High-intensity Resistance Training Research Articles

Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on the Energy-Restriction-Induced Reduction of Muscle Mass During Intended Weight Loss.

Purpose: Overweight and obesity are an increasing problem worldwide. However, most studies that focus on weight reduction by energy restriction and/or aerobic exercise reported considerable loss of muscle mass as well. Increased protein intake and/or resistance exercise might inhibit this detrimental effect during a negative energy balance. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a time effective, joint-friendly, and highly customizable training technology, showed similar hypertrophic effects compared with high-intensity resistance training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of WB-EMS on body composition during negative energy balance with maintained/increased protein intake in overweight premenopausal women.Patients and Methods: Ninety premenopausal, 25–50-year-old, overweight women were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 30 each). (1) Negative energy balance (−500 kcal/day) by energy restriction with compensatory protein intake (CG). (2) Negative energy balance (−500 kcal/day) by energy restriction (−250 kcal/day) and increased physical activity (−250 kcal/day) with increased protein intake (PA). (3) Negative energy balance (−500 kcal/day) due to energy restriction and increased physical activity with increased protein intake plus WB-EMS. The duration of the intervention was 16 weeks. Participants underwent restrictions in kcal per days and supplementation of protein (CG: 1.2 or PA/WB-EMS: 1.7 g/kg body mass/day) where needed. Bipolar WB-EMS was applied 1.5× week for 20 min (85 Hz; 350 μs; intermittent 6 s impulse, 4 s rest; rectangular). The primary study endpoint “lean body mass” (LBM) and secondary endpoint body fat mass (BFM) were assessed by bio-impedance analysis (BIA).Results: LBM decreased in the CG and PA group (CG: −113 ± 1,872 g; PA: −391 ± 1,832 g) but increased in the WB-EMS group (387 ± 1,769 g). However, changes were not significant (p > 0.05). Comparing the groups by ANOVA, no significant differences were observed (p = 0.070). However, pairwise adjusted comparisons determined significant differences between WB-EMS and PA (p = 0.049). BFM decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in all groups (CG: −2,174 ± 4,331 g; PA: −3,743 ± 4,237 g; WB-EMS: −3,278 ± 4,023 g) without any significant difference between the groups (ANOVA: p = 0.131).Conclusion: WB-EMS is an efficient, joint-friendly, and highly customizable training technology for maintaining muscle mass during energy restriction and can thus be considered as an alternative to more demanding resistance exercise protocols.

Body Composition and Physical Fitness Tests Among US Army Soldiers: A Comparison of the Active and Reserve Components.

US Army reserve soldiers and active-duty soldiers differ in their daily work demands and supporting resources, yet research on reservists' health and fitness is lacking. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether physical test failure rates and health behaviors differed between active-duty soldiers and reserve soldiers and (2) establish which demographic and health behavioral factors were associated with failing physical tests. We analyzed a sample of 239 329 US Army active-duty and reserve soldiers surveyed from September 2013 through March 2015 using the Global Assessment Tool. We extracted data on soldier demographic characteristics and health behaviors, as well as Body Composition Test (BCT) and Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) results. We compared the 2 groups using the active-to-reserve adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for each variable. We used logistic regression models to determine which variables were associated with failing these tests. The odds of failing the BCT (aOR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.78) or the APFT (aOR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.30-0.32) were lower among active-duty soldiers than among reservists, and the odds of doing high levels of high-intensity interval training (aOR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.42-1.51), resistance training (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.42-1.48), and vigorous physical activity (aOR = 2.92; 95% CI, 2.86-2.98) were higher among active-duty soldiers than among reservists. The odds of using tobacco (aOR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.35-1.40), binge drinking alcohol (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.13), having insomnia (aOR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.43-1.48) or mild depression (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI, 1.48-1.53), and sustaining a physical activity-related injury (aOR = 2.52; 95% CI, 2.47-2.57) were higher among active-duty soldiers than among reservists. Policy makers and military leaders could use this information to implement health screenings and tailor health-promotion, intervention, and treatment programs.

Use of Loaded Conditioning Activities to Potentiate Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Narrative Review and Practical Applications.

