High-intensity Sports Research Articles

Image Recognition of Sports Athletes' High-Intensity Sports Injuries Based on Binocular Stereo Vision.

Sports athletes are prone to certain injuries during high-intensity exercise training. In the process of treating an injury, images of the injury site need to be collected and identified. However, the traditional recognition method cannot effectively extract the features of the image. At the same time, it ignores the optimization of the damage image recognition results, resulting in low recognition accuracy and poor efficiency. Binocular stereo vision technology can quickly and accurately detect moving objects. Therefore, in order to more accurately identify high-intensity sports injury images, this study takes the high-intensity sports injury images as the basic research object. Several processes of image processing based on binocular stereo vision are analyzed, and the vulnerable parts of the body in high-intensity sports are also studied. Finally, the method in this study is verified. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this study reduces the average error rate by 0.19% compared with the traditional recognition method. It can effectively identify and detect injury images, thereby improving the accuracy and stability of sports injury image identification. The identification time is also shortened accordingly, which has certain practicability and feasibility. In addition, the binocular camera used in this study has high accuracy, and the obtained images of sports injuries are of good quality, which lays a foundation for image detection and recognition.

Physical Fitness Recovery of Athletes Based on High-Intensity Sports Intermittent Training.

Baseball itself is a new sport. In the process of training, teachers often use traditional training methods, which leads to unsatisfactory training results. High-intensity intermittent and intensive interval training can better improve the efficiency of athletes' oxidation and energy supply and ultimately play a positive role in improving athletes' performance. This paper takes the influence of high-intensity and intensive interval training on the special endurance of baseball players as the research object. A series of functional training programs are developed through adaptive training, testing, coordination training, and recovery training. Through the use of experimental means to understand the influence of high-intensity interval training and intensive interval training on the physical fitness of baseball players, the paper is aimed at providing ways and means to improve the physical fitness level of baseball players in the future. Based on the experimental test data, functional training is different from traditional training methods to make up for the lack of training research. It is to improve the competitive ability of our baseball players and promote the development of our baseball. It plays an active role in improving the specific endurance, speed, and intermittent endurance of baseball players.

Cardiac morphology changes in horses as a response to various types of sports

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular problems can cause poor performance and sudden cardiac death during high-intensity competitions in athletics both humans and horses. A cardiac examination is one of the most important parameters used to define cardiac performance and cardiovascular diseases in sports horses. Some studies look at the cardiac morphology of horses from racing, eventing, endurance, and dressage. However, there is no information directly comparing these sports on the cardiac response. The objective was to evaluate the cardiac response of horses to various types of sports. Forty-eight horses were enrolled in this study and divided into 4 groups according to the type of sport: 12 control nonathlete horses, 12 show-jumping horses, 12 dressage horses, and 12 endurance horses. Electrocardiography with modified precordial leads was used to obtain electrophysiological heart function, and transthoracic echocardiography was evaluated. There were no significant differences among the groups concerning mean age and body weight. The electrocardiography and echocardiography results suggested that left ventricular internal diameter was highly associated with long-duration high-intensity exercise, such as endurance sports, and left ventricular wall thickness was significantly associated with short-duration high-intensity sports, such as show jumping. This study demonstrated exercise-induced cardiac morphology changes in each type of sports training.

A repeated shuttle sprint test with female and male international field hockey players is reliable and associated with single sprint but not intermittent endurance performance.

Field hockey is a high-intensity intermittent team sport that has recently undergone a series of rule changes that have resulted in a greater demand for repeated high-intensity movements. Coaches and practitioners now require a reliable assessment of repeated accelerations, decelerations and changes of direction to assess these important match qualities. This investigation assessed the test-retest reliability of a novel 6x40m repeated shuttle sprint test (20m + 20m with a 180° turn) and its association with 40m straight line sprint and YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test performance in 28 International field hockey players (n = 14 females and n = 14 males). The sum of 6 sprint times (SUM) demonstrated ‘excellent’ (ICC = 0.94 and CV = 0.59%) and ‘good’ (ICC = 0.84 and CV = 0.75%) reliability in females and males, respectively. Best sprint time during the repeated shuttle sprint test also demonstrated suitable reliability to evaluate field hockey physical performance (ICC = 0.92 & 0.76, CV = 0.76% & 1.00% in females and males, respectively). SUM was significantly associated with 40 m straight line sprint performance in females (r = 0.90; p<0.001) and males (r = 0.92; p<0.001), but only a weak association was found with YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test performance for either group (r = 0.20; p = 0.495 & r = -0.19; p = 0.525 in females and males, respectively). In summary, field hockey testing batteries that include a repeated shuttle sprint test should consider including a test of intermittent endurance. Further, changes in SUM greater than 1.0% can be confidently interpreted by coaches and practitioners as a real change for both female and male elite field hockey players.

