Higher Incidence Of Diarrhea Research Articles

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota in healthy and diarrheic yaks

BackgroundYak (Bos grunniens) mainly inhabiting Tibet Plateau, displayed a high incidence of diarrhea due to harsh living environment and nutritional deficit. Gut microbial community has been reported to be closely related to many diseases including diabetes, obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, but information regarding diarrheic influence on gut microbiota in yaks remains scarce. Here, this study was performed to investigate the gut bacterial and fungal alternations of diarrheic yaks.ResultsResults revealed that the gut bacterial and fungal communities of diarrheic yaks showed a distinct decline in alpha diversity, accompanied by significant shifts in taxonomic compositions. Specifically, diarrhea caused a distinct increase in the relative abundance of 1 phylum and 8 genera as well as a distinct decrease in 3 phyla and 30 genera. Fungal taxonomic analysis indicated that the relative richness of 1 phylum and 2 genera dramatically increased, whereas the relative richness of 2 phylum and 43 genera significantly decreased during diarrhea. Surprisingly, 2 bacterial genera and 5 fungal genera even cannot be detected in the gut microbiota of diarrheic yaks.ConclusionsIn summary, this study indicated that the gut bacterial and fungal compositions and diversities of yaks altered significantly during diarrhea. Moreover, these findings also contribute to understanding the gut microbial composition and diversity of yaks and developing strategies to alleviate and prevent diarrhea from gut microbial perspective.

Faktor risiko kejadian diare pada anak balita (12-59 bulan) di Puskesmas “X” Kota Jambi

Background: Diarrhea is the second major contributor to morbidity and mortality of toddlers in various countries, including Indonesia. Diarrhea in toddlers has also occurred in Jambi Province. In 2019, Tahtul Yaman Primary Health Care was one of the Primary Health Care in Jambi City with the highest incidence of diarrhea. The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with diarrhea in toddlers (12-59 months) in Tahtul Yaman Primary Health Care in Jambi City.
 Methods: The study used a case-control study design with 70 participants, consist of 35 cases and 35 controls taken by quota sampling. The dependent variable in this study was the incidence of diarrhea, and the independent variables were food sanitation, exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A, Complete Basic Immunization, type of water source, and toilet facilities. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test for bivariate and regression logistic for multivariate analysis. 
 Results: The multivariate analysis showed that relationship between food sanitation (OR=3,591; 95% CI=1,186-10,877), complete immunization status (OR=4,110; 95% CI=1,281-13,182), and toilet facilities (OR=6,051; 95% CI=1,291-28,365) with diarrhea. While factors unassociated were exclusive breastfeeding (OR=1,324, 95% CI=0,467-3,750), vitamin A (OR=1,477, 95% CI=0,541-4,032), type of water source (OR=1,304, 95% CI=0,474-3,590 ).
 Conclusion: Food sanitation, complete immunization status, and toilet facilities as risk factors for the incidence of diarrhea. A dominant factor that affected the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 0-59 months was the toilet facilities.

Sense and Manner of WASH and Their Coalition With Disease and Nutritional Status of Under-five Children in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of caregivers and their relationship to the disease and nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in rural areas of Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total of 110 households with at least a child aged 6 to 59 months were selected by simple random method from 10 rural communities of three Upazila of Sylhet from September 2019 to February 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the “Water Access, Sanitation, and Hygiene” (WASH) knowledge and practice, and multivariate chi-square analyses were performed to assess associations among diseases and nutritional status with WASH following a structured questionnaire. The study found a significant association between WASH with childhood disease and nutritional status, and 65% of children were found to be in a diseased state and 35% of children were found in a no exposure of disease state within the last 6 months. The findings sketched that mother with poor WASH knowledge and practice was at greater risk for disease outbreaks, disease frequency, and duration. The highest incidence of diarrhea was 17% in children aged 12 to 23 months. A significant effect of WASH was also found in children's nutritional status, which was reflected in the ratio of stunted, underweight, and wasted children. Integrated convergent work focusing on providing clean water within the household, stopping open defecation, promoting handwashing, behavior change, and poverty alleviation is needed to improve the situation. Health, nutrition, and livelihood programs should be uninterrupted, and mothers or caregivers should be encouraged to participate in these programs.

