High-impact Journals Research Articles

Psychological aftermath: Exploring the role of the woman as a leader in the Greek monoparental family: Review

Objective: To reassess the social problem of the socially vulnerable group named women leaders of monoparental families in terms of legislation, allowance policy and job benefits, among others. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: 18 electronic and book references as well as high impact journals without geographical restriction up to December 2011 were gathered from International organisations including the EU and OECD. Review methods: A reviewer applied inclusion criteria and extracted data from the latest available reports on monoparental families of Eurostat and OECD. The data came from low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Statistical rates for the proportion of the monoparental families on an international level as well as their possibility of falling below the limit of poverty were employed. Comparison was drawn between two countries under Troika’s surveillance. Results: The search identified 2 scientific researches pertaining to the hardships women as leaders of monoparental families encounter. One was conducted from the Research Center for Equality Issues and the other was published in the journal the Rostrum of Asclepius. All outcomes were self reported. It was found that the most severe problems that women as leaders of monoparental families encounter are health ones, the caring and guarding of their children as well as their professional settlement. Yet, the most vital one is the lack of allowance policy. This approach bears fruits in Ireland. It is mandatory that allowance policy along with implementation of other social structures to form a basis for the support of the monoparental families. Conclusion: Future policy concerning monoparental families must focus on establishing legislation and intervention programs that will assist the woman as a leader of the monoparental family to be assimilated in the society. Allowance policy for the mother/father must be reinforced and not abandoned as it happens nowadays.

Publishing during a sociology PhD in Australia: Differences by elite and non-elite universities and gender

We examined the latest decade of Australian sociology PhD completions for differences in the number and quality of research outputs students published during doctoral enrolment. There was no evidence of a statistically significant difference between Go8 PhD students and their non-Go8 PhD counterparts in terms of either the quantity of research publications achieved, or the quality of these publications as measured by high-impact journals. There was also insufficient evidence statistically to conclude that Go8 men and Go8 women differed from one another, or that non-Go8 men and non-Go8 women differed from one another in overall quantity of outputs and publishing in high-impact journals. However, publishing success of men and women, when combined, regardless of whether they were at elite Go8 or non-Go8 institutions, showed gender had a marginally significant effect on publication productivity, men outperforming women, in both publication counts and in publishing in high-impact journals.

The landscape of flipped classroom research: a bibliometrics analysis

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of existing research related to the flipped classroom and analyze it using bibliometrics.MethodsThe search strategy of Topic = (“flipped classroom” or “invert classroom”) was used to construct a representative dataset of flipped classrooms in the Web of Science Core Collection (Science Citation Index Expanded) database up to November 2022. Author and country collaboration networks, hotspot distribution clustering, and historical citation networks associated with flipped classrooms were visualized by VOSviewer (Version 1.6.18) and R-Studio (Version 1.4).ResultsA total of 937 literature (868 articles and 69 reviews) were eventually included. The number of flipped classroom studies has increased dramatically since 2012. Europe, North America, China, and Australia have more research on flipped classrooms and have significant collaborations with other countries. Since flipped classrooms involve different subject areas and collaboration among authors is relatively fragmented. Numerous flipped classroom studies have been published in high-impact journals. The thematic trend suggests that the pros and cons of flipped classrooms and their application in medical education are possible research directions for some time to come.ConclusionAlthough the flipped classroom has a relatively short history, it has received a lot of attention and is currently enjoying a high level of overall acceptance. The flipped classroom has been further practiced in medical education, and we look forward to seeing its application in more subject areas (e.g., linguistics, mathematics, and computer science).

There is no happiness in positive affect: the pervasive misunderstanding of the rotated circumplex model.

