High Animal Protein Intake Research Articles

Diversified subsistence patterns and their influencing factors revealed by ancestral paleodiet during the first millenium BC in Northwest Yunnan, China

The in-depth research into how prehistoric human subsistence patterns responded to environmental shifts during the transcontinental spread of crops, livestock, and cultural interactions between the second and first millenium BC is a pivotal scientific endeavor that has aroused widespread attention. Northwest Yunnan, as a vital corridor for human migration, facilitated ancient human dispersals and fostered cultural exchanges. Analyzing prehistoric subsistence patterns in Yunnan, particularly in Northwest Yunnan, is crucial for understanding the dynamics and repercussions of agricultural expansion in Eurasia during prehistory. This study examined stable isotopes extracted from human bone and plant microfossils extracted from dental calculus samples collected from two sites in Northwest Yunnan. The comprehensive analysis revealed that the inhabitants of Northwest Yunnan during the first millenium BC primarily consumed C3 plants (including rice, wheat, barley, buckwheat, legumes, roots and tubers, etcetera), with C4 plants as supplements (such as millets), alongside a high intake of animal protein. With the integration of existing archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data from neighboring sites, what emerges is a composite subsistence strategy developed by the ancestors in Northwest Yunnan during the first millenium BC, characterized by coexisting practices of planting-gathering and animal husbandry-fishing/hunting. These diversified subsistence patterns were shaped by the cultural influences from Northwest China and the local natural environment, indicating an adaptation to geographical constraints and a strategic response to climatic fluctuations during periods of low productivity.

Baseline renal function modified the association between total, plant or animal protein intake and the risk of developing renal composite outcome in people with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study [diabetes distress and care registry at Tenri (DDCRT25)

This study aimed to identify the longitudinal associations between protein intake, and composite renal outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. To examine the association between baseline total, animal, and plant protein intake and the risk of developing a composite renal outcome in 3,109 Japanese people with type 2 diabetes who participated in a cohort study at a tertiary care hospital, we used a Cox proportional hazards model. During a median follow-up of 6.0years, we observed 185 renal outcomes. Compared with the 1st quintile, the multivariable-adjusted HRs for outcome were 1.13 (p = 0.440), 1.04 (pp= 0.874), 1.40 (p = 0.215), and 2.16 (p = 0.001), respectively for the 2nd to 5th quintile of total protein intake, and 0.93 (p = 0.681), 1.1 (p= 0.596), 1.1 (p = 0.607), and 2.02 (p < 0.001), respectively for the 2nd to 5th quintile of animal protein intake. However, a significant association of total plant intake was not observed. In the analysis evaluating the joint association between protein intake and composite renal outcome with baseline estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR), total protein and animal protein intake were substantially associated with a higher risk of composite renal outcome when the baseline eGFR was below approximately 60mL/min/1.732. Baseline total protein intake is associated with a higher risk of developing a composite renal outcome during follow-up in people with type 2 diabetes and low baseline eGFR, and this association may be elucidated by a higher animal protein intake. Plant protein was not associated with renal outcome.

Dietary protein, amino acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a short review.

Diabetes is a widespread metabolic disorder and results from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Modifiable factors like diet, physical activity, and body weight play crucial roles in diabetes prevention, with targeted interventions reducing diabetes risk by about 60%. High-protein consumption, above the recommended intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight per day, have often explored in relation to diabetes risk. However, the relationship between dietary protein and diabetes is multifaceted. Observational studies have linked high total and animal protein intake to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly in obese women. Elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which can result from dietary intake, protein breakdown, as well as an impaired catabolism, are strong predictors of cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance. With several mechanism linking BCAA to insulin resistance. On the other hand, intervention studies suggest that high-protein diets can support weight loss and improve cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the impact on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis is not straightforward. Proteins and amino acids stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion, influencing glucose levels, but chronic effects remain uncertain. This short narrative review aims to provide an update on the relationship between increased dietary protein intake, amino acids, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and to describe protein recommendations for type 2 diabetes.

Urinary metabolomics signature of animal and plant protein intake and its association with 24-h blood pressure: the African-PREDICT study.