Blagrove, RC, Howatson, G, and Hayes, PR. Use of loaded conditioning activities to potentiate middle- and long-distance performance: a narrative review and practical applications. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2288-2297, 2019-The warm-up is an integral component of a middle- and long-distance athlete's preperformance routine. The use of a loaded conditioning activity (LCA), which elicits a postactivation potentiation (PAP) response to acutely enhance explosive power performance, is well researched. A similar approach incorporated into the warm-up of a middle- or long-distance athlete potentially provides a novel strategy to augment performance. Mechanisms that underpin a PAP response, relating to acute adjustments within the neuromuscular system, should theoretically improve middle- and long-distance performance through improvements in submaximal force-generating ability. Attempts to enhance middle- and long-distance-related outcomes using an LCA have been used in several recent studies. Results suggest that benefits to performance may exist in well-trained middle- and long-distance athletes by including high-intensity resistance training (1-5 repetition maximum) or adding load to the sport skill itself during the latter part of warm-ups. Early stages of performance seem to benefit most, and it is likely that recovery (5-10 minutes) also plays an important role after an LCA. Future research should consider how priming activity, designed to enhance the VO2 kinetic response, and an LCA may interact to affect performance, and how different LCAs might benefit various modes and durations of middle- and long-distance exercises.

024 Resistance exercises with blood flow restriction in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis

IntroductionSporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most common muscle disease affecting older adults with no disease-modifying treatment. Resistance exercises increase muscle hypertrophy, but weakness prevents exercising with higher resistance. In healthy subjects, augmentation of light-load training with blood flow restriction improved muscle strength1; and similar exercises were safe in the elderly.2 We therefore investigate whether resistance exercises with blood flow restriction is safe and helpful in sIBM patients. We explored methods for exercising weak leg muscles, and options for better outcome measures.MethodsA matched-control pilot study, with 12-week treatment and 4-week follow-up periods, where participants concentrated on lower limbs resistance exercises with 50% blood flow restriction 3 times/week, at 20%-30% of their repetition maximum. Patients are reviewed 4-weekly for muscle strength, blood biomarkers, 2-minute walk test (2MWT), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, minimal chair height standing ability test (MCHSAT), thigh girths, and quality of life scales.Results4 patients with varying abilities were on the exercise arm, and 3 acted as controls. Muscle groups with MRC score ≥2 were able to be exercised. We found strength testing by hand-held dynamometer was unreliable, whereas the 2MWT, TUG test and MCHSAT showed less variability. All patients could perform their exercises at significantly increased repetitions or weights by week 4, without concerning adverse events, with trend towards continued improvement over the 4-month period.ConclusionResistance exercises with blood flow restriction appear safe, and may be helpful in sIBM patients, even in weakened muscles, enabling improvement in muscle strength and endurance.ReferencesHughes L, Paton B, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports 2017.Vechin FC, Libardi CA, Conceicao MS, et al. Comparisons between low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training on quadriceps muscle mass and strength in elderly. J Strength Cond Res 2015.

The ٍeffect of Eight Weeks of Moderate and High Intensity Resistance Training on micro-RNAs Associated with Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Older Wistar rats