EFEK ANTIDIARE EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEJI BELING (STROBILANTHES CRISPUS) TERHADAP MENCIT (MUS MUSCULUS) JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI CASTOR OIL

Poor sanitation and environmental hygiene are factors that cause the high incidence of diarrhea in Indonesian children. The use of traditional medicines derived from plants is increasingly in demand by the public. The Strobilanthes crispus plant is very potential as a natural antidiarrheal drug because of its phytochemical content, namely tannins, silicates, and catechins which are natural compounds of the flavonoid group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Strobilanthes crispus extract as an antidiarrheal. This study uses an experimental laboratory method. Group I. 100 mg/Kg BW, group II. 200 mg/Kg BW, group III. 400 mg/Kg BW, group IV. 800 mg/Kg BW, group V. positive control (+) loperamide 2 mg, and group VI. negative control (-) distilled water. Induction of diarrhea with castor oil. The results of the positive control statistical test with the negative control showed that the p value <0.05 was significant, there was a difference in the time of diarrhea in mice that were given loperamide and mice that were not given loperamide. The results of the statistical test of negative control and the treatment of giving kejibeling extract showed that the p value <0.05 there was a difference in the time of diarrhea in mice that were given kejibeling extract and those that were not given kejibeling extract. The results of statistical tests on the treatment of Kejibeling extract with positive control showed that the p value> 0.05 had no effect on the time of diarrhea. This indicated that the kejibeling extract had the same effect as the positive control (loperamide). Kejibeling can be used as an alternative to loperamide.

Climate variability, water supply, sanitation and diarrhea among children under five in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis.

Climate variability is expected to increase the risk of diarrhea diseases, a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The risk of diarrhea is more acute when populations have poor access to improved water and sanitation. This study seeks to determine individual and joint effects of climate variation, water supply and sanitation on the occurrence of diarrhea among children under five in SSA using multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression including cross-level interaction. We merged 57 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 25 SSA countries covering the period 2000-2019 with climatic data from the DHS geolocation databases. The results of the research indicate that 77.7% of the variation in the occurrence of diarrhea in Sub-Saharan households is due to climatic differences between clusters. Also, a household residing in a cluster with a high incidence of diarrhea is 1.567 times more likely to have diarrhea cases than a household from a cluster with a low incidence. In addition, when average temperature and rainfall increase, households using unimproved sanitation or unimproved water have more cases of diarrhea. For SSA, the results of the multilevel analysis suggest the adoption at both levels; macro (national) and micro (household), of climate change adaption measures in the water sector to reduce the prevalence of diarrhea.

Acute Diarrhea Patients among Children Under Five Hospitalized in a Tertiary Hospital in East Java, Indonesia

Highlight:The characteristics of acute diarrhea patients among chidren in Tertiary Hospital In East Java was evaluated.The highest incidence of diarrhea was found in the 0-24 months age group, good nutritional status, male sex, and hospitalized in less than 5 days.Mild-moderate dehydration, intravenous rehydration treated, anemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis were mostly founded. Abstract:Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in Indonesia after pneumonia. In 2017, diarrhea became an outbreak in 12 provinces. Diarrhea in under-fives can cause several complications and can cause death if it is not treated properly. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of acute diarrhea patients in under-fives hospitalized in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia for six months. This study was a descriptive study with retrospective approach which evaluated all acute diarrhea patients hospitalized from July to December 2019. Patients’ data were taken from medical records and presented descriptively. Of the total 125 patients, most acute diarrhea patients were male (60%) aged 0 to 24 months (83.2%), had good nutritional status (58.4%), and hospitalized for less than 5 days (60.8%). The most degree of dehydration was mild-moderate dehydration (83.2%), mostly treated with intravenous rehydration (96.8%), the most common comorbidity was anemia (13.4%), and the most electrolyte disorder was hyponatremia (41%), while acid-base disorder was mostly metabolic acidosis (75%).

