High-intensity Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Long-term high loading intensity of aerobic exercise improves skeletal muscle performance via the gut microbiota-testosterone axis.

Exercise is reported to play a crucial role in skeletal muscle performance. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of high-intensity aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle performance. In this study, the male C57BL/6J mice were accepted by high-intensity aerobic exercise for 8 weeks to establish an exercise model. It was observed that high-intensity aerobic exercise markedly affected the expression of genes in skeletal muscle. Moreover, high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly improved skeletal muscle grip strength and serum testosterone levels. HE staining showed that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the skeletal muscle was successfully increased after 8 weeks of high-intensity aerobic exercise. Additionally, we found that high-intensity aerobic exercise changed gut microbiota structure by altering the abundance of Akkermansia, Allobaculum, and Lactobacillus, which might be related to testosterone production. However, the beneficial effects disappeared after the elimination of the gut microbiota and recovered after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments for 1 week. These results indicated that the beneficial effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle were partly dependent on the gut microbiota. Our results suggested that long-term high loading intensity of aerobic exercise could improve skeletal muscle performance, which was probably due to the gut microbiota-testosterone axis.

Acute effect of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise on serum myokine levels and resulting tumour-suppressive effect in trained patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Although skeletal muscle releases cytokines called myokines during exercise, the kinetics of the acute myokine response to exercise (exercise-induced circulatory myokine level alteration) is unknown in patients with advanced prostate cancer. We measured myokine levels in serum obtained from patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) before and after exercise and assessed the growth-suppressive effect of the serum by applying it to a PCa cell line. Nine patients with mCRPC (age = 67.8 ± 10.1 years, time since mCRPC diagnosis 36.2 ± 22.5 months) undertook 34 min of a high-intensity interval exercise session on a cycle ergometer. Blood was collected immediately pre, post and 30 min post. Serum levels of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), oncostatin M (OSM), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-15 (IL-15), decorin, irisin, and IGF-1 were determined. Growth of the androgen-independent PCa cell line DU-145 exposed to serum collected at three points was measured. There was a significant elevation of SPARC (19.9%, P = 0.048), OSM (11.5%, P = 0.001), IL-6 (10.2%, P = 0.02) and IL-15 (7.8%, P = 0.023) in serum collected immediately after exercise compared to baseline, returning to baseline after 30 min rest. A significant reduction in DU-145 Cell growth and the Cell Index area under the curve at 72 h incubation was observed with the presence of serum obtained immediately post-exercise (Cell Index at 72 h: 16.9%, P < 0.001; area under the curve: 15.2%, P < 0.001) and with the presence of serum obtained 30 min post-exercise compared to baseline (Cell Index at 72 h: 6.5%; area under the curve: 8.8%, P < 0.001). This study provides preliminary evidence for an acute exercise-induced myokine response and tumour growth suppression in serum after a bout of high-intensity interval exercise in patients with advanced PCa.

Aerobic high-intensity intervals are superior to improve V̇O2max compared with sprint intervals in well-trained men.

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max ) may be the single most important factor for long-distance running performance. Interval training, enabling high intensity, is forwarded as the format that yields the largest increase in V̇O2max . However, it is uncertain if an optimal outcome on V̇O2max , anaerobic capacity, and running performance is provided by training with a high aerobic intensity or high overall intensity. Thus, we randomized 48 aerobically well-trained men (23 ± 3 years) to three commonly applied interval protocols, one with high aerobic intensity (HIIT) and two with high absolute intensity (sprint interval training; SIT), 3× week for 8 weeks: (1) HIIT: 4 × 4 min at ~95% maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 3min active breaks. (2) SIT: 8 × 20 s at ~150% MAS with 10s passive breaks. (3) SIT: 10 × 30 s at ~175% MAS with 3.5min active breaks. V̇O2max increased more (p < 0.001) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (6.5 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) than SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (n.s.). This was accompanied by a larger (p < 0.05) increase in stroke volume (O2 -pulse) following HIIT, 4 × 4 min (8.1 ± 4.1%, p < 0.001) compared with SIT, 8 × 20 s (3.8 ± 4.2%, p < 0.01) and SIT, 10 × 30 (n.s.). Anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) increased following SIT, 8 × 20 s (p < 0.05), but not after HIIT, 4 × 4 min, nor SIT, 10 × 30 s. Long-distance (3000-m) endurance performance increased (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) in all groups (HIIT, 4 × 4 min: 5.9 ± 3.2%; SIT, 8 × 20 s: 4.1 ± 3.7%; SIT, 10 × 30 s: 2.2 ± 2.2%), with HIIT increasing more than SIT, 10 × 30 s (p < 0.05). Sprint (300-m) performance exhibited within-group increases in SIT, 8 × 20 s (4.4 ± 2.0%) and SIT, 10 × 30 s (3.3 ± 2.8%). In conclusion, HIIT improves V̇O2max more than SIT. Given the importance of V̇O2max for most endurance performance scenarios, HIIT should typically be the chosen interval format.

