Higher High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Association of pre-pandemic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and death: The UK Biobank cohort study.

There is growing evidence of, and biological plausibility for, elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) being related to lower rates of respiratory disease. We tested whether pre-pandemic HDL-C within the normal range is associated with subsequent COVID-19 hospitalisations and death. We analysed data on participants from UK Biobank, a prospective cohort study, baseline data for which were collected between 2006 and 2010. Follow-up for COVID-19 was via hospitalisation records (1845 events in 317,306 individuals) and a national mortality registry (458 deaths in 317,833 individuals). After controlling for a series of confounding factors which included health behaviours, inflammatory markers, and socio-economic status, higher levels of HDL-C were related to a lower risk of later hospitalisation. The effect was linear (p-value for trend 0.001), whereby a 0.2 mmol/L increase in HDL-C was associated with a 7% lower risk (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: 0.93; 0.90, 0.96). Corresponding relationships for mortality were markedly weaker, such that statistical significance at conventional levels were not apparent for both the linear trend (p-value 0.25) and the odds ratio per 0.2 mmol/L increase (0.98; 0.91, 1.05). While our finding for HDL-C and hospitalisations for COVID-19 raise the possibility that favourable modification of this cholesterol fraction via lifestyle changes or drug intervention may impact upon the risk of the disease, it warrants testing in other studies.

Dapagliflozin reduces thrombin generation and platelet activation: implications for cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims/hypothesisPeople with diabetes have an increased cardiovascular risk with an accelerated development of atherosclerosis and an elevated mortality rate after myocardial infarction. Therefore, cardioprotective effects of glucose-lowering therapies are of major importance for the pharmacotherapy of individuals with type 2 diabetes. For sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), in addition to a reduction in blood glucose, beneficial effects on atherosclerosis, obesity, renal function and blood pressure have been observed. Recent results showed a reduced risk of worsening heart failure and cardiovascular deaths under dapagliflozin treatment irrespective of the diabetic state. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet unknown. Platelets are known drivers of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis and disturbed platelet activation has also been suggested to occur in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of the SGLT2i dapagliflozin on the interplay between platelets and inflammation in atherogenesis.MethodsMale, 8-week-old LDL-receptor-deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice received a high-fat, high-sucrose diabetogenic diet supplemented without (control) or with dapagliflozin (5 mg/kg body weight per day) for two time periods: 8 and 25 weeks. In a first translational approach, eight healthy volunteers received 10 mg dapagliflozin/day for 4 weeks.ResultsDapagliflozin treatment ameliorated atherosclerotic lesion development, reduced circulating platelet–leucocyte aggregates (glycoprotein [GP]Ib+CD45+: 29.40 ± 5.94 vs 17.00 ± 5.69 cells, p < 0.01; GPIb+lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G+ (Ly6G): 8.00 ± 2.45 vs 4.33 ± 1.75 cells, p < 0.05) and decreased aortic macrophage infiltration (1.31 ± 0.62 vs 0.70 ± 0.58 ×103 cells/aorta, p < 0.01). Deeper analysis revealed that dapagliflozin decreased activated CD62P-positive platelets in Ldlr−/− mice fed a diabetogenic diet (3.78 ± 1.20% vs 2.83 ± 1.06%, p < 0.01) without affecting bleeding time (85.29 ± 37.27 vs 89.25 ± 16.26 s, p = 0.78). While blood glucose was only moderately affected, dapagliflozin further reduced endogenous thrombin generation (581.4 ± 194.6 nmol/l × min) × 10−9 thrombin vs 254.1 ± 106.4 (nmol/l × min) × 10−9 thrombin), thereby decreasing one of the most important platelet activators. We observed a direct inhibitory effect of dapagliflozin on isolated platelets. In addition, dapagliflozin increased HDL-cholesterol levels. Importantly, higher HDL-cholesterol levels (1.70 ± 0.58 vs 3.15 ± 1.67 mmol/l, p < 0.01) likely contribute to dapagliflozin-mediated inhibition of platelet activation and thrombin generation. Accordingly, in line with the results in mice, treatment with dapagliflozin lowered CD62P-positive platelet counts in humans after stimulation by collagen-related peptide (CRP; 88.13 ± 5.37% of platelets vs 77.59 ± 10.70%, p < 0.05) or thrombin receptor activator peptide-6 (TRAP-6; 44.23 ± 15.54% vs 28.96 ± 11.41%, p < 0.01) without affecting haemostasis.Conclusions/interpretationWe demonstrate that dapagliflozin-mediated atheroprotection in mice is driven by elevated HDL-cholesterol and ameliorated thrombin–platelet-mediated inflammation without interfering with haemostasis. This glucose-independent mechanism likely contributes to dapagliflozin’s beneficial cardiovascular risk profile.Graphical abstract