هدف: سالمندی با اختلالات عمومی در متابولیسم چربی و عوامل التهابی همراه است که به آترواسکروز منجر میشود.هدف از این مقاله، بررسی تاثیر دو نوع تمرین مقاومتی شدید و متوسط بر MicroRNA های مرتبط با انتقال معکوسکلسترول در موش های سالمند است.روش ها: سی سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار مسن ) 23 ماهه(، به صورت تصادفی براساس وزن موشها در شروعپژوهش در دو گروه تمرینی و یک گروه کنترل، شامل گروه تمرین مقاومتی با شدت متوسط ) n=10 (، تمرین مقاومتی باشدت بالا ) n=10 ( و گروه کنترل ) n=10 ( قرار گرفتند. تمرین مقاومتی، شامل 8 هفته تمرین مقاومتی نردبان با شدتزیاد ) 80 % از MVCC ( و شدت متوسط ) 60 % از MVCC ( و 5 روز در هفته بود. بعد از دوره تمرین بیان miR-33a وmiR-144 و بیان پروتئین ABCA1 به روش RT–PCR اندازهگیری شد. تجزیه تحلیل آماری با استفاده از آزمون آنوا باسطح معنی داری ) 05 / P≥0 ( انجام شد.نتایج: نتایج نشان داد، میزان بیان miR-33a و miR-144 دو گروه مقاومتی شدید و مقاومتی متوسط به طور معنیداری،کمتر از گروه کنترل بود و میزان بیان mRNA ژن ABCA1 گروه مقاومتی شدید، پس از هشت هفته تمرین افزایشمعنیداری داشت ) 05 / p>0 (. البته تفاوت میزان بیان miR-33a و miR-144 متعاقب تمرین مقاومتی شدید و متوسطمعنیدار نبود ) 05 / p<0 (. با این حال، در باره بیان mRNA ژن ABCA1 تفاوت معنی داری در دو گروه مقاومتی شدید ومتوسط مشاهده شد.نتیجه گیری: به نظر می رسد، تمرین مقاومتی با شدت متوسط یا شدید می تواند با کاهش بیان miR-33a و miR-144افزایش بیان mRNA ژن ABCA1 در بهبود وضعیت تصلب شرایین افراد سالمند مؤثر واقع شود.

Muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training in trained young men is largely attributed to sarcoplasmic hypertrophy.

Cellular adaptations that occur during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to high-volume resistance training are not well-characterized. Therefore, we sought to explore how actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic protein, mitochondrial, and glycogen concentrations were altered in individuals that exhibited mean skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) hypertrophy following 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training. Thirty previously resistance-trained, college-aged males (mean ± standard deviation: 21±2 years, 5±3 training years) had vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies obtained prior to training (PRE), at week 3 (W3), and at week 6 (W6). Muscle tissue from 15 subjects exhibiting PRE to W6 VL mean fCSA increases ranging from 320–1600 μm2 was further interrogated using various biochemical and histological assays as well as proteomic analysis. Seven of these individuals donated a VL biopsy after refraining from training 8 days following the last training session (W7) to determine how deloading affected biomarkers. The 15 fCSA hypertrophic responders experienced a +23% increase in mean fCSA from PRE to W6 (p<0.001) and, while muscle glycogen concentrations remained unaltered, citrate synthase activity levels decreased by 24% (p<0.001) suggesting mitochondrial volume decreased. Interestingly, repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that p-values approached statistical significance for both myosin and actin (p = 0.052 and p = 0.055, respectively), and forced post hoc tests indicated concentrations for both proteins decreased ~30% from PRE to W6 (p<0.05 for each target). Phalloidin-actin staining similarly revealed actin concentrations per fiber decreased from PRE to W6. Proteomic analysis of the sarcoplasmic fraction from PRE to W6 indicated 40 proteins were up-regulated (p<0.05), KEGG analysis indicated that the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway was upregulated (FDR sig. <0.001), and DAVID indicated that the following functionally-annotated pathways were upregulated (FDR value <0.05): a) glycolysis (8 proteins), b) acetylation (23 proteins), c) gluconeogenesis (5 proteins) and d) cytoplasm (20 proteins). At W7, sarcoplasmic protein concentrations remained higher than PRE (+66%, p<0.05), and both actin and myosin concentrations remained lower than PRE (~-50%, p<0.05). These data suggest that short-term high-volume resistance training may: a) reduce muscle fiber actin and myosin protein concentrations in spite of increasing fCSA, and b) promote sarcoplasmic expansion coincident with a coordinated up-regulation of sarcoplasmic proteins involved in glycolysis and other metabolic processes related to ATP generation. Interestingly, these effects seem to persist up to 8 days following training.