Autonomic Nervous System Indices of Player Readiness During Elite-Level Rugby Union Game-Week Microcycles.

Grainger, A, Heffernan, S, Waldron, M, and Sawczuk, T. Autonomic nervous system indices of player readiness during elite-level rugby union game-week microcycles. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3173-3178, 2022-Elite-level rugby union (RU) is a high-intensity contact sport that involves large training and match volumes across a season, which can lead to postmatch fatigue. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and perceived fatigue have been suggested to relate to measures of training and match load in RU. However, there have been no studies to assess specific ANS variables in elite RU during in-season microcycles. Player readiness during game-week microcycles was measured via heart rate variability (HRV) indices, direct current potential and self-reported well-being among 13, elite, male RU players. To enable comparison, data collection days were categorized in relation to their proximity to match day, ranging from match day minus 3 (MD - 3), to match day plus 3 (MD + 3). Differences between match days were evaluated using general linear models and Cohen's d effect sizes. There were significant differences between MD and MD + 1 for ANS indices (RMSSD p = 0.04, d = -0.66, 95% CI 0.11-1.20; the standard deviation of NN intervals p = 0.04, d = -0.66, 95% CI 0.12-1.20; total power p = 0.05, d = -0.65, 95% CI 0.11-1.20) and wellness measures (readiness p = 0.18; d = -2.33, 95% CI, 1.54-3.13; energy p = 0.02; d = -2.24, 95% CI 1.44-3.03; soreness p = 0.00; d = -2.42, 95% CI 1.63-3.23). Match day plus 3 effects were significantly greater than MD + 1 in several ANS responses, with wellness recovering at a slower time-course than ANS responses. Measures of HRV are dysregulated postmatch, but based on their rapid recovery thereafter, using HRV to assess readiness of elite-level players in RU across a weekly microcycle could be limited and requires further investigation.

Potential triggering factors associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A large single-center retrospective study.

Controlling blood pressure levels is critical to preventing intracranial aneurysm rupture, and a summary review of induced rupture events allows better health education for patients. We retrospectively reviewed all medical records of consecutive patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) admitted to Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 2015 to 2020. We collected patients’ demographic information, aneurysm morphology, blood pressure level on admission, time to onset, and events at the time of aneurysm rupture to analyze the factors precipitating aneurysmal rupture. A total of 764 patients were enrolled for analysis, including 461 (60.3%) female patients and 303 (39.7%) male patients. The mean age of onset in this cohort was 55, and 465 (60.9%) patients had hypertension history. Autumn (245/764 [32.1%]) was the most frequent season for aneurysm rupture, and 07:00–12:59 (277/764 [36.3%]) was the most frequent time frame for aneurysm rupture. The five most prevalent events when aneurysm rupture happened were: (1) daily behaviors that may induce hypertension (181/764 [23.7%]), especially defecation or micturition (116/181 [64.1%]); (2) sporting (162/764 [21.2%]), especially high‐intensity sports (108/162 [66.7%]); (3) mood and mental factors (112/764 [14.7%]), especially arguing or quarreling (61/112 [54.5%]); (4) sudden postural changes (93/764 [12.2%]), especially getting up (69/93 [74.2%]); and (5) sleeping (72/764 [9.4%]). Patients should avoid behaviors that may cause fluctuations in blood pressure, including keeping warm during seasonal alternation, keeping their urine and defecation unobstructed, avoiding high intensity physical exercise, maintaining a happy mood, avoiding sudden postural changes, and should not bathe with too cold or too hot water.

Is there a biomechanical “Rule of Thirds” after ACL injury and reconstruction?