The contrasting relationships of plant and animal protein intake with blood pressure (BP) may be partially attributed to the differential non-protein (e.g., saturated fat and fibre) and amino acid (AA) compositions. This study determined whether animal and plant protein intake were related to differential metabolomic profiles associated with BP. This study included 1008 adults from the African-PREDICT study (aged 20-30 years). Protein intake was determined using 24-h dietary recalls. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was measured. Amino acids and acylcarnitines were analysed in spot urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Participants with a low plant, high animal protein intake had higher SBP (by 3 mmHg, p = 0.011) than those with high plant, low animal protein intake (low-risk group). We found that the relationships of plant and animal protein intake with 24-h SBP were partially mediated by BMI and saturated fat intake, which were independently associated with SBP. Protein intake was therefore not related to SBP in multiple regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. In the low-risk group, methionine (Std. β = -0.217; p = 0.034), glutamic acid (Std. β = -0.220; p = 0.031), glycine (Std. β = -0.234; p = 0.025), and proline (Std. β = -0.266; p = 0.010) were inversely related to SBP, and beta-alanine (Std. β = -0.277; p = 0.020) to DBP. Ultimately a diet high in animal and low in plant protein intake may contribute to higher BP by means of increased BMI and saturated fat intake. Conversely, higher levels of urinary AAs observed in adults consuming a plant rich diet may contribute to lower BP.

Association between obesity and risk of kidney stones: exploring the rule of life style factors

Introduction: Kidney stones are a prevalent health concern, with obesity recognized as a significant risk factor. Understanding the interplay between obesity and lifestyle factors in stone formation is crucial. This study investigates this association, focusing on dietary habits, fluid intake, physical activity, and medication use. Methods: A one-year prospective April 2023–March 2024 saw the conduct of a cohort study at the Pakistan Academy of Medical Sciences (PIMS) in Pakistan's Islamabad. 88 participants were enrolled, with baseline data including demographics, BMI, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Follow-up assessments monitored weight changes, urinary parameters, and kidney stone incidence. Multivariate regression analysis explored associations between obesity, lifestyle factors, and stone risk. Results: Obese participants exhibited higher comorbidity prevalence and medication use. Over the study, obese participants gained 3.7 kg, while non-obese lost 1.5 kg. Obese individuals had elevated urinary calcium and oxalate, and lower citrate levels. Kidney stone incidence was 16.7% in obese and 9.5% in non-obese participants. Multivariate analysis identified obesity, high animal protein intake, and low fluid consumption as significant predictors of stone risk among obese individuals. Conclusion: This study underscores the complex relationship between obesity, lifestyle factors, and kidney stone risk. Modifiable factors like dietary habits and fluid intake play crucial roles in stone formation. Insights from this research can inform targeted interventions to reduce stone burden and improve health outcomes in obese individuals.

Споживання нутрієнтів та його зв’язок із психоемоційним станом і метаболічним профілем в українських жінок під час війни

Acute and chronic stress caused by war leads to psychoemotional disorders that can change eating habits and impair metabolic health. The aim of the study was to investigate the nutrient intake of Ukrainian women and its association with psychoemotional state and metabolic profile. The study included women aged 30-75 years, residents of the City of Kyiv and the Region of Kyiv, who underwent a comprehensive examination during the war (main group, n = 76) and before the war (control group, n = 80). Participants underwent anthropometry, analysis of glucose and lipid metabolism, nutrition was studied using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In the main group, plasma cortisol level was measured and questionnaires were used to assess the psychoemotional state. Women examined during the war had worse glucose metabolism and changes in nutrient intake, such as an increase in total energy and the proportion of animal protein and plant fat accompanied by a high proportion of simple carbohydrates. Higher animal protein intake was an independent predictor of fasting glycaemia. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and insomnia were predictors of increased fasting glycaemia during the war and were accompanied by higher consumption of simple carbohydrates. Trait and state anxiety increased with lower animal protein intake and higher starch intake. State anxiety was also higher in women with a lower fat proportion in diet. Higher fat intake during the war may be a compensatory dietary change to mitigate negative emotions and chronic stress. To prevent the progression of metabolic disorders in women affected by war, it is necessary to develop healthy eating habits and provide psychological support to counteract stressful influences.

