, but the change was significant only in the high-intensity circuit weight training group. Long-term training did not increase lipid peroxidation, but increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes that defend against oxidative stress. The antioxidant defense system in tissues can be regulated by exercise intensity as well as physical training status.

Benefits of inspiratory muscle training therapy in institutionalized adult people with cerebral palsy: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Respiratory health problems are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in adult people with cerebral palsy (CP). The influence of respiratory muscle training has not yet been studied in this population group. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two protocols with inspiratory muscle training (IMT), low intensity and high intensity, to improve respiratory strength and pulmonary function in adults with CP. The study was a controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with allocation concealment. Twenty-seven institutionalized CP patients were recruited and randomly distributed in the high-intensity training group (HIT) or low-intensity training group (LIT). Over 8 weeks, an IMT protocol was followed 5 days/week, 10 series of 1min with 1min rest between them. HIT trained with a load of 40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and LIT with 20%. Respiratory strength and pulmonary function were evaluated. After IMT intervention, MIP, maximum expiratory pressure, forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow increased in both groups; in HIT 29%, 19%, 13%, and 8%, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.002, p=0.001) and in LIT 17%, 7%, 3%, and 4%, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.049, p=0.113). All the improvements were significantly higher in HIT than in LIT. Inspiratory muscle training improved respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in adults with CP. Training with a 40% MIP load improved all the evaluated parameters and was the most effective treatment for adults with CP.

Exploring the Association Between Physical Fitness (High Intensity and Low Intensity) and the Incidence of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comparative Study.

Temporomandibular joint disorders affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated structures. Symptoms include TMJ pain, limited jaw movement, muscle tenderness, and referred pain. Physical activity can alleviate musculoskeletal pain. This study explored the link between physical fitness (high and low intensity) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) incidence. Sixty patients were divided into three groups in this comparative study. Group I underwent 30 minutes of high-intensity aerobic training. Group II had 30 minutes of low-intensity yoga sessions weekly. Group III received health education. TMD was diagnosed using the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI). Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Of the participants, 38.1% were males and 61.9% were females. TMD severity was mild (25.0%), moderate (55.0%), and severe (20.0%). High-intensity training groups had higher TMD symptom severity than low-intensity groups (p = 0.001). VAS scores increased in group I and decreased in group II (significant). PSEQ scores decreased in group I and increased significantly in group II. Group III showed no significant differences in PSEQ scores. High-intensity training resulted in moderate TMD symptoms. Low-intensity training was beneficial for TMD pain. The study recommends combining low-intensity physical workouts with medications to alleviate TMD.

The effect of low-intensity suspension training with blood flow restriction on GH, IGF-1, and their association with physical fitness in young women.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) has been incorporated in resistance training for over 20 years. We aimed to investigate the impact of low-intensity suspension training with BFR (LIST+BFR) on GH, IGF-1, and their association with physical fitness in young women. Thirty-six active women participated and were randomly assigned to either the high-intensity suspension training (HIST), LIST+BFR, or control (CON) groups. Training groups exercised three sessions weekly for 8 weeks. The CON only engaged in regular physical activity. Fasting serum hormones and physical fitness were assessed 48 h before and after the training intervention. GH and IGF-1 levels significantly higher in the LIST+BFR compared to the HIST and CON. These hormones were significantly higher by HIST, compared to CON. LIST+BFR led to significant enhancements in muscular strength and endurance compared to HIST and CON. Additionally, HIST significantly higher than compared to CON. Sprinting and agility time lower in both suspension training groups rather than the CON. No significant between-groups differences were found in weight. There was a large or moderate correlation between GH and IGF-1 and muscular strength, endurance, sprint, and agility performance. LIST+BFR could more enhanced GH, IGF-1, and muscular strength and endurance in females than HIST.