Purpose and objectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical outcomes of patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) deficiency or insufficiency and ACL reconstruction and to determine if they follow a biomechanical “Rule of Thirds.” Background and principle resultsThe Cincinnati Group reported nearly four decades ago that approximately one-third of patients do not experience a decline in biomechanical function in the absence of an ACL, one-third adapt their biomechanics to avoid knee symptoms, and one-third of patients do not adapt biomechanically to the loss of their ACL in order to function during activities of daily living without pain, swelling and giving way episodes. Subsequently, three decades ago the San Diego Group developed the Surgical Risk Factor (SURF) algorithm, which was designed to prospectively classify the biomechanics of patients who are ACL deficient. These classification systems have also delineated patient function into three categories. Currently, especially over the last decade, a growing body of work has documented that the incidence of second ACL injuries is consistent with the division of patient function by thirds. Approximately one-third of young, active individuals who return to high intensity sports sustain a second injury to either the ipsi- or contralateral knee. Summary and major conclusionsIn this Biomechanics focused article in the Journal of Orthopedics, the authors describe differential patient outcomes with a Rule of Thirds concept, including the original study performed by our former group in Cincinnati and the SURF algorithm out of San Diego, the authors also present second ACL injury rates and how they are consistent with the Rule of Thirds, as well as the biomechanical implications for patient care.

HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE IMPROVES THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF ORGAN FUNCTION

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity is accomplished by the coordination of various organ systems of the human body, and physical exercise can positively impact the activities of many of these systems. Because the impact of high-intensity sports on human organs is different according to the environmental temperature and exercise intensity, we must make more detailed observations and discussions. Objective: To analyze the changes in the body shape, function, and organ function of middle school students before and after high-intensity physical exercise through the study of human movement. Methods: Through the experimental research on the characteristics of metabolic gas exchanges in high-intensity incremental load exercise of college students. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of physiological reactions shown by the students who underwent high-intensity incremental load exercise, such as abdominal pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, and muscle aches (P&lt;0.05). Hypothermia was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate during exercise. Conclusion: Carrying out overload training can effectively mediate physiological functions. It is an important, in improving sports performance, to carry out warm-up activities in a low-temperature environment to increase body temperature. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Nutritional Intake and Training Load of Professional Female Football Players during a Mid-Season Microcycle.

Football (soccer) is a high-intensity intermittent sport with large energy demands. In a repeated-measures design, we analysed the nutritional intake and training load of fourteen female football players (22.50 ± 4.38 y; 57.23 ± 8.61 kg; 164 ± 6.00 cm; 18.33 ± 2.48% of fat mass and 23.71 ± 2.51 kg of muscle mass) competing in the highest female Football Portuguese League across a typical mid-season microcycle. The microcycle had one match day (MD), one recovery session (two days after the MD, MD+2), three training sessions (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1) and two rest days (MD+1). Energy intake and CHO (g.kg.BW−1) intake were lower on the days before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p < 0.05; ES: 0.60–1.30). Total distance, distance covered at high-speed running (HSRD) and the high metabolic distance load (HMLD) were lower on MD+2, MD-3 and MD-1 compared with MD (p < 0.05; ES: <0.2–5.70). The internal training load was lower in all training sessions before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p ≤ 0.01; ES: 1.28–5.47). Despite the small sample size and a single assessment in time, the results suggest that caloric and CHO intake were below the recommendations and were not structured based on the physical requirements for training sessions or match days.

An Assessment of the Early Symptoms of Energy Deficiency as a Female Athlete Triad Risk among the Polish National Kayaking Team Using LEAF-Q.

Background: Kayaking is a high intensity sport that demands high levels of aerobic and anaerobic capacity as well as a great deal of strength and endurance. The aim of this study was an assessment of the frequency of occurrence of early low energy availability symptoms using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire for women belonging to the Polish national kayaking team. Additionally, quantitative measurements of body composition and levels of calcium were performed. Methods: The study involved 33 women who were competitors in the Polish national kayaking team. Results: An analysis of the results in terms of disorders in the monthly cycle in the tested kayakers found that only five competitors, approximately 15% of the entire group, had this type of problem. Between the participants who had disorders of the menstrual cycle and those whose cycle was normal, there was only a statistically significant difference at the level of p < 0.001 in relation to the age of the kayakers. Conclusions: The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire proved to be a useful screening tool, which allowed for the early detection of Female Athlete Triad symptoms in several young female kayakers from the Polish national team.

Application of Biomaterials in Tendon Injury Healing and Adhesion in Sports.

High-intensity sports make tendon injury of professional athletes occur frequently. However, tendon adhesion in the healing process of tendon injury seriously affects the normal functional training of athletes after rehabilitation. Therefore, based on the theory of tendon injury healing, the MRDM image data of tendon injury healing are obtained by using medical image analysis technology, and the useless image data are screened by using the RANSAC algorithm. Through the analysis of filtered MRDM image data, it is found that the application of biomaterials has a positive effect on promoting the stable healing of tendon. A multilevel model was used to evaluate the actual effect of several commonly used biomaterials in repairing tendon injury and adhesion. The results showed that sodium hyaluronate had the best repair effect on tendon injury.