Aerobic Upper-Limb Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia: Does It Work?

Background: Aerobic exercise reduces pain sensitivity, a phenomenon known as exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH); however, little is known about EIH when the upper limbs are aerobically exercised. This study aimed to test the acute effect of a single aerobic upper-limb exercise on pain threshold and pain intensity in healthy participants, with two different protocols for controlling intensity. Methods: 31 participants performed two 20 min exercise sessions a week apart. In each session, the intensity was controlled by a target heart rate (THR) of 60% of heart rate reserve or by a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 7/10 on the Borg scale. Pain threshold for pressure (PPT) heat (HPT) and pain intensity in response to Tonic Heat Pain (THP) were measured pre- and post-exercise. To examine the effect of exercise in each protocol on pain sensitivity, rmANOVA was conducted. Results: Pain sensitivity remained unchanged following arm exercise in both protocols (PPT, p = 0.67; HPT, p = 0.56; and THP p = 0.39). Higher HR in the THR protocol was demonstrated with a significant protocol X time, interaction effect (F(3) = 11.194 p &lt; 0.004). Conclusions: Moderate–high-intensity upper-limb aerobic exercise did not affect pain sensitivity in healthy individuals. Exercise intensity when controlled by THR showed a higher mean heart rate compared to exercise intensity based on RPE.

Aerobic and Resistant Physical Exercise on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients: are there any Benefits?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become an epidemic condition, with increasing incidence worldwide, generating high mortality rates and high health care costs. Several studies have demonstrated that inflammation is common in patients with CKD and it is associated with a high mortality rate in this population. Regular exercise has been described as a therapeutic strategy for reducing the risk of chronic and metabolic diseases, in part because of exercise training seems to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to analyze the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with CKD. CKD results in serum accumulation of toxic substances, the uremic toxins. These activate immune and inflammatory response in experimental models and in patients with CKD. Several studies involving non-pharmacological interventions have focused on CKD patients, aiming at reducing the inflammatory state, improving quality of life and extending the survival of these patients. It has been found that using treadmill for walking in patients undergoing pre-dialysis treatment was effective in reducing CRP and IL-6, showing that this type of aerobic exercise may also promote an anti-inflammatory effect. In contrast, some studies have not been able to show any beneficial effect on inflammation; e.g., a study using an intradialytic cycling protocol for HD patients 3x / week for 6 months found no decrease in IL-6, CRP and TNF-α. There are a number studies reporting favorable effects of exercise training on the inflammatory response triggered by hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events in the general population; however, this review showed that the role of the anti-inflammatory effect of aerobic and resistance exercise remains controversial in CKD patients, particularly in those undergoing dialysis. Conversely, data from the literature found that high intensity aerobic exercise training for a sustained period of time seems to have anti-inflammatory effects when compared to resistance exercise, in particular when PCR is used as a marker of inflammation.