Different levels of continuous training improve echocardiographic parameters, quality of life, and functional capacity in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients

Abstract Background Various comorbidities and physiological alterations contribute to the complexity of heart failure conditions, influencing the optimal approach to exercise-based rehabilitation. Purpose This study sought to investigate and compare the effects of continuous training at three distinct intensities, specifically examining left ventricular (LV) remodeling, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods In a randomized control trial, 60 male patients (mean age: 54.33 ± 2.35 years) diagnosed with HFrEF were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) High-Intensity Continuous Training group (HICT), 2) Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training group (MICT), and 3) Low-Intensity Continuous Training group (LICT). All participants underwent training on a bicycle ergometer three times per week for 12 weeks. Echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)), quality of life (assessed through the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (measured by the 6-minute walking test) were evaluated before and after the study. Results The HICT group exhibited the most significant improvements in all assessed variables compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). These findings were consistently observed across all measured outcomes. Conclusion It was deduced that High-Intensity Continuous Training (HICT) emerged as the most advantageous approach in enhancing echocardiographic measures, NT-proBNP levels, quality of life, and functional capacity among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

The effect of different types of swimming intensity on increasing serum bone specific-alkaline phosphatase levels of obese male mice (Mus Musculus)

Obesity can interfere with the bone remodeling process, training is one solution to protect bone density. However, training and its intensity on bone remodeling through the biomarker Bone Specific-Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) with obesity is still not widely studied so it is still unclear its effectiveness. The experimental study involved 24 mice (Mus musculus) that were induced with 30% fructose once a day for 60 days. Mice were grouped into 4 groups according to the intensity of training, namely the control group without training (K1), low intensity with a load of 3% body weight (K2), moderate intensity with a load of 5% body weight (K3), while high intensity was carried out with a load of 7% body weight for 70% (K4) of the maximum duration. All training sessions with a frequency of 3 times/week, and then a post-test comparison examination of BALP levels was carried out. The average number of BALP levels (ng/mL) in each group post-test, the control group had a result of 15.77±3.10, for the provision of low-intensity training with a value of 13.92±2.23, while for the moderate intensity training group of 13.11±1.67, for the highest increase was in high-intensity training with a value of 21.10±3.70. Based on the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test, the post hoc high-intensity training group was significantly different from other groups (p ≤ 0.05). All types of training intensity analyzed in this study increased BALP levels, especially in the high-intensity training group which had a very significant increase in BALP levels. Therefore, training and its intensity affect bone metabolism increase. Keywords: Aerobic Training, BALP, Obesity, Swimming, Training intensity.

Long-Term High-Intensity Plyometric Training Increases Muscle Strength and Power of The Lower Body in Young Healthy Males

This research aims to effect of long-term high-intensity plyometric training on the strength and power of the lower body muscles in young healthy males. A total of 40 healthy men, aged 20–24 years, with no history of chronic disease, were recruited to become research subjects and were divided into 2 groups: the control group (CTRL; n=20) and the high-intensity plyometric training group (HIPT; n=20). The intervention was carried out for six weeks, with a frequency of four times per week. Meanwhile, at CTRL, no special training is given. Measurements of muscle strength and power were carried out between the pretest and posttest. The data analysis technique uses a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5%. The results showed the average muscle strength between the pretest and posttest on CTRL (117.75±19.39 to 118.55±16.27 kg, p=0.704), and HIPT (116.55±19.64 to 132.25±19.15 kg, p=0.000). Muscle power between the pretest and posttest on CTRL (52.10±6.95 to 52.70±6.53 cm, p=0.055), and HIPT (53.05±6.72 to 66.85±8.07 cm, p=0.000). This research proves that long-term high-intensity plyometric training increases lower-body muscle strength and power in healthy young males. Keywords: Muscle strength, muscle power, physical condition, physical performance, plyometric training.

Interval Versus Continuous Intradialytic Training on Muscle Quality Index and Functional Capacity in Hemodialysis Patients: a Prospective Randomized Clinical Study

INTRODUCTION. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important health well-being problem globally, with increasing incidence. That tends to create an “epidemic”. Generalized muscle weakness in hemodialysis patients typically affects the lower limbs and proximal muscles. Patients experience impaired endurance and quality of life. Exercise is prescribed for these individuals to improve their physical health and prevent disease consequences. AIM. To find out the effect of interval versus continuous intradialytic training on muscle quality index and functional capacity in Hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty men with chronic renal insufficiency grade 5 on hemodialysis aged from 45 to 55 years were divided into two groups using computerized block randomization: Groups (A) and (B) each containing 30 patients. They underwent 8-week program of high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) intradialytic pedaling exercise plus hemodialysis three times per week. Pre-test and post-test evaluations have been carried out for 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and muscle quality index (MQI) of all patients. RESULTS. Both groups had a significant positive improvement in MQI and 6MWT with different proportions, patients received high intensity interval intradialytic pedaling exercise had a slightly significant improvement in MQI compared to moderate intensity continuous training group. While, moderate intensity training group had a more significant improvement in 6MWT compared to high intensity training group. CONCLUSION. Both HIIT and MICT are realistic and good options for individuals with CKD and have parallel profits on functional capability and, skeletal muscle quality and overall quality of life.