Clinical Course and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in KTR. We reviewed the clinical profile, outcomes, and immunological responses of recipients admitted with COVID-19. We determined the risk factors for mortality and severe COVID-19. Out of 452 recipients on follow-up, 60 were admitted with COVID-19. Prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (71%), diabetes (40%), lung disease (17%). About 27% had tuberculosis. The median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at presentation was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-5). There was a high incidence of diarrhea (52%) and anemia (82%). Treatment strategies included antimetabolite withdrawal (85%), calcineurin inhibitor decrease or withdrawal (64%), increased steroids (53%), hydroxychloroquine (21%), remdesivir (28.3%), and tocilizumab (3.3%). Severe COVID-19 occurred in 34 (56.4%) patients. During a median follow-up of 42.5 days (IQR 21-81 days), 83% developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and eight (13%) died. Mortality was associated with the baseline graft dysfunction, hypoxia at admission, lower hemoglobin and platelets, higher transaminases, higher C reactive protein, diffuse radiological lung involvement, hypotension requiring inotropes, and Kidney Diseases Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 3 AKI (univariate analysis). Around 57% of patients remained RT-PCR positive at the time of discharge. By the last follow-up, 66.6% of patients developed IgM (immunoglobulin M) antibodies and 82.3% of patients developed IgG antibodies. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients is associated with a high risk of AKI and significant mortality.

Analisis Kualitas Fisik dan Bakteriologi (E-Coli) Air Sumur Gali Di Jorong Koto Kaciak Kanagrian Magek Kecamatan Magek

Jorong Koto Kaciak is a fairly high incidence of diarrhea contributed 36% of the incidence of diarrhea in Magek District. This study aims to analyze the Physical Quality and Bacteriology (E-Coli) of Dug Well Water in Jorong Koto Kaciak. This is a descriptive describing the physical quality and bacteriology of community dug well water. The populations were all community dug wells amount 153 units. By using cluster sampling, the sample was determined as much as 5 dug wells. Data collection used observation sheets and data analysis included univariate analysis which was carried out computerized. The results showed that 80% dug well water samples met the physical parameter requirements based on temperature, overall 100% community dug well water met the turbidity requirements <25 NTU / 100 ml, 60% dug well water samples met the physical requirements. odorless and tasteless and overall 100% dug well water samples do not meet the quality requirements of microbiology (e-coli)> 50 MPN / 100 ml It can be concluded that the community dug well water physically meets the quality standard requirements drinking water, but microbiologically it does not meet the health standard requirements, especially the quality of bacteriology, which can increase the risk of gastrointestinal infections for the community (diarrhea). For this reason, it is recommended that the community and health workers in Jorong Koto Kaciak pay more attention to the quality of dug well water.

216 Effect of Dietary L-valine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Microbial Metabolites in Weaned Pigs Raised in Varying Sanitary Conditions

Abstract This study investigated the effects of dietary L-valine supplementation and sanitary conditions on growth performance, immune response, and microbial metabolites in weaned pigs. Thirty-two weaned pigs (6.98 ± 0.47 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement based on dietary Val level and sanitary condition (clean or unclean). The pigs were fed either a basal diet containing the standard levels of Val suggested by NRC (2012) or the basal diet with an additional 0.1% of L-Val. A room designated as the clean room was washed weekly, whereas the designated unclean room was not washed throughout the experiment and 5 kg of manure from the nursery pig barn was spread on the pen floors on day 1. All data were analyzed using a mixed procedure of SAS, with the individual pen as the experimental unit. The pigs raised in unsanitary conditions exhibited a lower average daily gain and average daily feed intake and a higher incidence of diarrhea than those raised in sanitary conditions during the 14-day experimental period (P < 0.05). The pigs in the unclean group also had a lower concentration of butyrate in the jejunum and a higher concentration of ammonia-N in the colon than those in the clean group (P < 0.05). Dietary valine supplementation reduced plasma interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations as well as isovalerate and ammonia-N concentrations in the colon (P < 0.05). Interactions between dietary Val supplementation and sanitary conditions were observed in the abundance of mRNA-encoding β-defensins 113, 125, and 129 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary Val supplementation beneficially modulates inflammatory response and microbial metabolites regardless of sanitary condition, while transcriptional levels of β-defensins are regulated by dietary Val supplementation in a manner dependent on housing hygiene conditions.