Effect of Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is a biomarker of neuroplasticity linked with better functional outcomes after stroke. Early evidence suggests that increased concentrations after exercise may be possible for people with stroke, however it is unclear how exercise parameters influence BDNF concentration. This systematic review and meta-analysis searched 7 electronic databases. Experimental or observational studies measuring changes in BDNF concentration after exercise in people poststroke were included. Data were extracted including characteristics of the study, participants, interventions, and outcomes. Several fixed and random effects meta-analyses were completed. Seventeen studies including a total of 687 participants met the eligibility criteria (6 randomized trials). Significant improvements were observed in BDNF concentration following a single session (mean difference, 2.49 ng/mL; [95% CI, 1.10-3.88]) and program of high intensity aerobic exercise (mean difference, 3.42 ng/mL; [95% CI, 1.92-4.92]). High intensity aerobic exercise can increase circulating BDNF concentrations, which may contribute to increased neuroplasticity. URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; Unique identifier: CRD42021251083.

The effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: A structured narrative review.

It is well established that acute moderate-intensity exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance have not been well characterized. In this review, we summarize the literature investigating the exercise-cognition interaction, especially focusing on high-intensity aerobic exercise. We discuss methodological and physiological factors that potentially mediate cognitive performance in response to high-intensity exercise. We propose that the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance are primarily affected by the timing of cognitive task (during vs. after exercise, and the time delay after exercise). In particular, cognitive performance is more likely to be impaired during high-intensity exercise when both cognitive and physiological demands are high and completed simultaneously (i.e., the dual-task paradigm). The effects may also be affected by the type of cognitive task, physical fitness, exercise mode/duration, and age. Second, we suggest that interactions between changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, cerebral metabolism, neuromodulation by neurotransmitters/neurotrophic factors, and a variety of psychological factors are promising candidates that determine cognitive performance in response to acute high-intensity exercise. The present review has implications for recreational, sporting, and occupational activities where high cognitive and physiological demands are required to be completed concurrently.

Which exercise interventions are more helpful in treating primary obesity in young adults? A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Network meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise interventions in the treatment of obesity in young people and recommend the most suitable exercise method. We searched five electronic databases for articles on obesity treatment in the youth population from inception to April 2022. The two researchers independently retrieved and screened the articles, carried out a quality assessment and data extraction, and carried out a network meta-analysis in the Bayesian framework in Stata software. A total of 32 original studies were included in the study, all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). High-intensity aerobic exercise may be the best way to reduce the weight of obese people; high-intensity aerobic training combined with resistance training may be the best way to reduce BMI and FAT%; moderate-intensity aerobic training combined with resistance training may be the best way to reduce the waistline; high-intensity aerobic exercise may be the best way to boost VO2max. Exercise interventions such as high-intensity aerobic training combined with resistance training can be considered and promoted as a non-drug treatment for primary obesity in young adults.

Intracellular Oxidative Stress Induced by Physical Exercise in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A physical exercise program is one of the commonly used methods for improving an individual’s antioxidative capacity. However, an inappropriate physical exercise program would induce extra oxidative stress (OS), and the relationship between the details of a physical exercise protocol and the severity of intracellular OS is still unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science with the eligibility criteria: (1) participants over 18 years old; (2) physical exercise interventions; (3) 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, F2-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls (PCs) as outcome measures; (4) published in English and peer-reviewed. 12 studies were included, and the data of 8 in them were pooled together. The agreement between authors reached a kappa value of 0.73. The results of the meta-analysis showed that: (1) the level of OS did not depend on the absolute intensity of physical exercise but on both the intensity and the volume of exercise; (2) high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAE) and a combined protocol of HIAE and resistance training had the highest potential to induce large OS in unhealthy people; (3) the OS induced by moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise was significantly larger than that induced by ordinary life activities in healthy adults; (4) high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise had the lowest and sub-lowest probabilities to induce high intracellular OS for unhealthy adults. activities induce OS in various tissues in the human body, and the severity of OS depends on many factors of physical exercises as well as the health condition of an individual. A high-intensity and high-volume physical exercise program has the largest possibility of inducing severe OS, while a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a high-intensity interval training program with a relatively low volume might be beneficial to the redox balance for unhealthy individuals. In conclusion, continuous aerobic exercise under moderate-intensity or high-intensity interval training could be recommended to enhance the body’s capacity for maintaining redox balance, especially for unhealthy individuals. The PROSPERO Registration Number is CRD42022349687.