Effects of Exercise Intensities on Changes in Pro-/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines following 8-weeks of Aerobic Exercise Training

Inflammatory cytokines are useful biomarkers in predicting the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and may be positively affected by physical activity and weight loss. Despite much interest in chronic low-level inflammation in the obese population, effects of aerobic training intensity on inflammatory cytokines remain elusive. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of 8-week aerobic exercise training at high and low intensities on changes in pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: Fifty three inactive obese Hispanic females (mean BMI = 34.5 kg/m2, aged 34-46 years) were divided into one of three groups: low intensity training group (LT: walking at 55% VO2max, n=16), high intensity training group (HT: running at 70% VO2max, n=18), and control group (CON: no intervention, n=19). LT and HT performed aerobic exercises three times per week at the given intensities. Exercise volume for two exercise groups was equated relative to kilograms of body weight by adjusting duration of exercise session (approximately 60 minutes for LT and 40 minutes for HT per session). Blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks of intervention to measure levels of adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for data analysis. Results: Level of adiponectin showed no significant change in any groups after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention. A significant decrease in CRP was observed in the HT group only (4.12 ±.26mg/L mean±SE → 3.89±.37, P=.041), but levels of TNF-a were significantly decreased in both LT (4.57±.24pg/mL → 4.14±.31, P=.019) and HT (4.54±.25 → 4.02±.41, P=.011). No changes were observed in CON. CONCLUSIONS: Significant decreases in CRP and TNF-a were found following high intensity aerobic exercise training while low intensity training reduced TNF-a only. The greater changes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HT indicates high intensity aerobic exercise training may be more beneficial than low intensity training. Specifically, for controlling low-grade inflammation and immune function in obese Hispanic females. This study confirmed results of previous studies suggesting that longer period of exercise training with distinct fat loss may be required to induce significant changes in adiponectin in obese adults. TAMIU university research grant. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The adaptation of glucose levels to high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity training methods in obese male adolescents

This study aimed to show the effectiveness of high-intensity training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity training (MIT) on glucose levels in obese adolescents. This research was a true experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. Treatment in the form of HIIT and MIT was given to the sample for four weeks. While the control group was not given any treatment. The Glucose Oxsidase – Peroxidase Aminoantypirin (GOD PAP) reagent tested glucose levels using a venous sugar blood test. The treatment was conducted at the Bung Hatta Ngawi Sports Center, East Java, Indonesia. This study used 45 obese male adolescents with type 1 body mass index of 25-29 kg/m2. Forty-five samples were divided into three groups, including 15 MIT groups, 15 HIIT groups, and 15 controls. The data analysis test used ANOVA using SPSS V.26 with a significance of 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference in glucose levels before and after the treatment (p=0.000). HIIT was better than MIT, with a pre and post-test difference of 33.35 (HIIT) and 23.20 (MIT) respectively. HIIT with a maximum intensity of 80% was the right choice as an alternative treatment for obesity during a pandemic. The results of the study can be concluded that HIIT was more effective in influencing glucose levels in obese adolescents than MIT.

The Effect of Continuous Aerobic and High-Intensity Interval Training on Some Physical Fitness Factors in Young Football Players

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval training on some physical fitness factors in young football players. Methods and Materials: For this purpose, 45 young football players from Hamadan were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 15: the continuous high-intensity aerobic training group (three sessions per week, at 90-95% of maximum heart rate), the high-intensity interval training group (three days per week, 30 minutes of high-intensity training, 30 minutes of rest), and the control group. At the beginning and after the completion of the 6-week training protocol, factors such as sprint speed test, 4x9 shuttle run agility test, and explosive leg power test were measured. The collected data were then analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) with pre-test values as the covariate and pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS version 26, with a significance level of less than 0.05. Findings: The results showed significant differences in all physical fitness factors among all groups compared to the control group and among the groups themselves. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both continuous high-intensity aerobic training and high-intensity interval training likely lead to significant improvements in physical fitness factors, with continuous aerobic training potentially resulting in greater improvements. However, further research is needed for more precise examination.