Deep Learning for Histopathological Image Analysis: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach to Colon Cancer Classification

Colon cancer is a type of cancer that attacks the last part of the human digestive tract. Factors such as an unhealthy diet, low fiber consumption, and high animal protein and fat intake can increase the risk of developing this disease. Diagnosis of colon cancer requires sophisticated diagnostic procedures such as CT scan, MRI, PET scan, ultrasound, or biopsy, which are often time-consuming and require particular expertise. This study aims to classify colon cancer based on histopathological images using a dataset of 10,000 images. This data is divided into 7,950 images for training, 2,000 for testing, and 50 for validation, aiming to achieve effective generalization. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method was applied in this research with a relatively shallow architecture consisting of 4 convolution layers, 2 fully connected layers, and 1 output layer. Research results were evaluated by looking at the accuracy value of 99.55%, precision value of 99.49%, recall of 99.59%, prediction experiments on several images, and loss and accuracy graphs to detect signs of overfitting. However, this research has limitations in determining hyperparameters and layer depth, which was only tested from 1 to 5 convolution layers. Therefore, there are still opportunities for further development, such as applying unique feature extraction before the classification process

Association of low-carbohydrate diet scores and type 2 diabetes in Chinese rural adults: The Henan Rural Cohort Study.

To investigate the association between low-carbohydrate diet scores (LCDs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes in rural China. A total of 38,100 adults were included in the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Macronutrient intake was assessed via a validated food-frequency questionnaire to create low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) scores. Multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analysis were performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). After multivariable adjustment, participants with a high total low-carbohydrate diet score have a high risk of T2D (extreme-quartile OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.41; P = 0.007), whereas plant-based LCD score is not related to T2D risk. Among individuals with a BMI < 24 (extreme-quartile OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.47; P < 0.001) or high levels of physical activity (extreme-quartile OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17-1.72; P < 0.001), the animal-based LCD score is positively correlated with the risk of T2D. Among Chinese rural populations, high-fat-low carbohydrate diet is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. High intake of animal protein and fat also increases T2D risk in those who are overweight or have high physical activity.

Dietary protein sources, genetics, and cardiovascular disease incidence

BackgroundTo explore the potential correlation between the amount and source of dietary protein and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the potential impact of genetic susceptibility on these connections. MethodsWe performed a prospective analysis of 98,224 participants from the UK. We measured dietary protein intake using two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. To analyze the data, we used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models and restricted cubic spline models. Additionally, we calculated weighted genetic risk scores. ResultsA total of 8818 new cases of CVD were documented, which included 4076 cases of coronary artery disease (CAD) and 1126 cases of stroke. The study found a J-shaped association (p nonlinearity = 0.005) between CVD risk and the percentage of energy obtained from consuming plant protein. Higher intake of plant protein and whole protein was associated with a decreased risk of CVD. On the other hand, larger intakes of animal protein was linked to a higher occurrence of CAD. Additionally, increased intake of plant protein was also linked to a lower incidence of stroke. Replacing 5 % of animal protein-based energy intake with plant protein-based energy intake resulted in a 5 % decrease in CVD risk. LimitationsThere remains an effect of residual confounders. ConclusionThe consumption of larger amounts of plant protein, whole protein, and nut protein was found to be associated with a lower risk of CVD events. Conversely, higher intakes of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of CAD events. Furthermore, replacing 5 % of energy intake from animal protein with energy intake from plant protein was found to reduce the risk of CVD by 5 %.

Animal and vegetable protein intake and malnutrition in older adults: a multicohort study.

Malnutrition is a global concern in older adults, as it negatively affects morbidity and mortality. While higher animal protein intake may help prevent and treat malnutrition, it might also increase the risk of chronic diseases and death. Conversely, vegetable protein intake might have a lower anabolic effect and not be as effective to improve nutritional status. We studied whether animal and vegetable protein intake are associated with changes in nutritional status in older adults. We used pooled data from two Spanish cohorts: the Seniors-ENRICA 1 and Seniors-ENRICA 2. 2,965 community-dwelling adults aged 62-92 years. Protein intake was estimated at baseline via an electronic, validated diet history. Nutritional status was assessed at baseline and after 2.6 years with the GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) phenotypic criteria: weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass. The odds of improvements in nutritional status were assessed with logistic regression models, extensively adjusted for potential confounders. Higher animal and vegetable protein intake were associated with improvements in nutritional status [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) per 0.25 g/kg/day were 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) and 1.77 (1.35, 2.32), respectively]. Cereal protein intake drove most of the latter association [2.07 (1.44, 2.98)]. Replacing 0.25 g/kg/day of total animal protein, meat, or fish protein (but not dairy or egg protein) with vegetable protein was associated with improvements in nutritional status [1.54 (1.13, 2.09), 1.70 (1.20, 2.41), and 1.77 (1.18, 2.64), respectively]. Higher animal and, especially, vegetable protein intake were associated with improvements in nutritional status in older adults. Replacing total animal protein, meat, or fish protein with vegetable protein may help improve malnutrition.

Dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes and inflammatory factors in elderly men: A cross-sectional study.

The source and amount of protein intake may influence cardiovascular and inflammatory risk, especially in elders who are often more vulnerable. However, findings on elders have been contradictory. Therefore, we examined the association between dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes and inflammatory factors in elderly men. The present cross-sectional study included 357 elderly men. A validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. All biochemical factors including triglycerides (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were also assessed. A significant inverse association was found between animal protein intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP; OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.91; ptrend = .014). There were significant inverse associations between plant protein intake and WC (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.68; ptrend < .001), FBS (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.89; ptrend = .018) and Hs-CRP (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.70; ptrend = .002). Moreover, significant inverse associations were also found between total protein intake and SBP (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.86; ptrend = .010) and total protein and Hs-CRP (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.88; ptrend = .015). In elderly men, a high dietary intake of plant protein was associated with lower odds of having high WC, FBS, and Hs-CRP. In addition, high dietary intake of animal protein was associated with higher odds of having a high SBP level, which was explained by higher intake of dairy products.

Food Sources of Animal Protein in Relation to Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality-Causal Associations or Confounding? An Analysis of the EPIC-Heidelberg Cohort.

While prior prospective iso-caloric substitution studies show a robust association between higher intake of animal protein and risk of mortality, associations observed for mortality risk in relation to major food sources of animal protein have been generally more diverse. We used the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort to examine if confounding, notably, by smoking, adiposity, or alcohol intake, could cause inconsistencies in estimated mortality hazard ratios (HR) related to intake levels of different types of meat and dairy products. Higher intakes of red or processed meats, and lower intakes of milk or cheese, were observed among current heavy smokers, participants with obesity, or heavy alcohol drinkers. Adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake, risk models showed increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality with higher red or processed meat intakes (HR ranging from 1.25 [95% confidence interval = 1.15-1.36] to 1.76 [1.46-2.12] comparing highest to lowest tertiles), but reduced risks for poultry, milk, or cheese (HR ranging from 0.55 [0.43-0.72] to 0.88 [0.81-0.95]). Adjusting further for smoking history, adiposity indices, alcohol consumption, and physical activity levels, the statistical significance of all these observed was erased, except for the association of processed meat intake with cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.36 [CI = 1.13-1.64]) and cheese intake with cancer mortality (HR = 0.86 [0.76-0.98]), which, however, were substantially attenuated. These findings suggest heavy confounding and provide little support for the hypothesis that animal protein, as a nutrient, is a major determinant of mortality risk.

Dietary protein intake and mortality among survivors of liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundLiver cirrhosis is a worldwide burden and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, including increased mortality. The beneficial effects of dietary modifications in reducing morbidity and mortality are inevitable.AimThe current study aimed to evaluate the potential association of dietary protein intake with the cirrhosis-related mortality.MethodsIn this cohort study, 121 ambulatory cirrhotic patients with at least 6 months of cirrhosis diagnosis were followed-up for 48 months. A 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary intake assessment. Total dietary protein was classified as dairy, vegetable and animal protein. We estimated crude and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), applying Cox proportional hazard analyses.ResultsAfter full adjustment for confounders, analyses showed that total (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.2–1.1, p trend = 0.045) and dairy (HR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.13–1.1, p trend = 0.046) protein intake was associated with a 62% lower risk of cirrhosis-related mortality. While a higher intake of animal protein was associated with a 3.8-fold increase in the risk of mortality in patients (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.7–8.2, p trend = 0.035). Higher intake of vegetable protein was inversely but not significantly associated with mortality risk.ConclusionA comprehensive evaluation of the associations of dietary protein intake with cirrhosis-related mortality indicated that a higher intakes of total and dairy protein and a lower intakes of animal protein are associated with a reduced risk of mortality in cirrhotic patients.