The growing field of immunometabolism and exercise: Key findings in the last 5 years.

This perspective review highlights the impact of physical exercise on immunometabolic responses in the past 5 years. Understanding immunometabolism as a part of immunological research is essential. Furthermore, the roles of both acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on health, aging, and chronic diseases in immunometabolic changes should be elaborated. In immune cells, β2 adrenergic signaling stimulates the preferential mobilization of inflammatory phenotypes, such as CD16+ monocytes and CD8+ T cells, into the bloodstream after a physical exercise session. The mobilization of immune cells is closely related to the availability of energetic substrates for the cell and mechanisms associated with the uptake and oxidation of fatty acids and glucose. These cells, especially senescent T cells, are mobilized to the peripheral tissues and undergo apoptotic signaling, stimulating the creation of a "vacant space" where new cells will be matured and replaced in the circulation. This results in the upregulation of the expression and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1ra), leading to increased regulatory immune cells that provide immunoregulatory properties. Thus, we suggest that a significant nutrient available to the cell will favor oxidative metabolism, augment ATP production, and consequently maintain the immune cells in their quiescent state, as well as promote rapid activation function. Therefore, based on the studies discussed in this perspective review, we highlight the importance of performing moderate-intensity continuous and high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercises, due to a higher magnitude of energetic demand and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10).

Maximum Aerobic Exercise Induces Common Carotid Vasoconstriction And Increased Vascular Resistance

Michael Diaz, Zaria Opara, Heysel Morales, Steven Hawkins, Louise Kelly, Allan Knox PURPOSE: Low-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise has been reported to elicit changes in systemic hemodynamics. Recent evidence suggests that the cerebral circulation reacts independently to systemic circulations to the same physiological stimuli. The aim of this is to determine the influence of high-intensity aerobic exercise on common carotid artery (CCA) hemodynamics. METHODS: Hemodynamic measurements were recorded before and following the cessation of a maximum oxygen uptake test (VO2max). One minute video of the CCA by Doppler ultrasound were recorded and used to determine peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), time averaged mean blood velocity (TAMEAN), timed average maximum velocity (TAMAX), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI). CCA diameters were calculated by commercially available vessel tracking software. Carotid stiffness index (β), Peterson’s pressure modulus (Ep), arterial compliance (AC) was also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 29 individuals, 14 male and 15 females, participated in this study (21.9 ± 3.9 years). Following the cessation of exercise, PSV (p < 0.001), TAMAX (p = 0.0085), RI (p < 0.001), and PI (p = 0.0032) significantly increased whilst the minimum diameter (p = 0.005), and maximum diameter (p = 0.020) decreased. No changes were observed for β (p = 0.491), Ep (p = 0.834) or AC (p = 0.535). CONCLUSION: The results show hemodynamic changes in the CCA following VO2max exercise. Specifically, increases in vascular resistance are likely due to the reductions in arterial diameter, which may be evident downstream of the CCA. Acute maximal aerobic exercise does not change CCA stiffness parameters.

Exercise intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness in rheumatoid arthritis patients with high cardiovascular disease risk: a single-arm pilot study.