The Effect of a Resistance Training Session on Physiological and Thermoregulatory Measures of Sub-maximal Running Performance in the Heat in Heat-Acclimatized Men

BackgroundThe current study examined the acute effects of a lower body resistance training (RT) session on physiological and thermoregulatory measures during a sub-maximal running protocol in the heat in heat-acclimatized men. Ten resistance-untrained men (age 27.4 ± 4.1 years; height 1.78 ± 0.06 m; body mass 76.8 ± 9.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake 48.2 ± 7.0 mL kg−1 min−1) undertook a high-intensity RT session at six-repetition maximum. Indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., creatine kinase [CK], delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS], and countermovement jump [CMJ]) were collected prior to, immediately post and 24 and 48 h after the RT session. The sub-maximal running protocol was performed at 70% of the ventilatory threshold, which was conducted prior to and 24 and 48 h following the RT session to obtain physiological and thermoregulatory measures.ResultsThe RT session exhibited significant increases in DOMS (p < 0.05; effect size [ES]: 1.41–10.53), whilst reduced CMJ (p < 0.05; ES: − 0.79–1.41) for 48 h post-exercise. There were no differences in CK (p > 0.05), although increased with moderate to large ES (0.71–1.12) for 48 h post-exercise. The physiological cost of running was increased for up to 48 h post-exercise (p < 0.05) with moderate to large ES (0.50–0.84), although no differences were shown in thermoregulatory measures (p > 0.05) with small ES (0.33).ConclusionThese results demonstrate that a RT session impairs sub-maximal running performance for several days post-exercise, although thermoregulatory measures are unperturbed despite elevated muscle damage indicators in heat-acclimatized, resistance untrained men. Accordingly, whilst a RT session may not increase susceptibility to heat-related injuries in heat-acclimatized men during sub-maximal running in the heat, endurance sessions should be undertaken with caution for at least 48 h post-exercise following the initial RT session in resistance untrained men.

The Effect of Ankle TheraBand Training on Dynamic Balance Index Among Elite Male Basketball Players

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ankle TheraBand resistance training on dynamic balance index among elite male basketball players. Methods: This was a randomized trial performed on 24 male professional basketball players without lower extremity injury. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 8, including: (1) high-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (80% - 95% 1RM), (N = 8); (2) moderate-intensity resistance training using TheraBand (65% - 80% 1RM), (N = 8); and (3) control group with regular basketball training (N = 8). The groups were trained in three sessions for 8 weeks. Trial and error table for TheraBand resistance from American Physical Therapy Organization (APTA) 2012 was used to measure maximum 1RM in each participant. In addition, the dynamic balance index in the APSI (anterior - posterior stability index), MLSI (medial-lateral stability index) and OSI (overall stability index) were measured using Biodex stability system. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data (P < 0.05). Results: Results showed that the high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity resistance training significantly improved dynamic stability index in the anterior - posterior axis, medial - lateral axis and overall axis (P = 0.0001). No significant changes were observed in the anterior - posterior and medial - lateral axes after a detraining period (4 weeks), “durability rate”. However, the overall axis values of the dynamic balance index in the moderate intensity training group indicated a higher durability rate than the high intensity resistance training group after detraining (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the high and moderate intensity resistance training improved dynamic balance index, and even moderate intensity resistance training was effective after a period of detraining, so it can be recommended for basketball players.

Hypotensive Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training to Muscle Failure in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women

PURPOSE: Moderate-intensity Resistance Training (RT) has been recommended for blood pressure (BP) control by the main guidelines. However hypotensive effects of high intensity RT using higher loads to muscle failure in hypertensive patients is little know. Therefore, the aim of the study was to verify the behavior of BP after the session of high intensity resistance training in hypertensive women. METHODS: A randomized crossover design clinical trial was conducted with 10 controlled hypertensive women with age equal to: 58.9±6.8, body mass index equal to: 27.1±3.8. The participants performed two experimental protocols: a control session and RT session with 6 repetition maximum (RM) to muscle failure. The order of execution of the sessions was performed randomly by lot. The sessions of 6RM was performed with three exercises (lat pulldown, barbell bench press and 45° leg press) in three sets to momentary concentric failure. During the control session the participants followed of rest in the laboratory. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were collected pre, immediately post, 1 h post, and 24 h post each protocol. Repeated measures ANOVA were used. RESULTS: The SPB decrease in 1 h (124.3 ± 10.8) and 24 h (126.2 ± 13.6) after the 6RM session to muscle failure when compared to pre (135.7 ± 14.1), (p < 0.05). SBP was higher for 6RM (144.7±16.4) than control (134.2 ± 18.1) immediately after session (p < 0.05). There were no differences for DBP among protocols (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The RT using higher loads to muscle failure promote SPB hypotension 1 h and 24 h after the session. No DPB changes were observed after the RT protocols. The high intensity resistance training can decrease the SPB acutely and help in control of blood pressure in hypertensive women.