Research on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) is often guided by the rotational variant of the circumplex model of affect (RCMA). According to the RCMA, PA and NA are posited to be orthogonal, with PA ranging from the union of positive valence and high activation (e.g., excited) to the union of negative valence and low activation (e.g., sluggish), and NA ranging from the union of negative valence and high activation (e.g., distressed) to the union of positive valence and low activation (e.g., relaxed). However, many authors incorrectly interpret the RCMA as positing that positively valenced affect (i.e., pleasure) and negatively valenced affect (i.e., displeasure)-rather than PA and NA, as defined in the RCMA-are orthogonal. This "received view" of the RCMA has led to significant confusion in the literature. The present paper articulates the "received view" of the RCMA and characterizes its prevalence in psychological research. A random sample of 140 empirical research articles on affect published in 14 high-impact journals covering a range of psychological subdisciplines were reviewed. Over half of the articles subscribing to the RCMA showed evidence of the "received view," demonstrating that misuse of the terms PA and NA in the context of the RCMA is rampant in the psychological literature. To reduce continued confusion in the literature, we recommend abandoning use of the terms positive affect and negative affect. We further recommend referring to the two dimensions of the RCMA as positive activation and negative activation, and the two poles of the valence dimension as positive valence and negative valence (or pleasure and displeasure).

A citation study of global research on e-Health literacy

Purpose This study aims to examine the volume of ehealth literacy documents during 2006–2022, and the nature of citation of ehealth documents by country, organizations, sources and authors. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a bibliometric approach. Bibliographic data was collected on citation of ehealth documents by country, organizations, sources and authors from Scopus and mapped and visualized the citations using VosViewer. Findings A total of 1,176 documents were produced during 2006–2022, indicating a high rate of document production in this sub-discipline. Among the 102 countries that contributed documents on the subject, 58 qualified for the analysis. The USA had the highest number of cited documents on eHealth literacy, followed by Canada and Australia. The average publication year for the USA was 2018, with 348 publications and an average of 24.12 citations. Canada had a high average citation count of 44.69. Furthermore, the document examined citations by organizations. Research limitations/implications The research implications of the study suggest that eHealth literacy is an actively growing field of research, with a substantial impact on the academic community, and researchers should focus on collaboration with high-impact institutions and journals to increase the visibility and recognition of their work, while also paying attention to the need for more research representation from African countries. Practical implications The study’s findings indicate a high rate of document production and growing interest in eHealth literacy research, with the USA leading in the number of cited documents followed by Canada, while Canadian eHealth literacy research receives relatively higher citation rates on average than the USA. Originality/value The study’s originality lies in its examination of citation patterns and global contributions to eHealth literacy literature, offering valuable insights for researchers. It identifies key authors, high-impact journals and institutions, providing valuable guidance for collaboration. The research highlights a growing interest in eHealth literacy, underscoring its potential impact on public health and digital health interventions.

Lack of racial and ethnic diversity in pediatric ophthalmology clinical trials from 2000 to 2022

PurposeTo examine the prevalence of and factors associated with racial and ethnic reporting and trends in such reporting and to assess whether categories of race and ethnicity have been under- or over-represented in pediatric ophthalmology randomized control trials (RCTs) in the United States. MethodsWe systematically searched the literature on pediatric ophthalmology RCTs in high-impact factor ophthalmology journals published between 2000 and 2022. Logistic regression was used to assess parameters linked to race/ethnicity reporting; linear regression, to gauge the relationship between publication year and race/ethnicity reporting. The racial and ethnic composition of RCTs was contrasted with 2010 US census data by calculating percentage difference. ResultsOf 170 eligible articles, 89 (52.4%) included race/ethnicity data. Multivariable analysis showed that academic (OR = 12.19; 95% CI, 3.34-44.44) and government (OR = 3.91; 95% CI, 1.20-12.72) funding was linked to data reporting. During the study period, publication year and race/ethnicity reporting had a nonstatistically significant 1.0% annual increase (r = 0.29, P = 0.18). White participants were over-represented, with a percentage difference of 16.7% (95% CI, 11.8%-21.7%), whereas Hispanic individuals were under-represented, with a percentage difference of −7.6% (95% CI, −11.2% to −4.1%) compared to the 2010 US census data. ConclusionsOur results indicate a gradual rise in reported race and/or ethnicity in published pediatric ophthalmology RCTs, though not statistically significant, both in the United States and globally. Notably, under-representation of Hispanic, over-representation of White, and proportional representation of Black and Asian individuals were observed in US-based studies.

High-impact journal publishing: the devil is in the detail!