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with cardiovascular disease risk, it is unknown whether exercises are safe, improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce disease-related symptoms and cardiovascular-disease (CVD) risk factors. We aimed to investigate in RA patients with CVD risk: (1) safety of medium to high-intensity aerobic exercises, (2) potential changes of cardiorespiratory fitness and (3) disease activity and CVD risk factors in response to the exercises. Single-arm pilot-exercise intervention study including 26 consecutive patients (21 women) with > 4% 10-year risk of CVD mortality according to the Dutch Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation. Aerobic exercises consisted of two supervised-sessions and five home-sessions per week for 12weeks. Patients were required to exercise at intensities between 65 and 85% of their maximum heart rate. To assess safety, we recorded exercise related adverse events. Before and after the exercises, cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with a graded maximal oxygen-uptake exercise test, while disease activity was evaluated via the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) using the erythrocyte segmentation rate (ESR). Resting blood pressure, ESR and total cholesterol were assessed as CVD risk factors. Twenty out of 26 patients performed the 12-week exercises without any adverse events. According to patients, withdrawals were unrelated to the exercises. Exercises increased cardiorespiratory fitness (pre: 15.91 vs. post: 18.15ml.kg-1min-1, p = 0.003) and decreased DAS28 (pre: 2.86 vs. post: 2.47, p = 0.04). No changes were detected in CVD risk factors. A 12-week exercise intervention seems to be safe and improves cardiorespiratory fitness and disease activity in patients with RA with a high risk for cardiovascular diseases. Key Points 1. Rheumatoid arthritis patients with high cardiovascular disease risk were able to perform a maximum exercise test and a 12-week aerobic-based medium-to-high intensity exercise intervention. 2. The exercise intervention improved cardiorespiratory fitness and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients with high cardiovascular disease risk. 3. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels were still low post-exercise intervention (i.e. 18.15 ml.kg-1min-1 compared to the 20.9 ml.kg-1min-1 baseline mean of the RA patients without CVD risk).

Effect of Aerobic Exercise at Different Intensities on Intraocular Pressure in Young Males.

High intensity aerobic exercise significantly reduced intraocular pressure in healthy young male adults. This study sought to determine how aerobic exercise at various intensities affects intraocular pressure (IOP) in young adults. A repeated measures design was adopted. A group of 20 volunteers (mean age: 21.24±1.73y) took part in this study. IOP was measured with a tonometer (iCare TA01i, Icare Finland, Finland). Subjects completed 4 cycle ergometer sessions. During the first session, power was increased by 60W every 3 minutes until exhaustion, corresponding to peak power. For the 3 following tests, each lasting 25 minutes, subjects exercised at intensities of 50%, 70%, and 85% of peak power, respectively, and measurements were taken every 5 minutes. IOP, as determined using a tonometer, was the primary measure. There was a significant reduction ( P <0.05) in IOP of both eyes during the 25 minutes high-intensity (85%) exercise test. There were also significant interactions between exercise durations and intensities. During high-intensity exercise, IOP, blood pressure, blood lactate, and the rating of perceived exertion were significantly related ( P <0.01). These data show a significant reduction in IOP at high-intensity aerobic exercise, which may have implications for the management of ocular health.

Aerobic Training and Crocin Consumption Improve Doxorubicin Damage to Spermatogenesis Process and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Expression of Male Wistar Rats

Background: Many men in the world are infertile at reproductive age. One of the causes of male infertility is the side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a tetracycline used in chemotherapy that has been shown to have adverse effects on testicular tissue. Objectives: The simultaneous effect of high-intensity aerobic exercise and crocin (Cr) consumption on doxorubicin-induced testicular tissue has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between exercise and Cr consumption on spermatogenesis and expression of lutein hormone receptor (LHR) in testicular tissue of rats injected with doxorubicin. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6), including (1) healthy control, (2) doxorubicin, (3) doxorubicin + 10 mg/kg body weight (kg.bw) Cr, (4) doxorubicin + high intensity interval training (HIIT) and (5) doxorubicin + aerobic training with 10 mg/kg.bw Cr. Rats in groups 3 and 5 received Cr daily at specific doses orally, and groups 4 and 5 performed aerobic training (2 - 8 rep × 2 min at 80 - 110% Vo2max) five days/w. Also, groups 2 to 5 received two mg/kg of doxorubicin peritoneally seven times throughout the study. Expression of LHR and spermatogenesis was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), respectively. Results: Data analysis showed a significant decrement in the spermatogenesis and expression of LHR in the doxorubicin group compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.0001). Also, the interaction of HIIT and Cr caused the most significant increase in LHR expression and spermatogenesis (P ≤ 0.03). The effect of HIIT on LHR expression and spermatogenesis was higher than that of Cr consumption (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: To prevent the harmful side effect of doxorubicin on testicular tissue HIIT and Cr consumption are recommended. Also, the positive effect of HIIT was significantly higher than Cr consumption.