Diagnostics of tissue involved injury occurrence of top-level judokas during the competition: suggestion for prevention.

BackgroundJudo, as a high-intensity contact sport, may lead to the occurrence of injuries, especially in competitions. This work aims to assess the likelihood of soft and hard tissue injuries in top-level judokas during competition with defining factors that determine the probability of injury occurrence.MethodsThe injuries that occurred in 123 official international competitions from 2005–2019 were recorded by the European Judo Union (EJU) Medical Commission as a survey that was a part of the EJU Injury Registration form with internal consistency shown by a Crombach Alpha of 0.69. This survey data identified factors such as: sex, anatomical localisation of injury, type of injury, tissue involved and mechanisms of the injury. A total of 650 tissue injuries were reported correctly in terms of tissue injury definition.ResultsThe most frequent soft tissue injury (STI) reported was a ligament STI (48.15%), closely followed by skin STI (12.15%) and muscles STI (11.38%). In turn, the most frequent hard tissue injury occurred in bones (8.56%). The highest rates of injuries occurred during the fight in the standing position (78%). Injuries in the standing position mainly occurred while executing a throw (25.85%) and followed by the attempt to throw, i.e., the action of reaching the throwing position (22.30%), grip fighting (15.07%), and during falls (14.77%). Opposite to this, fight in groundwork reached only 18.30% soft and hard tissue injuries combined. The ongoing registration of injuries during judo combat and training and the early diagnosis of risk factors for injuries are the basis for the development of effective strategies for injury prevention and further treatment.

Match Analysis, Physical Training, Risk of Injury and Rehabilitation in Padel: Overview of the Literature.

Padel is a racket sport that has been gaining great popularity and scientific interest in recent years. It could be considered to be a high-intensity intermittent sport with valuable cardiovascular and neuromuscular benefits; however, the risk of injury cannot be neglected. To date, there is still a gap of knowledge in the scientific literature on this emergent sport. Therefore, the present review aims to synthetize the current knowledge on padel game dynamics to better characterize the main risk factors, the injury rate and characteristics, and the most effective rehabilitative treatment strategies. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and PEDro were screened up to January 2022 to identify eligible studies focusing on padel players as participants. Out of 160 records, we included 19 studies, which were focused on match analysis, anthropometric and physical training, the risk of injury, and rehabilitative interventions. The results showed that the high action velocity and the sudden changes in direction during a padel match could represent a risk factor for injuries, especially in untrained players. However, the high heterogeneity of the studies in the literature hinders our ability to draw any strong conclusions, and the results should be carefully considered. Future research should address the lack of knowledge on injury mechanisms and type to implement a tailored rehabilitation program.

Influence of cupping treatment on high-intensity anaerobic performance

The use of cupping therapy prior to sports events has increased in popularity, with limited evidence to support its efficacy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dry and wet cupping therapy on subsequent Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) performance. Twelve trained men participated in this repeated-measures randomized crossover study (age 24.9 ± 4.8 years; body mass index 27.6 ± 14.3 kg.m-2). Participants were familiarized with the ergometer and the Wingate anaerobic test on three separate occasions. They then randomly performed three experimental Wingate tests separated by 48-72 h after either dry cupping (DRY), wet cupping (WET), or no treatment (CON). Repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to analyze data and determine the relationships between WAnT and peak lactate and heart rate (HR). Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) were similar in all treatments (p=.47-.72). Heart rate (HR) and lactate increased similarly at all time points in all treatments (p&amp;lt;.001 for all comparisons). Post-WAnT peak HR was moderately, negatively correlated with PP in all treatments and MP in CON only (p&amp;lt;.05 for all correlations). No other significant correlations were detected. The present findings demonstrate no beneficial effects of wet and dry cupping therapy, and hence do not support its use prior to high-intensity anaerobic sports events.