Associations of diarrhea episodes and seeking medical treatment among children under five years: Insights from the Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey (2015-2016).

Diarrhea is a significant pediatric public health concern globally and places a significant burden on healthcare systems. In resource‐limited settings, the problems of diarrhea could be worse than reported. Continuously monitoring and understanding the changing epidemiology of diarrhea, including risk factors, remain an important aspect necessary to design effective public health interventions to reduce the incidence, outcomes and strain on healthcare resources caused by diarrheal illness. We, therefore, undertook this study to understand the factors associated with diarrhea as well as describe determinants for seeking medical treatment in children under‐five in Zimbabwe using the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2015–2016 Data. Children with recent diarrhea were on average younger (mean age 22 months), compared to those who did not have an episode of diarrhea (mean age 30 months) p = .001. Incidence of recent diarrhea was lower among female children compared to their male counterparts (16% vs. 19%), p = .013. Incidence of diarrhea decreased with increasing maternal education level and so was the same for increasing wealth quintile. Those with unimproved sources of drinking water had a higher incidence of diarrhea. The wealth quintile remained the only factor associated with seeking medical attention for a recent diarrhea episode among children less than 6 years, with those in the highest wealth quintile being 2.49 times likely to do so, p = .031. The results are useful in informing pediatric public health policies and strategies for them to be successful in significantly reducing the incidence, morbidity, mortality and significant healthcare costs and burden to society associated with caring for children with diarrheal illnesses.

The Impact Of Environmental Sanitation On Diarrhea In Toddlers

Diarrhea is still a health problem and a cause of death in children under five. Unfavorable environmental sanitation can lead to a high incidence of diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in the work area of ​​the Nogosari Community Health Center, Boyolali Regency. This research method uses an observational design with a cross sectional approach. The subjects of this study were housewives who had toddlers and had suffered from diarrhea in the period June - December 2020 with a population of 328 people. The sample selection by simple random sampling resulted in a sample of 60 people. Test statistics using Chi Square with the help of computer software. The results showed that there was a relationship between the source of drinking water (p=0.001), latrine ownership (p=0.018), type of house floor (p=0.036) and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five and there was no relationship between the physical quality of clean water (p=0.307 ) with the incidence of diarrhea in infants

Promosi Kesehatan pada Ibu dan Balita Dalam Rangka Menurunkan Angka Kematian dan Kesakitan Balita “Balita Sehat, Ibu Senang”

Healthy and intelligent children certainly cannot be separated from the role of parents in providing good and sufficient and healthy nutritional intake, whether this is done during the mother's pregnancy or when the child is in a golden age in the growth phase of development that supports intelligence. the child's own brain. The low level of hygiene, the high incidence of diarrhea and the availability of latrines in the village of Kendawa became our background for providing health promotion materials for mothers and toddlers in order to reduce infant mortality in Kendawa Village, Jatibarang District, Brebes Regency. The method in the implementation of the mother is carried out by the lecture method, and discussions using leaflets while the output obtained is increased awareness and knowledge of parents about healthy toddlers in Kendawa Village. The output obtained is the existence of health education media about healthy toddlers in Kendawa Village.