Prediction of VO2max From Submaximal Exercise Using the Smartphone Application Myworkout GO: Validation Study of a Digital Health Method.

BackgroundPhysical inactivity remains the largest risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Wearable devices have become a popular method of measuring activity-based outcomes and facilitating behavior change to increase cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and reduce weight. However, it is critical to determine their accuracy in measuring these variables.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the accuracy of using a smartphone and the application Myworkout GO for submaximal prediction of VO2max.MethodsParticipants included 162 healthy volunteers: 58 women and 104 men (17-73 years old). The study consisted of 3 experimental tests randomized to 3 separate days. One-day VO2max was assessed with Metamax II, with the participant walking or running on the treadmill. On the 2 other days, the application Myworkout GO used standardized high aerobic intensity interval training (HIIT) on the treadmill to predict VO2max.ResultsThere were no significant differences between directly measured VO2max (mean 49, SD 14 mL/kg/min) compared with the VO2max predicted by Myworkout GO (mean 50, SD 14 mL/kg/min). The direct and predicted VO2max values were highly correlated, with an R2 of 0.97 (P<.001) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 2.2 mL/kg/min, with no sex differences.ConclusionsMyworkout GO accurately calculated VO2max, with an SEE of 4.5% in the total group. The submaximal HIIT session (4 x 4 minutes) incorporated in the application was tolerated well by the participants. We present health care providers and their patients with a more accurate and practical version of health risk estimation. This might increase physical activity and improve exercise habits in the general population.

Effect of Intensity and Duration of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: The gut microbiota might play a part in affecting athletic performance and is of considerable importance to athletes. The aim of this study was to search the recent knowledge of the protagonist played by high-intensity and high-duration aerobic exercise on gut microbiota composition in athletes and how these effects could provide disadvantages in sports performance. (2) Methods: This systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines. An exhaustive bibliographic search in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted considering the articles published in the last 5 years. The selected articles were categorized according to the type of study. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Critical Appraisal Tool for Systematic Reviews. (3) Results: Thirteen studies had negative effects of aerobic exercise on intestinal microbiota such as an upsurge in I-FABP, intestinal distress, and changes in the gut microbiota, such as an increase in Prevotella, intestinal permeability and zonulin. In contrast, seven studies observed positive effects of endurance exercise, including an increase in the level of bacteria such as increased microbial diversity and increased intestinal metabolites. (4) Conclusions: A large part of the studies found reported adverse effects on the intestinal microbiota when performing endurance exercises. In studies carried out on athletes, more negative effects on the microbiota were found than in those carried out on non-athletic subjects.

Effect of high-intensity aerobic exercise on serum uric acid in hypertension: compare with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and morbidity since high blood pressure can cause damage to microvascular and macrovascular organs. The Sixty non-smoker participants were divided into two main groups. Thirty participants group with high-intensity aerobic exercise and a second thirty group with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The electrical treadmill exercise is used three times per week for eight for each 25-30 minutes. Peripheral arterial blood pressure measurements and blood investigation in the form of serum uric acid and renal function tests were tested for each participant. The resulting data showed a significantly decreased effect on both serum uric acid and renal function tests in high-intensity intervals and continuous moderate exercise with more improvement with continuous moderate exercise 16% in serum uric acid and 27.5 % in creatinine. In conclusion, moderate continuous exercise reduces serum uric acid and creatinine better than high-intensity interval exercise. Both have the same effect on blood pressure and urea, but moderate continuous exercise has a crystal-clear effect that cannot be denied.

AIFM2 Is Required for High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Promoting Glucose Utilization.