Impact of hamstring flexibility on functional performance of collegiate football players

Introduction: Football is the most popular high-intensity intermittent team sport that requires speed, strength, agility, and endurance. During official matches, elite football players perform 150–250 short-lasting, energy-demanding intense actions interspersed with periods of low-intensity jogging or running. Collegiate football programs place great importance on controlling player's body weight, body composition, muscle strength, and length. Of all the muscle strains associated with competitive sport, hamstring strains are the most common and problematic. Objectives: To determine the correlation between hamstring flexibility and functional performance of collegiate football players.Methods: 100 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Once the baseline data was collected the subject's hamstring flexibility was assessed by the Active knee extension test (AKE) and limb length was measured. Subjects were then asked to perform Illinois Agility Test, 30m Sprint Test and Wall Mount test, and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Three trials of each test were performed, and the mean was taken for statistical evaluation. Result: There exists weak correlation between sprint, agility, SEBT, and hamstrings length; however, results indicate a moderate correlation between posterolateral reach distance and hamstring flexibility and a statistically significant relationship between hamstring length and vertical height of jump with p< 0.05.Conclusion: Hamstring flexibility has a weak correlation with functional performance of collegiate football players. However, it has positive correlation with vertical jump height and posterolateral reach distance of SEBT.

Features of Traumatic Factors During High-Intensity Sports Training: Prevention and Medical Care

The article investigates the features of traumatic factors during high-intensity sports training. The author notes that sports injuries in the inter-competitive period represent damage to the body caused by intensive training. The variants of injuries are different, but each of them may have a sharply negative impact on the athlete’s health in the future. In order to exclude the occurrence of such injuries, as well as to minimize their impact on the athlete’s body, it is necessary to carry out appropriate preventive medical work with both athletes and the coaching staff, explaining the possibilities of organizing the training process in the safest mode for the athlete’s health.

Aerobic and anaerobic capacities in determining adolescent futsal players’ performance levels

Futsal is characterized as a high-intensity sport. Thus, aerobic and anaerobic capacities are essential factors for supporting athletes' performance when competing. Data related to adolescent futsal players in Indonesia still lacked. Therefore, this research objective was to determine how much aerobic and anaerobic abilities became the predictors of futsal athletes’ performance levels. The research method was observational research with a quantitative approach. The research subjects consisted of 15 Regional Training Center (PELATDA) athletes and 15 non-PELATDA athletes from West Java with an average of (age= 18.23 ± 1.13 years old, height= 170.23 ± 3.82 cm, body weight 59.57 ± 5.28 kg, BMI 20.56 ± 1.82 kg/m-2, and FAT 10.05 ± 1.29%). The results showed that body mass, body composition, VO2max, peak power, vertical jump, and fatigue index of PELATDA athletes were better than non-PELATDA athletes. Thus, this research could provide an overview for coaches regarding the aerobic and anaerobic capacities standards of adolescent futsal players and could be used as a reference in making an exercise program to improve athletes’ aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

Biomarcadores de actividad física y el deporte

Biomarkers measure the body's adaptation to physical training through variations in blood concentrations. These modifications can be benign and reversible or negative, hence the importance of studying their implications. Lactate is an indicator of exercise intensity through the variation of its blood concentration, which increases in more intense exercise. In low intensity exercise, lactate and glucose concentrations gradually decrease, because they use fatty acids as the predominant energy source before glycolysis. High lactate concentrations favor the colonization of Veillonella at intestinal level, improving running time by the metabolic conversion of lactate to propionate and its disposition as an energy source directly, without the effect of first hepatic passage. Troponin is specific for diagnosing cardiac injury. It increases asymptomatically after intense training, proportional to the time and intensity of training. The post-exercise increase is greater in less trained athletes, in athletes adapted to high-intensity intermittent exercise, it rises significantly after intermittent exercise and not after continued exercise, evidencing the a Biomarkers measure the body's adaptation to physical training through variations in blood concentrations. These modifications can be benign and reversible or negative, hence the importance of studying their implications. Lactate is an indicator of exercise intensity through the variation of its blood concentration, which increases in more intense exercise. In low intensity exercise, lactate and glucose concentrations gradually decrease, because they use fatty acids as the predominant energy source before glycolysis. High lactate concentrations favor the colonization of Veillonella at intestinal level, improving running time by the metabolic conversion of lactate to propionate and its disposition as an energy source directly, without the effect of first hepatic passage. Troponin is specific for diagnosing cardiac injury. It increases asymptomatically after intense training, proportional to the time and intensity of training. The post-exercise increase is greater in less trained athletes, in athletes adapted to high-intensity intermittent exercise, it rises significantly after intermittent exercise and not after continued exercise, evidencing the adaptation of the organism to a specific type of exercise. There are typical post-exercise biochemical alterations, characterized by an increase in total creatine kinase and its fractions. It occurs after strenuous exercise that can cause muscle overload, muscle fiber rupture and inflammation, releasing these biochemical markers into the bloodstream. Different high-intensity and high-performance sports disciplines produce increased lactate dehydrogenase indicating risk of injury due to deterioration of muscle fibers.daptation of the organism to a specific type of exercise. There are typical post-exercise biochemical alterations, characterized by an increase in total creatine kinase and its fractions. It occurs after strenuous exercise that can cause muscle overload, muscle fiber rupture and inflammation, releasing these biochemical markers into the bloodstream. Different high-intensity and high-performance sports disciplines produce increased lactate dehydrogenase indicating risk of injury due to deterioration of muscle fibers. Received for review: August 2021Accepted for publication: October 2021Correspondence: 8 de octubre 3020. C.P.11600. Montevideo, Uruguay. Tel: (+598) 24876666 ext. 1663. Contact e-mail: vortizalfonzo@gmail.com