Hubungan Kondisi Sarana Air Bersih dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Nanggalo Tahun 2020

Background. Diarrhea is the second most common cause of death among children under five with an environment basis where the one of the causes is the lack of clean water facilities. Based on the data of Padang City Health Office, it was found that Nanggalo Health Center was in the third position with the highest incidence of diarrhea among children under five in 2018.Objective. This study aimed to relationship between condition of clean water facilities and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Nanggalo Health Center working area in 2020.Method. Research design used cross sectional study. The sample was 105 people and chose with proportionate random sampling technique. This research used questionnaires and observation sheets by interview and observation technique. The analysis used chi square test.Result. From the research showed the incidence of diarrhea in children under five was 34,3% and the unqualified clean water facilities was 14,3%. Then for bivariate analysis between condition of clean water facilities and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five showed that there was no significant relationship with p value = 0,425.Conclusion. Based on the result, in can be conclused that there was no relationship between condition of clean water facilities and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Nanggalo Health Center working area in 2020.

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION RELATIONSHIP WITH DIARRHEA INCIDENCE IN THE VILLAGE OF KAOFE KADATUA SUBDISTRICT BUTON COUNTY

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by an increase in the frequency of bowel movements more than usual (usually this frequency more than three times per day) accompanied by changes in the shape and consistency of stool, vomiting, muntaber or usually once a day but characterized by snot or blood. Diarrheal disease is still a public health problem, some of the factors that cause diarrheal disease are caused by germs through contamination of food or drinks contaminated with feces and or direct contact with sufferers, while other factors include devotee and environmental factors. This study aims to find out the relationship of environmental sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea in the community of Kaofe Village kadatua district buton regency in 2010. This type of research is analytical survey research. The population in this study were all heads of families in Kaofe Village, the number of samples studied was 157 samples. Data collection techniques by random sampling are equipped with questionnaires to find out the relationship of environmental sanitation (provision of clean water, provision of family latrines, solid waste management, liquid waste management) with diarrheal events. The data is processed using SPSS 16.0 and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table and analysis between variables that comes with an explanation. The results showed there was a relationship of clean water supply with diarrhea incidence with a value of P = 0.000, there was a relationship of providing family latrines with diarrhea incidence with a value of P = 0.001, no relationship of solid waste management with the incidence of diarrhea P = 0.296, there was a relationship of liquid waste management with diarrhea incidence with a value of P = 0.003. Seeing the still high incidence of diarrhea in the community of Kaofe Village kadatua subdistrict, it is advisable to the community to improve environmental sanitation by improving clean water facilities, have qualified latrines, and have qualified SPAL.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with apatinib versus TACE combined with sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a multicenter retrospective study.

BackgroundThe combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with sorafenib has demonstrated superior efficacy over sorafenib and TACE monotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Apatinib, a new targeted agent, has been recently reported to prolong the survival of HCC patients, either alone or in combination with TACE. However, the superior regimen between TACE-apatinib and TACE-sorafenib in HCC patients has not been determined. In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety of TACE-apatinib versus TACE-sorafenib in advanced stage HCC patients.MethodsThe data of 201 HCC patients who had received TACE-sorafenib or TACE-apatinib between January 2016 and June 2018 in three hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse effects (AEs) between the two treatment groups were compared. A subgroup analysis based on the doses of targeted agents was also performed.ResultsNo significant differences in baseline clinicopathological features were found between the two groups except for dose reduction. The TACE-apatinib group had higher incidences of hypertension, oral or anal ulcer and proteinuria, while the TACE-sorafenib group had higher incidences of diarrhea and alopecia. Grade 3/4 AEs occurred more frequently in the TACE-apatinib group than in the TACE-sorafenib group (52.3% vs. 22.6%, P<0.001). The TACE-sorafenib group had better PFS than the TACE-apatinib group (median PFS: 5.0 vs. 6.0 months, P=0.002) while the two groups showed no difference in OS (median OS: 13.0 vs. 13.0 months, P=0.448). The TACE-apatinib group had a higher rate of targeted agent dose reduction than the TACE-sorafenib group (53.5% vs. 17.4%, P<0.001). When the patients were stratified into normal and reduced-dose subgroups, those who received TACE-sorafenib exhibited improved PFS but similar OS compared with the patients who received TACE-apatinib in the reduced-dose subgroup (median OS: 12.0 vs. 13.3 months, P=0.614; median PFS: 3.0 vs. 7.0 months, P<0.001). Multivariable analysis validated that treatments and dose reduction were independent prognostic factors for PFS among all patients.ConclusionsCompared with TACE-sorafenib, the strategy of TACE-apatinib yielded shorter PFS in advanced HCC patients while no difference in OS was observed. A high rate of AE-related dose reduction of apatinib could account for the observed differences.