Dose-response effects of exercise on mental health in community-dwelling older adults: Exploration of genetic moderators

Background/Objective(1) Examine the role of exercise intensity on mental health symptoms in a community-based sample of older adults. (2) Explore the moderating role of genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) on the effects of exercise on mental health symptoms. MethodThis study is a secondary analysis of a three-arm randomized controlled trial, comparing the effects of 6 months of high-intensity aerobic training vs. moderate-intensity aerobic training vs. a no-contact control group on mental health symptoms assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and APOE ε4 carrier status were explored as genetic moderators of exercise effects on mental health symptoms. ResultsThe exercise intervention did not influence mental health symptoms. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism did not moderate intervention effects on mental health symptoms. APOE ε4 carrier status moderated the effect of intervention group on perceived stress over 6 months, such that APOE ε4 carriers, but not non-carriers, in the high-intensity aerobic training group showed a decline in perceived stress over 6 months. ConclusionsAPOE ε4 carrier status may modify the benefits of high-intensity exercise on perceived stress such that APOE ε4 carriers show a greater decline in stress as a result of exercise relative to non-APOE ε4 carriers.

The impact of exercise intensity on depression in fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-74pcmw, RBR-74pcmw.

Comparing low volume of blood flow restricted to high-intensity resistance training of the finger flexors to maintain climbing-specific strength and endurance: a crossover study.

It is acknowledged that training during recovery periods after injury involves reducing both volume and intensity, often resulting in losses of sport-specific fitness. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) and low-intensity training with blood flow restriction (LIT + BFR) of the finger flexors in order to preserve climbing-specific strength and endurance. In a crossover design, thirteen intermediate climbers completed two 5-week periods of isometric finger flexors training on a hangboard. The trainings consisted of ten LIT + BFR (30% of max) or HIT sessions (60% of max without BFR) and were undertaken in a randomized order. The training session consisted of 6 unilateral sets of 1 min intermittent hanging at a 7:3 work relief ratio for both hands. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), force impulse from the 4 min all out test (W), critical force (CF) and force impulse above the critical force (W') of the finger flexors were assessed before, after the first, and after the second training period, using a climbing-specific dynamometer. Forearm muscle oxidative capacity was estimated from an occlusion test using near-infrared spectroscopy at the same time points. Both training methods led to maintaining strength and endurance indicators, however, no interaction (P > 0.05) was found between the training methods for any strength or endurance variable. A significant increase (P = 0.002) was found for W, primarily driven by the HIT group (pretest-25078 ± 7584 N.s, post-test-27327 ± 8051 N.s, P = 0.012, Cohen's d = 0.29). There were no significant (P > 0.05) pre- post-test changes for MVC (HIT: Cohen's d = 0.13; LIT + BFR: Cohen's d = -0.10), CF (HIT: Cohen's d = 0.36; LIT + BFR = 0.05), W` (HIT: Cohen's d = -0.03, LIT + BFR = 0.12), and forearm muscle oxidative capacity (HIT: Cohen's d = -0.23; LIT + BFR: Cohen's d = -0.07). Low volume of BFR and HIT led to similar results, maintaining climbing-specific strength and endurance in lower grade and intermediate climbers. It appears that using BFR training may be an alternative approach after finger injury as low mechanical impact occurs during training.

Effects of adding high-intensity training during an 8-week period on maximal oxygen uptake in 12-year-old youth athletes.

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max ) increases during adolescence parallel to the increase in fat-free mass (FFM). How much endurance training adds to this effect is still controversial. Our aim was to investigate if inclusion of high-intensity training (HIT) during an 8-week training period was superior to low-intensity strength and coordination training in 12-year-old youth athletes concerning the effect on V̇O2max . Thirty-five cross-country skiers were randomized into a HIT group (ET) and a strength and coordination group (SC), while 29 less active peers served as controls for growth and maturation (C). Anthropometrics and V̇O2max were assessed before and after the training period, and level of physical activity and training were monitored with accelerometers, training logs and a questionnaire. The number of weekly training sessions were higher for ET (4.6 ± 1.2) and SC (4.1 ± 1.0) compared with C (1.8 ± 2.0) (p < 0.01), with only ET conducting HIT sessions (1.9 ± 0.2 per week). C spent more time sedentary and less time in moderate and vigorous activity compared with ET (p < 0.05). All groups had a similar %-change pre-post in absolute V̇O2max (mL min-1 ) of 6% ± 6% for ET (p < 0.01), 5% ± 7 for SC (p = 0.14), and 5% ± 13% for C (p = 0.03), with no significant differences between groups. V̇O2max relative to FFM did not change significantly for any groups. The change in V̇O2max paralleled the change in FFM for all groups, questioning the effect of HIT on V̇O2max over an 8-week period in youth athletes.