Impact Versus Resistance Training For Bone In Young Women: Preliminary Findings Of The OPTIMA-Ex Trial

PURPOSE: The OPTIMA-Ex (Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle-loading Approaches to Exercise) trial aims to compare bone responses to two known osteogenic stimuli - impact exercise and resistance training in young women with lower than average bone mass. METHODS: The trial is a three-arm, single-blind, single-centre, randomised controlled exercise intervention targeting healthy but sedentary women aged 18-30 years with lower than average bone mass (T-score ≤ 0). Participants were randomised to a 10 month, twice-weekly, either supervised high intensity impact training (IT), high intensity resistance training (RT) or home-based low intensity exercise (active control) (CON). Preliminary DXA (Medix DR) outcomes for lumbar spine (LS), dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) femoral neck (FN); D and ND distal 1/3 radius (RAD) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) have been examined per-protocol, using repeated-measures ANCOVA adjusted for compliance, age, height, weight, total lifetime physical activity, dietary calcium and baseline values. DXA results are reported as mean difference ± SE, statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 51 women (age=22.2±3.6 years; height=1.64±0.62 m; weight=58.1±8.7 kg) have been randomised (IT=17, RT=17, CON=17) with no between-group differences at baseline. Follow-up data is available for 22 participants (IT=6, RT=8, CON=8). Compliance currently differs between groups (IT=66.5±17.2%, RT=67.3±12.3%, CON=87.5±13.7%; p=0.011). There are no between-group differences in aBMD at any site. However, there are significant within-group differences in our primary outcome of LS aBMD for both IT (0.046±0.020 g/cm2; p=0.044) and RT (0.049±0.018 g/cm2; p=0.019). Additional within-group differences are present for ND FN (0.031±0.012 g/cm2; p=0.027) and ND RAD (0.047±0.020 g/cm2; p=0.036) aBMD for RT. A significant within-group difference is evident for ND (0.057±0.023 g/cm2; p=0.027) and D (0.061±0.024 g/cm2; p=0.029) RAD aBMD for CON. CONCLUSIONS: Although minimal statistical power limits the conclusions that can be drawn from these preliminary data, results indicate both RT and IT improve spine bone mass, while RT may provide a broader osteogenic stimulus in young adult women with lower than average bone mass. Data collection is ongoing.

Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Hypertensive Women

Individuals with arterial hypertension often have an autonomic nervous system (ANS) imbalance with predominance of sympathetic ANS. This predominance can lead to injury of several organs affecting its functioning. There is evidence that performing high intensity resistance training (RT) with heavier loads and a lower number of repetitions results in lower cardiovascular stress when compared with lighter loads and a higher number of repetitions. However, the effects of different protocols of RT in autonomic modulation are not known specially using nonlinear analyses methods. PURPOSE: Analyze and compare the effects of different protocols of high intensity of effort RT on autonomic cardiac modulation of hypertensive women using nonlinear methods. METHODS: A randomized crossover design clinical trial was conducted with 15 postmenopausal hypertensive women who underwent a control session and two high intensity RT protocols involving 6 and 15 repetition maximum (RM). The nonlinear variables that compose Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were collected pre, immediately post, 1 h post, and 24 h post each protocol. Repeated-measures ANOVA were used. RESULTS: The SD1 indices that represent parasympathetic activity in the system were lower in 15RM protocol immediately after the exercise (9.32±11.40) when compared with 6RM (16.38±13.15) and control (19.39±13.40) (p<0.05). The SD2 indices that represent a global variability in the system also were lower in 15RM protocol especially immediately after (13.84±9.57) the exercise when compared with 6RM (24.19±17.50) and control (29.32±17.41) (p<0.05). For the 6RM protocol no relevant clinical changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Performing high intensity RT with lower loads and a higher number of repetitions decreases parasympathetic ANS activity, which may be related to an increased cardiovascular stress. On the other hand, heavier load and lower repetition RT did not have a significant impact upon autonomic modulation when compared to a control session.