Effects of Animal and Vegetable Proteins on Gut Microbiota in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity.

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the balance between host health and obesity. The composition of the gut microbiota can be influenced by external factors, among which diet plays a key role. As the source of dietary protein is important to achieve weight loss and gut microbiota modulation, in the literature there is increasing evidence to suggest consuming more plant proteins than animal proteins. In this review, a literature search of clinical trials published until February 2023 was conducted to examine the effect of different macronutrients and dietary patterns on the gut microbiota in subjects with overweight and obesity. Several studies have shown that a higher intake of animal protein, as well as the Western diet, can lead to a decrease in beneficial gut bacteria and an increase in harmful ones typical of obesity. On the other hand, diets rich in plant proteins, such as the Mediterranean diet, lead to a significant increase in anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria, bacterial diversity and a reduction in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Therefore, since diets rich in fiber, plant protein, and an adequate amount of unsaturated fat may help to beneficially modulate the gut microbiota involved in weight loss, further studies are needed.

The Impact of Nutrition and Oral Function Exercise on among Community-Dwelling Older People.

Oral function (OF) decline in older people is associated with nutritional deficiencies, which increases frailty risk and the need for nursing care. We investigated whether the delivery of an oral function improvement program on a tablet device was as effective as delivery through a paper-based program. We also investigated the association between tongue pressure (TP) improvement and nutritional status at the baseline. The participants involved in the study were 26 community-dwelling older people with low TP, <30 kPa, aged ≥65 years, who were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial for a month in Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Oral and physical functions and body composition were measured at the baseline and at follow-up. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that body mass index (p = 0.004) increased, and maximum masticatory performance (p = 0.010), maximum TP (p = 0.035), and oral diadochokinesis /pa/ and /ka/ (p = 0.009 and 0.017, respectively) improved in a month. Participants with higher TP improvement showed an increased intake of animal proteins at the baseline: fish (p = 0.022), meat (p = 0.029), and egg (p = 0.009). OF exercises for improving TP were associated with higher animal protein intake at the baseline. This study has been registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN 000050292).

Effect of Protein Fermentation Products on Gut Health Assessed in an In Vitro Model of Human Colon (TIM-2).

Western type of diets are characterized by high animal protein intake and are associated with various chronic inflammatory diseases. With a higher protein consumption, excess undigested protein will reach the colon and be subsequently metabolized by gut microbiota. Depending on the type of protein, fermentation in the colon generates different metabolites with varying biological effects. This study aims to compare the impact of protein fermentation products from different sources on gut health. Three high protein diets (vital wheat gluten [VWG], lentil, or casein) are submitted to the in vitro model of colon. Fermentation of excess lentil protein for 72 h results in highest production of short-chain fatty acids and lowest production of branched-chain fatty acids. Exposure of Caco-2 monolayers or Caco-2 monolayers co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages to luminal extracts of fermented lentil protein results in less cytotoxicity of Caco-2 monolayers and less damage to barrier integrity, when compared to VWG and casein. Lowest induction of interleukin-6 is observed in THP-1 macrophages after treatment with lentil luminal extracts, which is identified to be regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. The findings indicate that protein sources affect the health effects of high protein diet in the gut.

Abstract 13226: Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women

Introduction: Evidence regarding associations between overall low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains to be mixed. In the current analysis, we aimed to prospectively assess associations of various LCDs that emphasize different quality of protein, fat, and carbohydrate with T2D risk in U.S. men and women. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 203,541 men and women participating in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline and were followed for up to &gt;30 years. Five LCD scores based on sources of protein, fat, and carbohydrate differentiated by their qualities were derived every four years based on dietary assessments by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: During 5,095,048 person-years of follow-up, 19,675 T2D cases were documented. In the multivariable model, a higher overall LCD score was associated with higher T2D risk in a dose-response manner: the hazard ratio (HR) comparing highest vs. lowest quintile was 1.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.22-1.34; P -trend &lt;0.001). A vegetable-based LCD score that emphasizes vegetable protein and fat intake was associated with 6% lower T2D risk (0.94 [0.90-0.98; P -trend =0.003]), and a healthy LCD score that further de-emphasizes refined carbohydrate intake was associated with 15% lower T2D risk (0.85 [0.81-0.89; P -trend &lt;0.001]). In contrast, LCD scores emphasizing high animal protein and fat intake were associated with higher T2D risk. The HRs (95% CIs) comparing extreme quintiles were 1.35 (1.29-1.42; P -trend &lt;0.001) for an overall animal-based LCD score and 1.39 (1.32-1.46; P -trend &lt;0.001) when such a score that further de-emphasizes whole grain intake. Conclusions: LCDs were not beneficial for the primary prevention of T2D unless they emphasize the quality of the macronutrient compositions.