Research in medicine is an indispensable tool to advance knowledge and improve patient care. This may be particularly true in the field of human reproduction as it is a relatively new field and treatment options are rapidly evolving. This is of particular importance in an emerging field like ‘human reproduction’, where treatment options evolve fast.The cornerstone of evidence-based knowledge, leading to evidence-based treatment decisions, is randomized controlled trials as they explore the benefits of new treatment approaches. The study design and performance are crucial and, if they are carried out correctly, solid conclusions can be drawn and be implemented in daily clinical routines. The dissemination of new findings throughout the scientific community occurs in the form of publications in scientific journals, and the importance of the journal is reflected in part by the impact factor. The peer review process before publication is fundamental in preventing flaws in the study design. Thus, readers of journals with a high impact factor usually rely on a thorough peer review process and therefore might not question the published data. However, even papers published in high-impact journals might not be free of flaws, so the aim of this paper is to encourage readers to be aware of this fact and critically read scientific papers as ‘the devil lies in the details’.

Association between long-term use of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and the risk of breast cancer: a retrospective longitudinal observational study protocol

IntroductionCalcium channel blockers (CCB), a commonly prescribed antihypertensive (AHT) medicine, may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The proposed study aims to examine whether long-term CCB use is...

Skewed distributions of scientists’ productivity: a research program for the empirical analysis

Only a few scientists are able to publish a substantial number of papers every year; most of the scientists have an output of only a few publications or no publications at all. Several theories (e.g., the “sacred spark” theory) have been proposed in the past to explain these productivity differences that are complementary and focus on different aspects in the publication process. This study is intended to introduce a research program for studying productivity differences in science (skewed distributions of scientists’ productivity). The program is based on the Anna Karenina Principle (AKP). The AKP states that success in research is the result of several prerequisites that are multiplicatively related. Great success results from prerequisites that must be all given. If at least one prerequisite is not given, failure follows, whereby the failure is specific to the set of given and missing prerequisites. High productivity is given for the few scientists who fulfill all prerequisites (e.g., high motivation, pronounced creativity, reputational professional position, early important papers in high-impact journals), and low productivity is connected to a specific combination of missing and fulfilled prerequisites for many scientists. Besides the AKP as theoretical principle, the program for studying productivity differences includes a mathematical concept explaining skewed distributions and statistical methods for empirical productivity analyses.

The Top 100 Most Impactful Articles on the Achilles Tendon According to Altmetric Attention Score and Number of Citations.

Achilles tendon injuries often generate substantial discussion in the mainstream media. The Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) measures the online dialogue pertaining to Achilles tendon research that occurs outside scientific journals, which traditional citation-based metrics fail to capture. To characterize the top 100 most-cited Achilles tendon articles and compare them with the 100 Achilles tendon articles with the highest AAS. A secondary goal was to gain an improved understanding of the online dissemination and interpretation of Achilles tendon research through this comparison. Cross-sectional study. The Web of Science Clarivate database was queried to isolate the 100 most-cited Achilles tendon articles, and the Altmetric database was queried to identify the Achilles tendon articles with the top 100 AAS values. Data elements were extracted for each article including study type, study topic, and geographic origin. The Web of Science Clarivate database search yielded 10,890 articles published between 1970 and 2021. The 100 most-cited articles were published in 35 journals, with the American Journal of Sports Medicine being the most prevalent. The mean (±SD) number of citations was 214.5 ± 86.47. The most prevalent study type was laboratory (28.0%). The most prevalent study topic was treatment (41.0%). Of these articles, 72.0% were European. The Altmetric database search yielded 3810 articles published between 1957 and 2021. The AAS of the top 100 articles ranged from 37 to 476 with a mean of 98.17 ± 85.53. The selected articles were published in 39 journals, with the British Journal of Sports Medicine being the most prevalent. The most prevalent study type was randomized controlled trial (25.0%). The most common study topic was treatment (40.0%). Of these articles, 46.0% were European. Our findings suggest that, although the scientific community remains committed to high-impact journals with articles backed by high citation numbers, there is an increasing opportunity to consume Achilles tendon literature through social media.