Active and Passive Recovery Following High Volume Resistance Training: Markers of Molecular Gene Expression

Active and Passive Recovery Following High Volume Resistance Training: Markers of Molecular Gene Expression

Molecular Implications of Active and Passive Recovery Following High Volume Resistance Training

PURPOSE: Deloading is widely practiced in the strength and conditioning community as a method to augment recovery; however, there is little molecular signaling data to fully explain the details of why this practice is beneficial. METHODS: Recreationally-trained, college-aged males (n = 30) underwent 6 weeks of volume based training, after which the participants were split into active recovery (AR) and passive recovery (PR) groups with delaod lasting 7 days. Participants donated a muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis prior to week 1 (PRE), post training (POST), and post deload (DL). Protein expression for mTOR, AMPk, 4EBP1, and p70S6k was evaluated via western blotting. Additionally, blood was obtained via venipuncture, and serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (TEST), and cortisol (CORT) were evaluated using commercially available assay kits. RESULTS: There was an effect of time for phosphorylated (p) 4EBP1 (p = 0.014) where PRE (p = 0.003) and POSTDL (p = 0.004) expression of p-4EBP1 were significantly higher than POST. CK activity also had an effect of time (p = 0.016) where CK at POST was significantly higher than at DL (p = 0.007). There was a significant group*time interaction of proteasome activity (p = 0.040) where post-hoc analysis revealed the AR group exhibited higher proteasome activity DL than the PR group (p = 0.051). Differences in protein expression for pan and phosphorylated mTOR, AMPk, p70S6K, and pan 4EBP1 were not significant (p > 0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum testosterone and cortisol levels (p > 0.05) CONCLUSION: AR may stimulate the PI3K/AkT pathway resulting in the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 potentially allowing hypertrophic adaptation to occur. Additionally, proteasome activity being upregulated with AR POSTDL may be beneficial in cleaving damaged protein structures. More research is needed to further investigate molecular signaling after deloading paradigms.

Exercise Type And Intensity In Older Women: Preliminary Results Of Community-based Interventions On Functional Capacity

Exercise type and intensity in older women: Preliminary results of community-based interventions on functional capacity Gabriel de Souza Zanini, Vanessa Teixeira do Amaral, Gabriel Falcão, Emmanuel Gomes Ciolac São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Sciences, Physical Education Department, Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory PURPOSE: To assess the effect of different community-based exercise interventions on functional capacity in older women. METHODS: 80 sedentary or insufficiently active older women (69.2 ± 7.9) were randomly assigned to perform a twice-weekly community-based moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training plus resistance training (MICT+RT)(N=28), high-intensity interval training plus resistance training (HIIT+RT)(N=24) or resistance training (RT)(N=28) programs. ,. Anthropometric (weight, height and BMI) and functional capacity (seat-and-reach, handgrip, sit-up, timed up-and-go (TUG), and 6-minute walking (6MW) tests) were assessed before and after 12 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS: Weight, BMI and seat-and-reach did not change significantly during follow-up in any group. Handgrip strength improved (P < 0.05) after MICT+RT and RT, but not after HIIT+RT. Sit-up, TUG and 6MW performance improved (P < 0.05) similarly between groups during follow-up (Table 1).Table 1: Functional capacity before and after follow-up.CONCLUSION: The present preliminary results suggest that community-based exercise programs are effective to improve functional capacity in older women, independent of their type and intensity. Table 1 Functional capacity before and after follow-up. MICT+RT: moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training plus resistance training group; HIIT+RT: high-intensity interval training plus resistance training group; RT: resistance training group; TUG: Timed up-and-go test; 6MW: six minute walking test; * P < 0.05.