Assessment of diarrhea as side effect of oral targeted antineoplastic agents in clinical practice.

Diarrhea is one of the most frequent class adverse events associated with targeted oral antineoplastic agents (OAAs). Our objective was to analyze the incidence, characteristics, and severity of diarrhea in cancer patients in clinical practice. An observational, longitudinal, and prospective study of cancer outpatients treated with targeted OAAs was carried out in a tertiary hospital. Targed OAAs analyzed were anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, BCR-ABL inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors. Patients were given a data collection form to record daily the number, severity (CTCAE version 5.0), and characteristics of stools during the first 30days of treatment with OAAs. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea. We analyzed 240 patients, of whom 28.7% experienced diarrhea (25.4% grades 1-2 and 3.3% grades 3-4). Patients treated with EGFR and VEGFR inhibitors had a higher incidence of diarrhea. The multivariate analysis revealed that taking the OAA with food was associated with a lower risk of diarrhea (OR = 0.404 [0.205-0.956], p = 0.038). More than a third of patients in treatment with OAAs presented diarrhea (any grade), and 22.1% of stools were semi-liquid/liquid. In multivariate analysis, taking the OAA on an empty stomach was associated with a statistically significant increase in the incidence of diarrhea.

Efficiency and tolerability of abemaciclib in elderly patients

Elderly cancer patients represent a very heterogeneous population not only in chronological age, but also in functional status, concomitant diseases and therapy, geriatric syndromes, and, as a consequence, in the tolerability of cancer treatment. The choice of treatment for metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in this category of patients is often a difficult task for oncologists. The emergence of a new class of drugs, inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6), has changed the paradigm of treatment of patients with luminal HER2 negative mBC (ER + HER2mBC); however, data on the efficacy and tolerability of these drugs in elderly patients are limited. Pooled subgroup analyzes of studies with CDK4/6 have shown that elderly patients with ER + HER2breast cancer have a clear PFS benefit from the addition of targeted drugs to hormonal therapy. Adverse events are observed more often in combination therapy with increasing age, which requires dose modification and appropriate therapy. In this regard, the drug abemaciclib is very attractive, which is characterized by a lower frequency of neutropenia compared to other CDK4/6 inhibitors, but a higher incidence of diarrhea, which can be controlled by taking appropriate drugs and is not a reason for treatment discontinuation. Careful selection of patients is necessary when deciding on the appointment of any therapy to geriatric cancer patients. Only a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach will make it possible to maximally individualize the approach to the treatment of this difficult category of patients and minimize the likelihood that they will receive excessive or insufficient oncological treatment.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA

Background. Based on data from the Health Profile of Central Java Province on 2017, the proportion of diarrhea cases handled in Central Java in 2017 was 55.8%, the highest incidence of diarrhea was handled in Magelang, Surakarta and Sukoharjo. Factors that influence the occurrence of diarrhea include nutritional status, socioeconomic, health information, socio-culture, food sanitation, allergies and digestive tract infections. Research Objective. To find the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea. Subjects and Methods. Subject Population of mothers and toddlers, in Posyandu Kadilangu Village with 57 samples. Method is non-experimental research with correlation approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire, analyzed using chi square. Results. All factors are influence diarhhea, nutritional status (p = 0.046), food sanitation (p = 0.001), socioeconomic (p = 0.001) and health information (p = 0.001). Conclusion. There is a relationship between nutritional status, food sanitation, socioeconomic and health information with the incidence of diarrhea. Keywords: diarrhea, health information, nutritional status, sanitation, social economic Korespondensi: Rahayu Setyaningsih. STIKES PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo - Baki KM. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. Email: rahayusetyaningsih78@gmail.com