Analysis of mathematics education from a STEAM approach at secondary and pre-universitary educational levels: A systematic review

Society is in an incessant process of reflection but the educational system is not following the same path, creating an urgent need for a quality educational renovation in which new methodologies, approaches and educational resources are developed based on creation, collaboration and learning by doing. In this sense, the integrated education of science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics (STEAM) is postulated as an educational approach through which to transform the teaching-learning processes into processes that contribute to the development of critical, creative, and scientific thinking. Proof of this is the continuous increase in publications in this line of research. This article presents a systematic review with a total of 19 studies published in high-impact journals with the aim of making a critical reflection and evaluating the real scope of incorporating STEAM projects in education to improve the students' mathematical skills. In particular, five areas of interest have been evaluated: active learning in the teaching of STEAM subjects, the development of technological resources, the design and implementation of educational proposals, the evaluation of STEAM education and teacher training in STEAM education. Considering the results, we emphasize the need to continue working on the theoretical foundation and educational practice of this approach to allow teachers to implement it effectively.

Introduction to Special Issue Expanding Landscapes of Academic Writing in Academia

Academic writing is essential for disciplinary learning, academic success, knowledge creation, social status, and career advancement within academia (Fang, 2021). Academic research, writing, and publishing form the foundations of the majority of academic positions and remain primary considerations for hiring, renewal, promotion, and tenure in most higher education institutions (Ratković et al., 2019; Rawat & Meena, 2014). Early-career researchers must establish a significant track record of research, including publishing in high-impact journals (Couch, 2020). In graduate programs, academic writing competencies are critical for student success, with doctoral students often led to believe that they must be prolific academic writers to gain entry and advancement within academia (Mandke, 2019).

Representation of Women Authorship in the Top 5 Transplantation Journals in the United States.

In the United States, only 13% of transplant surgeons are women. We evaluated gender distribution and trends of American authorship over the past 10 y in high-impact solid organ transplantation journals to gain insight into the current status of women authorship in transplantation. Original articles from 2012 to 2021 from the 5 highest-impact solid organ transplantation journals were extracted from Scopus. First and last author's gender was predicted using Genderize.io. Data of first and last authors, article type and topic, location, citation, and funding metrics were analyzed. Chi-square, logistic regression, and trend tests were performed where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at <0.05. Women's first and last authorship increased over time among all journals. There was an increase in women first authors in the American Journal of Transplantation and in senior women authors in Liver Transplantation and Transplantation . Significant differences in gender authorship in lung, intestine, pancreas, general, and islet cell transplantation were found. Women's last authorship was associated with 1.69 higher odds of having a woman first author when adjusting for year and journal. There was an increase in the rate of women's first and last author collaborations over the years. Women last authors had 1.5 higher odds of being funded by the National Institutes of Health over the years. Despite an increase in women transplant surgeons and physicians, the gap in women authorship in transplantation persists. Women's last authorship was associated with higher odds of having a woman first author, pointing to the importance of mentorship for women joining the transplant academia.

Digital Intervention Services to Promote HIV Self-Testing and Linkage to Care Services: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis-Global Trends and Future Directions.

Objective: The global burden of HIV remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, home to over two-thirds of individuals living with HIV. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has emerged as a promising strategy endorsed by the World Health Organization to achieve UNAIDS targets. Despite its potential, challenges persist in linking self-testers to care post a positive result. Digital health interventions, including chatbots and mobile applications, offer innovative solutions to address this gap. However, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the collaboration and growth in the literature at the intersection of HIVST and digital interventions is lacking. Methods: The study employs a bibliometric approach, leveraging data from the Web of Science, to analyze the characteristics, citation pattern and content of 289 articles spanning 1992-2023. The analysis involves performance assessment, scientific collaboration analysis, science mapping, and content analysis. Key bibliometric indicators, such as annual growth rate, citation impact, and authorship patterns, are explored. Collaboration patterns among countries, institutions, and authors are elucidated, and thematic mapping provides insight into the key research themes. Results: The analysis reveals a dynamic and expanding field, with an annual scientific growth rate of 12.25%. Notable contributions come from diverse sources, including North America, Europe, and Africa. High-impact journals such as JMIR mHealth and uHealth play a crucial role in disseminating research findings. African authors, including Lebelonyane R, Ford N, and Lockman S, feature prominently, reflecting a positive trend in diverse authorship. Co-citation analysis highlights influential manuscripts, with systematic reviews dominating the top-cited articles. Collaboration analysis underscores strategic partnerships globally, particularly involving the United States, Australia, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Conclusion: This bibliometrics analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the digital health landscape in HIVST and linkage to care. It identifies key contributors, high-impact journals, and collaborative networks. The thematic map reveals nuanced research domains, including alcohol dependence, men's health, outcomes, and user acceptance. The findings offer insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, guiding future directions in the evolving intersection of HIVST and digital health interventions.