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CARDIOPULMONARY INDICES OF YOUNG MALE SOCCER PLAYERS WHEN PERFORMING LABORATORY FUNCTIONAL TESTS

Soccer is a high-intensity intermittent team sport where both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems contribute to the physiological demands of the game. The study aims to search and determine relationships between the values of cardiopulmonary and gas exchange indices during frequently used laboratory tests - the CardioPulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) and the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), exploring the capacity of the energy systems. Forty-seven soccer players (15.06 ± 0.84 years of age) performed both tests as Oxygen uptake (VO2), Oxygen pulse (O2HR), Pulmonary ventilation (VE), Volume of expired air (VTex), and Breath frequency (BF) were measured online using a breathby-breath cardiopulmonary exercise testing system. Ergometric achievements during WAnT: PP (Peak Power) 662.4 ± 121.2 W; AP (Average Power) 494.67 ± 98.5 W; FI (Fatigue Index) 61.2 ± 28.7%. There was no correlation between WAnT PP and AP and maximum power output in CPET. WAnT VE and VTex correlate significantly with CPET VO2max (r = .676 and r = .772, respectively). The main finding was a presence of approximately identical maximal values of cardiopulmonary parameters achieved in the very different in duration and intensity CPET and WАnT: insignificant differences between CPET versus WAnT: VO2max (55.97 ± 2.02 versus 56.02 ± 17.3 ml.kg.min-1); VEmax (133.96 ± 21.77 versus 126.77 ± 24.77 l.min-1); VTex max (2.19 ± 0.37 l versus 2.06 ± 0.43 l); BFmax (62.20 versus 75.43.min-1). We assume that when conducting WAnT with simultaneous registration of respiration, together with the indices of athletes’ power output, reliable information about the magnitude of VO2max and other cardiopulmonary parameters of players could be obtained. This will greatly facilitate the ongoing control of the exercise conditioning status of athletes.

PENGARUH JUS KULIT BUAH SEMANGKA (Citrullus lanatus) TERHADAP STATUS HIDRASI ATLET DI UKM SEPAK BOLA

Background: Football as a high-intensity sport that causes fluid loss in the body often makes athletes dehydrated which results in decreased athlete performance. Provision of adequate and appropriate drinks can prevent dehydration. Watermelon rind contains high potassium which can restore lost body fluids.Objectives: Conducted a study to determine the correlation of giving watermelon rind juice to the hydration status of athletes in the Student Football Activity Unit.Methods: The study was conducted with a quasi-experimental design with a pre-posttest without control group design. A sample of 18 soccer athletes was taken using a purposive sampling technique. Subjects were given 300 ml of watermelon rind juice for 7 days. Hydration status was obtained based on the results of urine specific gravity examination. Measurement of hydration status wasconductedbefore and after the intervention period. The research instruments were urine samples analyzed in the laboratory, SOPs for making watermelon rind juice, observation sheets for giving juice, SOPs for measuring hydration status, and hydration status observation sheets. Data analysis using Wilcoxon test.Results: Specific gravity of pretest urine obtained a median of 1.025 g/dl (min-max 1.005-1.030 g/dl). Posttest urine specific gravity received a median of 1.025 g/dl (min-max 1.010-1.031 g/dl). There was an average decrease in urine specific gravity of 0.0019 g/dl at the posttest. The results of the pretest and posttest bivariate analysis obtained a p-value of 0.391.Conclusion: There is no significant effect of watermelon rind juice on the hydration status of athletes in the Student Football Activity Unit. There is a decrease in the average specific gravity of urine after being given watermelon rind juice