Effects of blood flow restriction training on bone turnover markers, microstructure, and biomechanics in rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction training on muscle strength, bone tissue structure material, and biomechanical properties in rats applying various exercise interventions and to analyze the process by identifying the bone turnover markers, it provides a theoretical basis for the application of BFRT in clinical rehabilitation. A total of 24, 3-month-old male SD (Sprague Dawley) rats were randomly divided into pressurized control group (CON, n=6), low-intensity training group (LIRT, n=6), high-intensity training group (HIRT, n=6), and blood flow restriction training group (LIBFR, n=6) for 8-week ladder-climbing exercises. The pressured control group were given only ischemia treatments and did not undertake any burden. The low-intensity training group was allowed to climb the ladder with 30% of the maximum voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC). The rats in the high-intensity training group were allowed to climb the ladder with 70% MVCC. The blood flow restriction training group climbed the ladder with 30% MVCC while imposing blood flow restriction. Before sampling, the final MVCC was measured using a ladder-climbing protocol with progressively increasing weight loading. The serum, muscle, and bone were removed for sampling. The concentrations of the bone turnover markers PINP, BGP, and CTX in the serum were measured using ELISA. The bone mineral density and microstructure of femur bones were measured using micro-CT. Three-point bending and torsion tests were performed by a universal testing machine to measure the material mechanics and structural mechanics indexes of the femur bone. The results of maximum strength test showed that the MVCC in LIRT, HIRT, and LIBFR groups was significantly greater than in the CON group, while the MVCC in the HIRT group was significantly higher than that in the LIRT group (P<0.05). According to the results of the bone turnover marker test, the concentrations of bone formation indexes PINP (amino-terminal extension peptide of type I procollagen) and BGP (bone gla protein) were significantly lower in the CON group than in the HIRT group (P<0.01), while those were significantly higher in the LIRT group compared to the HIRT group (P<0.01). In terms of bone resorption indexes, significant differences were identified only between the HIRT and other groups (P<0.05). The micro-CT examination revealed that the HIRT group had significantly greater bone density index values than the CON and LIRT groups (P<0.05). The results of three-point bending and torsion test by the universal material testing machine showed that the elastic modulus and maximum load indexes of the HIRT group were significantly smaller than those of the LIBFR group (P<0.05). The fracture load indexes in the HIRT group were significantly smaller than in the LIBFR group (P<0.05). 1. LIRT, HIRT, LIBFR, and CON all have significant differences, and this training helps to improve maximum strength, with HIRT being the most effective. 2. Blood flow restriction training can improve the expression of bone turnover markers, such as PINP and BGP, which promote bone tissue formation. 3. Blood flow restriction training can improve muscle strength and increase the positive development of bone turnover markers, thereby improving bone biomechanical properties such as bone elastic modulus and maximum load.

Different Continuous Training Intensities Improve Echocardiographic Parameters, Quality of Life, and Functional Capacity in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Multiple comorbidities and physiological changes play a role in a range of heart failure conditions and influence the most effective approach to exercise-based rehabilitation. This research aimed to examine and compare the outcomes of continuous training at three different intensities, focusing on left ventricular (LV) remodeling, functional capacity, and quality of life among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In this randomized control trial, a total of 60 male patients (average age: 54.33 ±2.35 years) with HFrEF were randomly allocated into three groups: 1) High-intensity continuous training group (HICT), 2) Moderate-intensity continuous training group (MICT), and 3) Low-intensity continuous training group (LICT). All the training was performed on a bicycle ergometer 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (6-minute walking test) were assessed before and the end of the study. The HICT group demonstrated the greatest improvements in all measured variables when compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). These findings were consistent across all measured outcomes. It was determined that HICT appears to yield the most favorable outcomes in enhancing echocardiographic measures, NT-proBNP levels, quality of life, and functional capacity among HFrEF patients.