The well-being of indigenous peoples in India and its alignment with the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

PurposeThis study assesses the SDG-related well-being of indigenous communities in India using bibliometric analysis and the ADO-TCM framework. It provides insights into their alignment with sustainable development objectives.Design/methodology/approachThis study analysed 74 high-impact journals using bibliometric analysis to evaluate the well-being of India’s indigenous peoples about the SDGs.FindingsThis study analyses the well-being of tribal communities in India using existing scholarly articles and the ADO-TCM framework. It emphasises the importance of implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote the well-being of indigenous populations.Originality/valueThis study uses bibliometric analysis and the ADO-TCM framework to investigate factors impacting tribal community welfare. It proposes theoretical frameworks, contextual considerations and research methodologies to achieve objectives.

Surgical Outcome Reporting. Moving From a Comic to a Tragic Opera?

To assess the current quality of surgical outcome reporting in the medical literature and to provide recommendations for improvement. In 1996, The Lancet labeled surgery as a "comic opera" mostly referring to the poor quality of outcome reporting in the literature impeding improvement in surgical quality and patient care. We screened 3 first-tier and 2 second-tier surgical journals, as well as 3 leading medical journals for original articles reporting on results of surgical procedures published over a recent 18-month period. The quality of outcome reporting was assessed using a prespecified 12-item checklist. Six hundred twenty-seven articles reporting surgical outcomes were analyzed, including 125 randomized controlled trials. Only 1 (0.2%) article met all 12 criteria of the checklist, whereas 356 articles (57%) fulfilled less than half of the criteria. The poorest reporting was on cumulative morbidity burden, which was missing in 94% of articles (n=591) as well as patient-reported outcomes missing in 83% of publications (n=518). Comparing journal groups for the individual criterion, we found moderate to very strong statistical evidence for better quality of reporting in high versus lower impact journals for 7 of 12 criteria and strong statistical evidence for better reporting of patient-reported outcomes in medical versus surgical journals ( P <0·001). The quality of outcomes reporting in the medical literature remains poor, lacking improvement over the past 20 years on most key end points. The implementation of standardized outcome reporting is urgently needed to minimize biased interpretation of data thereby enabling improved patient care and the elaboration of meaningful guidelines.

Clinical Trial Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery

Study ObjectiveTo study racial and ethnicity disparities in randomized clinical trials (RCT) in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (MIGS). DesignCross sectional study. SettingOnline review of all published MIGS RCTs in high-impact journals from 2012 to 2023. PatientsJournals included all Q1 Obstetrics & Gynecology journals, as well as The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The British Medical Journal, and The Journal of the American Medical Association. The National Institutes of Health's PubMed and the ClinicalTrials.gov websites were queried using the following search terms from the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology's certifying examination bulletin 2022 to obtain relevant trials: adenomyosis, adnexal surgery, abnormal uterine bleeding, cystectomy, endometriosis, fibroids, gynecology, hysterectomy, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, leiomyoma, minimally invasive gynecology, myomectomy, ovarian cyst, robotic surgery InterventionsThe United States (US) Census Bureau data was used to estimate the expected number of participants. We calculated the enrollment ratio (ER) of actual to expected participants for US trials with race and ethnicity data available. Measurements and Main ResultsA total of 352 RCTs were identified. Of these, race and/or ethnicity data were available in 65 studies (18.5%). We analyzed the 46 studies that originated in the US, with a total of 4,645 participants. Of these RCTs only 8 (17.4%) reported ethnicity in addition to race. When comparing published RCT data to expected proportions of participants, White participants were overrepresented [70.8% versus 59.6%, ER 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52-1.81], as well as Black or African American participants (15.4% versus 13.7%, ER 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.29). Hispanic (6.7% versus 19.0%, ER 0.31, 95% CI 0.27-0.35), Asian (1.7% versus 6.1%, ER 0.26, 95% CI 0.20-0.34), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (0.1% versus 0.3%, ER 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.74), and Indian or Alaska Native participants (0.2% versus 1.3%, ER 0.16, 95% CI 0.08-0.32) were underrepresented. When comparing race/ethnicity proportions to the 20 states where the RCTs were conducted, Black or African American participants were underrepresented. ConclusionIn MIGS RCTs conducted in the US, White and Black or African American participants are overrepresented compared to other races, and ethnicity is characterized in fewer than one fifth of trials. Efforts should be made to improve racial and ethnic recruitment equity as well as reporting in future MIGS RCTs.