Skeletal muscle is a major regulator of glycemic control at rest, and glucose utilization increases drastically during exercise. Sustaining a high glucose utilization via glycolysis requires efficient replenishment of NAD+ in the cytosol. Apoptosis-inducing mitochondrion-associated factor 2 (AIFM2) was previously shown to be a NADH oxidoreductase domain-containing flavoprotein that promotes glycolysis for diet and cold-induced thermogenesis. Here, we find that AIFM2 is selectively and highly induced in glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle during exercise. Overexpression (OE) of AIFM2 in myotubes is sufficient to elevate the NAD+-to-NADH ratio, increasing the glycolytic rate. Thus, OE of AIFM2 in skeletal muscle greatly increases exercise capacity, with increased glucose utilization. Conversely, muscle-specific Aifm2 depletion via in vivo transfection of hairpins against Aifm2 or tamoxifen-inducible haploinsufficiency of Aifm2 in muscles decreases exercise capacity and glucose utilization in mice. Moreover, muscle-specific introduction of NDE1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae external NADH dehydrogenase (NDE), ameliorates impairment in glucose utilization and exercise intolerance of the muscle-specific Aifm2 haploinsufficient mice. Together, we show a novel role for AIFM2 as a critical metabolic regulator for efficient utilization of glucose in glycolytic EDL muscles.

Effects of Multimodal Inpatient Rehabilitation vs Conventional Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Physical Recovery After Esophageal Cancer Surgery

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of multimodal rehabilitation initiated immediately after esophageal cancer surgery on physical recovery compared with conventional pulmonary rehabilitation. DesignRetrospective study. SettingPrivate quaternary care hospital. ParticipantsFifty-nine inpatients (N=59) who participated in either conventional pulmonary rehabilitation (n=30) or in multimodal rehabilitation (n=29) after esophageal cancer surgery were included. InterventionsBoth groups performed pulmonary exercises, including deep breathing, chest expansion, inspiratory muscle training, coughing, and manual vibration. In the conventional pulmonary rehabilitation group, light-intensity mat exercise, stretching, and walking were performed. The multimodal rehabilitation group performed resistance exercises and moderate- to high-intensity aerobic interval exercises using a bicycle. Main Outcome MeasuresThe European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30), pain, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 30-second chair stand test, and grip strengths were assessed before and after the rehabilitation programs. ResultsSymptom scales of pain, dyspnea, and insomnia in the EORTC QLQ-C30 as well as 6MWT improved significantly after each program (P<.05). 6MWT (73.1±52.6 vs 28.4±14.3, P<.001, d=1.15), 30-second chair stand test (3.5±3.9 vs 0.35±2.0, P<.001, d=1.06), and left grip strength (1.2±1.3 vs 0.0±1.5, P=.002, d=0.42) improved significantly in the multimodal rehabilitation group compared with the pulmonary rehabilitation group. While right grip strength also showed more improvement for those undergoing the multimodal program, the mean strength difference was not clinically meaningful. ConclusionsA multimodal inpatient rehabilitation program instituted early after esophageal cancer surgery improved endurance for walking more than conventional pulmonary rehabilitation as measured by the 6MWT and the 30-second chair stand test.

High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Suppresses Cancer Growth by Regulating Skeletal Muscle-Derived Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors.

High-intensity aerobic exercise (90% of the maximal heart rate) can effectively suppress cancer cell proliferation in vivo. However, the molecular effects of exercise and its relevance to cancer prevention remain uninvestigated. In this study, mice with colorectal cancer were subjected to high-intensity aerobic exercise, and mRNA-seq analysis was performed on the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle tissues to analyze the genome-wide molecular effects of exercise. The skeletal muscle-derived genes with exercise-dependent differential expression were further evaluated for their effects on colorectal cancer cell viability. Compared to the results obtained for the control groups (healthy and cancer with no exercise), the regular and high-intensity aerobic physical activity in the mice produced positive results in comprehensive parameters (i.e., food intake, weight gain, and survival rate). A heatmap of differentially expressed genes revealed markedly different gene expression patterns among the groups. RNA-seq analysis of 23,282 genes expressed in the skeletal muscle yielded several anticancer effector genes (e.g., Trim63, Fos, Col1a1, and Six2). Knockdown and overexpression of selected anticancer genes repressed CT26 murine colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation by 20% (p < 0.05). Our findings, based on the aerobic exercise cancer mouse model, suggest that high-intensity aerobic exercise results in a comprehensive change in the expression patterns of genes, particularly those that can affect cancer cell viability. Such an approach may identify key exercise-regulated genes that can help the body combat cancer.