High Intensity Endurance and Resistance Training Does Not Improve Orthostatic Tolerance Compared to Recreationally Active

High Intensity Endurance and Resistance Training Does Not Improve Orthostatic Tolerance Compared to Recreationally Active

Bone-targeted Exercise For Older Men With Osteopenia And Osteoporosis: LIFTMOR For Men Trial Preliminary Findings

PURPOSE The LIFTMOR (Lifting Intervention For Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation) for Men trial was designed to compare the effects of 2 novel bone-targeted exercise programs on risk factors for falls and fracture in men with low bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS LIFTMOR for Men is a 3-arm, 8-month, semi-randomised, intervention trial. Men ≥50 years of age with low BMD, screened for conditions and medications known to affect bone, were recruited. Eligible participants were randomised to 2/week, supervised high-intensity resistance and impact training (HiRIT) or bioDensity (bD) machine-based isometric exercise. Intervention responses are compared with those of a self-selected, non-randomised control (CON) sample of age-matched men following their habitual lifestyles. Outcomes at baseline and follow-up include: anthropometry; DXA-derived lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) BMD; physical function (back extensor strength [BES], lower extremity strength [LES], timed-up-and-go [TUG], and 5-times sit-to-stand [STS]); and safety and compliance. Per-protocol analyses of preliminary outcomes were conducted using repeated measures ANCOVA, controlling for age, calcium consumption, prior physical activity, and initial values for BMD [adjusted mean change ± SE and adjusted p values are presented]. RESULTS 93 men (67.1±7.5yr; 82.1±11.6kg; 175.2±6.7cm) with low BMD (FN T-score -1.6±0.6) were recruited, and designated CON (n=26) or randomly assigned to HiRIT (n=34) or bD (n=33). To date, 67 have completed the study and are included in these preliminary findings (21 CON; 24 HiRIT; 22 bD). Compliance is 75.6±17.9% for HiRIT and 81.1±12.1% for bD (NS). Between-group differences have appeared in several outcome measures but only the improvement in LS BMD (HiRIT 0.049±0.01g/cm2 vs CON 0.013±0.01g/cm2; p=0.01) and STS (HiRIT 1.6±0.3s vs bD 0.8±0.3s; p=0.01) have reached significance. Within-group improvements have been observed for LS and FN BMD in both HiRIT and bD, all functional outcomes for HiRIT (all p<0.05), and in LES, TUG, and STS for bD (all p<0.05). There have been no adverse events. CONCLUSION Although preliminary, findings suggest that both novel bone-targeted exercise programs improved BMD and physical function in older men with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Data collection is ongoing.

752-P: Japanese Radio Calisthenics Prevents Reduction of Skeletal Muscle Volume in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes often suffer from reduction in muscle mass and strength. Recent studies reported that high-intensity resistance training improves physical function, however, it was difficult for all patients to perform that. Radio calisthenics, which has been considered as a therapeutic exercise to promote health in Japan, is a simple exercise that can be done regardless of age and can move the muscles and joints effectively according to the rhythm of radio. Here we investigated the impact of Radio calisthenics for muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 42 patients whom hospitalized in the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine were recruited. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was defined as appendicular muscle mass(kg) divided by the square of the height (m). Change of SMI means the difference of SMI between the end and beginning of the hospitalization. Among 42 patients, 15 patients (11 males and 4 females) performed the Radio calisthenics. The change of SMI in Radio calisthenics exercisers was significantly lower than that in non-exercisers (-0.008±0.085 vs. -0.273±0.063, p=0.016). Radio calisthenics was positively associated with the change of SMI (standardized partial coefficient, beta = 0.395, p= 0.039) (Table). Radio calisthenics prevents the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and it could be one of the effective exercises for patients with type 2 diabetes. Disclosure T. Kimura: None. T. Okamura: None. Y. Hashimoto: Research Support; Self; Asahi Kasei Pharma. T. Senmaru: None. E. Ushigome: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. M. Hamaguchi: None. M. Asano: None. M. Yamazaki: None. M. Fukui: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Eli Lilly and Company, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Kowa Pharmaceutical Europe Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.