Analyzing the composition of the editorial boards in high-impact medical ethics journals: a survey study

BackgroundThe underrepresentation of scholarly works from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in academic literature is a documented concern, attributed partly to editorial biases. This trend, prevalent across various disciplines, has been less explored in the context of medical ethics journals. This study aimed to examine the composition of editorial board members (EBM) in high-impact medical ethics journals and to evaluate the extent of international diversity within these editorial teams.MethodsThis study incorporated an analysis of 16 high-impact medical ethics journals. Information regarding the EBM of these journals was systematically gathered and categorized based on the World Bank’s country income classifications. An in-depth examination of the editorial board compositions was then conducted.ResultsThe study identified 669 EBM across the selected journals. A predominant 89.84% (601) of these members were from high-income countries (HICs), with upper-middle-income countries contributing 7.47% (50) and lower-middle-income countries 2.69% (18). No EBM were associated with low-income countries. A regional breakdown indicated that North America was the most represented area, accounting for 48.88% (327), followed by Europe & Central Asia (27.50%, 184), East Asia & Pacific (13.45%, 90), Latin America & Caribbean (4.63%, 31), Sub-Saharan Africa (4.19%, 28), Middle East & North Africa (0.75%, 5), and South Asia (0.60%, 4). In total, these EBMs hailed from 46 different countries, with the United States representing the largest proportion (43.80%, 293), followed by the United Kingdom (13.15%, 88), Australia (7.92%, 53), Germany (6.73%, 45), and Canada (5.08%, 34).ConclusionsThere is a significant lack of international representation within the EBM of high-impact medical ethics journals. The majority of editors in this field are affiliated with HICs, leading to a severe underrepresentation of LMICs within the editorial boards.

Can we develop consensus on long-term follow-up and surveillance of primary shoulder arthroplasty? A study protocol using a real-time Delphi technique among expert clinicians in the UK

BackgroundShoulder arthroplasty incidence is projected to continue its exponential growth and the resultant burden of monitoring patients with shoulder arthroplasty implants creates significant pressure on orthopaedic services. Surveillance offers the...

Performance of machine translators in translating French medical research abstracts to English: A comparative study of DeepL, Google Translate, and CUBBITT.

Non-English speaking researchers may find it difficult to write articles in English and may be tempted to use machine translators (MTs) to facilitate their task. We compared the performance of DeepL, Google Translate, and CUBBITT for the translation of abstracts from French to English. We selected ten abstracts published in 2021 in two high-impact bilingual medical journals (CMAJ and Canadian Family Physician) and used nine metrics of Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE-1 recall/precision/F1-score, ROUGE-2 recall/precision/F1-score, and ROUGE-L recall/precision/F1-score) to evaluate the accuracy of the translation (scores ranging from zero to one [= maximum]). We also used the fluency score assigned by ten raters to evaluate the stylistic quality of the translation (ranging from ten [= incomprehensible] to fifty [= flawless English]). We used Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare the medians between the three MTs. For the human evaluation, we also examined the original English text. Differences in medians were not statistically significant for the nine metrics of ROUGE (medians: min-max = 0.5246-0.7392 for DeepL, 0.4634-0.7200 for Google Translate, 0.4815-0.7316 for CUBBITT, all p-values > 0.10). For the human evaluation, CUBBITT tended to score higher than DeepL, Google Translate, and the original English text (median = 43 for CUBBITT, vs. 39, 38, and 40, respectively, p-value = 0.003). The three MTs performed similarly when tested with ROUGE, but CUBBITT was slightly better than the other two using human evaluation. Although we only included abstracts and did not evaluate the time required for post-editing, we believe that French-speaking researchers could use DeepL, Google Translate, or CUBBITT when writing articles in English.