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA

Background. Based on data from the Health Profile of Central Java Province on 2017, the proportion of diarrhea cases handled in Central Java in 2017 was 55.8%, the highest incidence of diarrhea was handled in Magelang, Surakarta and Sukoharjo. Factors that influence the occurrence of diarrhea include nutritional status, socioeconomic, health information, socio-culture, food sanitation, allergies and digestive tract infections.&#x0D; Research Objective. To find the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea.&#x0D; Subjects and Methods. Subject Population of mothers and toddlers, in Posyandu Kadilangu Village with 57 samples. Method is non-experimental research with correlation approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire, analyzed using chi square. Results. All factors are influence diarhhea, nutritional status (p = 0.046), food sanitation (p = 0.001), socioeconomic (p = 0.001) and health information (p = 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion. There is a relationship between nutritional status, food sanitation, socioeconomic and health information with the incidence of diarrhea.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: diarrhea, health information, nutritional status, sanitation, social economic&#x0D; &#x0D; Korespondensi: Rahayu Setyaningsih. STIKES PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo - Baki KM. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. &#x0D; Email: rahayusetyaningsih78@gmail.com

Effects of reducing dietary crude protein concentration and supplementation with either laminarin or zinc oxide on the growth performance and intestinal health of newly weaned pigs

A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and/or supplementation with zinc oxide (ZnO) or laminarin on the growth performance and intestinal health in pigs reared under sanitary (Exp. 1) and unsanitary (Exp. 2) conditions, for 35 days post-weaning (PW). Pigs were assigned to: (T1) 21 % standard CP diet (SCP); (T2) SCP + ZnO; (T3) SCP + laminarin; (T4) 18 % low CP diet (LCP); (T5) LCP + ZnO; (T6) LCP + laminarin (n = 8 replicates/treatment). In Exp. 1 intestinal tissue and digesta were collected on day 9 PW. Under sanitary conditions, there was an effect of CP and additive on the incidence of diarrhoea in the first 14 days PW. Pigs offered the LCP diet had a higher incidence of diarrhoea than those offered the SCP diet (P < 0.01). Supplementation with laminarin or ZnO reduced the incidence of diarrhoea compared with the unsupplemented pigs (P < 0.001). Reducing CP downregulated nutrient transporter and upregulated inflammatory marker expression in the ileum and increased Enterobacteriaceae in the colon compared with the SCP diet (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, reducing CP or supplementation with ZnO or laminarin improved overall (faecal score) FS (P < 0.001). There was a CP concentration x additive interaction on the incidence of diarrhoea in the first 14 days PW (P < 0.01). Pigs offered the LCP diet with ZnO had a lower incidence of diarrhoea compared with pigs offered the LCP or LCP LAM diets, however, there was no effect of additive on the on the incidence of diarrhoea in pigs offered the SCP diets. Supplementation with ZnO increased daily gains (P < 0.01) and there was a tendency for laminarin to increase daily gains. Laminarin supplementation increased the abundance of faecal Lactobacillus spp. relative to the unsupplemented and ZnO supplemented pigs (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the LCP diet did not compromise performance, likely due to the LCP diet providing sufficient concentrations of essential amino acids to maintain growth performance. However, it increased the incidence of diarrhoea between days 0−14 PW, reduced the expression of nutrient transporter genes and increased the expression of inflammatory genes under sanitary conditions. Thus, further investigation into the effects of lower CP diets are necessary. Laminarin and ZnO reduced the incidence of diarrhoea in the first 14 days PW under sanitary conditions. Under the unsanitary conditions, laminarin and ZnO also improved FS and performance, with both additives effective at either CP concentration. Thus, laminarin warrants further investigation as a dietary supplement for weaned pigs.