Isokinetic predictors of gait speed increase following high-intensity resistance training of the ankle dorsiflexors in people with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study

BackgroundMaximal strength is a predictor of functional capacity for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), who frequently exhibit unilateral weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors. Aims of this study were to investigate the relationships between dorsiflexors' weakness and gait speed, the effects of high-intensity training of the affected dorsiflexors on gait performance and to identify isokinetic predictors of changes in gait speed in PwMs. MethodsTwenty patients aged 45 (10.3) years, illness duration 14.9 (8.5) years, median EDSS 3, underwent isokinetic dorsiflexors' strength testing at 10°/s and 45°/s angular velocities and gait analysis before and after a 6-week training of dorsiflexors. Pre-to-post differences in strength and gait parameters were analyzed by paired t-test; association between gait speed and isokinetic parameters was tested through correlation and regression analyses. FindingsDorsiflexors' strength (peak moment at 10°/s: +14.9%, p = 0.02; at 45°/s: +21.7%, p = 0.03) and gait parameters (speed: +9.6%; p = 0.004; stride time: −5.7%; p = 0.01; cadence: +6.2%; p = 0.001; ankle power: +27.5%, p = 0.003) increased significantly. Of the thirteen isokinetic descriptors of strength, only peak moment, maximal and total work significantly correlated with gait speed increase. Regression analyses revealed high beta coefficients only for maximal work (10°/s: B = −6.528; beta = −1.825; p = 0.008; 45°/s: B = −1.466; beta = −1.364; p = 0.03). InterpretationIn PwMS, high-intensity training of weakened ankle dorsiflexors induced significant improvements in maximal strength and gait speed. The finding of maximal work as a significant predictor of training-induced changes in gait speed suggests that PwMS with reduced muscle work may benefit from strength training approaches aimed at increasing gait speed.Registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02010398

Effect of moderate and high-intensity endurance and resistance training on serum concentrations of MSTN and IGF-1 in old male Wistar rats.

Background Skeletal muscle is very sensitive to extracellular and intracellular signaling evoked by contractions from endurance and resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate- and high-intensity endurance and resistance training on the serum myostatin (MSTN) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels in older rats. Materials and methods Fifty old Wistar male rats (23 months old) were randomly divided into four experimental and one control groups, including moderate-endurance training (MET) (n = 10), high-intensity endurance training (EHT) (n = 10), moderate-intensity resistance training (MRT) (n = 10), high-intensity resistance training (HRT) (n = 10), and control group (C) (n = 10). Seventy-two hours after the last exercise session, euthanasia of the rats were rendered unconscious and direct blood samples were collected. Serum IGF-1 and MSTN concentration were measured using the enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results There was a significant reduction in MSTN and an increase in IGF-1 concentrations was observed between IGF-I levels in high and moderate resistance and endurance training. However, no significant difference was observed in MSTN levels between groups. Discussion Therefore, it appears that resistance training, especially HRT, is effective to increase growth mediators among older rats.

Exercise Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. A Systematic Umbrella Review

The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the efficacy of different exercise interventions to counter sarcopenia in older adults. This review will allow the Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics and other scientific societies to formulate specific exercise recommendations in their Clinical Guidelines for Sarcopenia. We used the method of a systematic umbrella-review. Based on the level of evidence, we formulated specific recommendations for clinical practice. Two databases (Pubmed and Web Of Science) were searched systematically and methodological quality of the reviews was assessed. Extracted data was than mapped to an exercise category and an overall synthesis (bottom line statements) was formulated for each of these exercise categories. Subsequently, we assigned a rating of the quality of the evidence supporting each bottom line statement. We identified 14 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, encompassing four exercise categories: resistance training, resistance training + nutritional supplementation, multimodal exercise programmes and bloodflow restriction training. Importantly, very few systematic reviews or meta-analyses clearly mentioned baseline sarcopenia status. There is high quality evidence for a positive and significant effect of resistance training on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. The added effect of nutritional supplementation for resistance training on muscle function appears limited. Blood flow restriction training is a novel training method that has a significant impact on muscle strength. Since sarcopenia is affecting all skeletal muscles in the body, we recommend training the large muscle groups in a total body approach. Although low-intensity resistance training (≤50% 1RM) is sufficient to induce strength gains, we recommend a high-intensity resistance training program (i.e. 80% 1RM) to obtain maximal strength gains. Multimodal exercises and blood flow restriction resistance training may be considered as well.