Protein intake from different sources and cognitive decline over 9 years in community-dwelling older adults.

ObjectivesTo examine the association of protein intake from different sources with cognitive decline.MethodsOur analysis included 3,083 participants aged 55–93 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Cognition was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2015. Diet intake was assessed using weighing methods in combination with 24-h dietary recalls for three consecutive days at each survey.ResultsParticipants consumed 13.94% of energy intake from total protein, with 11.47 and 2.47% from plant and animal sources, respectively. During a follow-up of 9 years, participants in quintile 5 of plant protein intake (% energy) had a higher risk [odds ratio (95% CI): 3.03 (1.22–7.53)] of cognitive decline compared with those in quintile 1. Higher animal protein intake (% total protein) was associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline [odds ratio (95% CI) for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1: 0.22 (0.07–0.71)]. Grains (plant source) protein intake was inversely but fish/shrimp and poultry (animal source) protein intake were positively associated with change in cognitive Z-score.ConclusionIncreasing animal protein consumption in a population with plant dominant diets may help to prevent cognitive decline.

Diet Composition, Anthropometrics, and Mortality Risk.

While overeating is considered a cause of the obesity epidemic as quantified by body mass index (BMI), the association of diet with a body shape index (ABSI) and hip index (HI), which are transformations of waist and hip circumference that are independent of BMI and which predict mortality risk, is poorly known. We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study of about 15,000 middle-aged adults to investigate associations between macronutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, the latter two divided into plant and animal sources, all based on self-reported food frequency) with anthropometric indices (BMI, ABSI, and HI). We also analyzed the association of diet and anthropometrics with death rate during approximately 30 years of follow-up. High intake of energy and animal fat and protein was generally associated with higher ABSI and lower HI at baseline, as well as greater mortality hazard. BMI was also positively linked with animal fat and protein intake. In contrast, higher intake of carbohydrates and plant fat and protein was associated with lower ABSI and BMI, higher HI, and lower mortality hazard. For example, after adjustment for potential confounders, each standard deviation of additional plant fat intake (as a fraction of total energy) was associated with a 5% decrease in mortality rate, while animal fat intake was associated with a 5% mortality increase per standard deviation. The directions of the associations between diet and anthropometrics are consistent with those found between anthropometrics and mortality without reference to diet.

The Role of Nutrition in the Etiology and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Prostat kanseri (PCa), erkeklerde en sık görülen ikinci kanser türüdür. Beslenme PCa’nın başlama, gelişme ve ilerlemesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Prostat kanseri gelişimi ile diyetle yüksek enerji, doymuş yağ, rafine karbonhidrat ve hayvansal kaynaklı protein alımının yanı sıra düşük miktarlarda taze sebze ve meyve, tam tahıl, esansiyel mineraller ve fitokimyasalların alımı ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu derleme güncel beslenme modellerinin prostat kanserinin etiyolojisi ve tedavisindeki etkisini özetlemek amacıyla oluşturulmuştur. Literatür taraması 2000 yılından Mart 2022'ye kadar PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus ve Google Akademik'ten elde edilen makalelerin referans listesinin manuel incelemesiyle desteklenen elektronik veri tabanları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Web of Science, Scopus ve Google Akademik veri tabanlarından "Prostat Kanseri" veya "Diyet" veya "Beslenme" veya "Besin Alımı" veya " Diyet Modelleri" veya "Diyet Modelleri" terimleri kullanılarak taranmıştır. Güncel beslenme modelleri ve beslenme örüntülerinin PCa gelişimi üzerinde farklı etkileri bulunabilmektedir. Günümüzde farklı beslenme modellerine olan ilgi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, güncel beslenme modellerinin PCa gelişiminin önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde olumlu/olumsuz etkilerini mevcut çalışmalar ışığında irdelenmesidir.