APOA5 gene polymorphism assessment and association with hypertriglyceridemia in the military force of the State of Goiás

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), dyslipidemias are determinant for the onset of cardiovascular diseases and represent more than 30% of global deaths. Changes in serum lipid levels are a direct consequence of dyslipidemia. This study aimed to verify the relationship between genetic polymorphism APOA5 and dyslipidemia. This is a case-control study with 199 officers of the military force of the state of Goiás in which the relationship between lipid profile and genetic polymorphism rs964184 was evaluated. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) was used to identify genetic polymorphism rs964184. Of the participants analyzed, 93% were male and 7% female, the lipid profile showed that 115 participants had dyslipidemia (group of cases) and 84 were within the reference range (control group). The genetic polymorphism rs964184 of the case group showed that 64.3% (74/115) of the participants had genotype CC, 33.0% (38/115) had cg genotype and 2.6% (3/115) had GG genotype. In the control group, 69.0% (58/84) had genotype CC, 27.4% (23/84) had cg genotype, 3.6% (3/84) had GG genotype. In conclusion, the G alllea is related to high levels of triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL) and the C allea is related to normal HDL cholesterol levels (≥ 40 mg/dL). Therefore, homozygous (GG) or heterozygous (CG) individuals are more inclined to have high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels, which are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Evaluation of glycemic index, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic effects of a fermented beverage made from Changbai Mountain fruit and vegetables.

Fermented foods and beverages have been known to be beneficial when included in the human diet. This study examined the glycemic index (GI) of a fermented beverage (FB) made from Changbai Mountain fruit and vegetables in humans and its antioxidant capacity and metabolic effects in a rat model of diabetes. Twenty healthy volunteers were tested with 50g of glucose and 50 g equivalent of carbohydrates from FB on two separate days for GI measurement. The rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n=15) and diabetic model (DM) group (n=75). DM group were randomly divided into five groups, positive control group, model control group and three FB treatment (2.5, 5, 10ml/kg·bw·d) groups. The general indices, including blood glucose and lipid levels and antioxidant index, of the rats were measured to investigate the effect of FB. The GI of FB was found to be 56.99, indicating it as a medium GI food. Compared to model control group, the low-dose FB group had lower blood glucose levels and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in DM rats (p<.05). Medium- and high-dose FB decreased the serum malonaldehyde levels in DM rats compared to those in the model control group. The FB-treated DM rat groups showed increased serum glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels compared with those in the model control group (p<.05). FB is a medium GI food that plays a protective role against oxidative stress in DM rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present study evaluated the glycemic index of a fermented beverage (FB) made from Changbai Mountain fruit and vegetables in humans and investigated its antioxidant capacity and metabolic effects in a rat diabetes model. The study results may aid in the development of FB from fruits and vegetables and provide a theoretical basis for further research and development.

Abstract P075: Genetic European Ancestry And Incident Diabetes Mellitus In Black Individuals-Insights From The SPRINT Trial

Background: A metabolic paradox of lower triglyceride (TG) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but a higher incidence of diabetes has been described in Blacks. We evaluated the association of genetic ancestry-related variants with the risk of incident diabetes in self-identified Black individuals in the Systolic Blood Pressure (BP) Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Methods: The genetic European ancestry proportions were estimated using 106 biallelic genotype markers in non-diabetic Black participants. Participants were stratified into tertiles (T1-T3) of European ancestry proportions. Multivariable-adjusted association of baseline metabolic syndrome indices (fasting plasma glucose [FPG], TG, HDL-C, body mass index [BMI], and BP) with the ancestry proportion was assessed. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to assess the risk of incident diabetes (FPG ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported diabetes treatment) across tertiles. Results: In 2,466 participants with median European ancestry 19% (13 - 27%), those in T1 were relatively younger, with lower Framingham risk score, and worse renal function (p&lt;0.05 for all). At baseline, higher European ancestry proportion was associated with higher TG and lower HDL-C levels after controlling for clinical and demographic factors (p&lt;0.05 for both). FPG, BMI, and BP were not significantly associated with ancestry proportion. Compared with T1, those in second (HR: 0.64 [95% CI: 0.45-0.90]) and third tertiles (HR: 0.61 [0.44-0.89]) had a lower risk of incident diabetes after controlling for covariates. Specifically, a 5% increment in European ancestry was associated with a 29% lower risk of incident diabetes (HR: 0.71 [0.55-0.93]). No interaction was observed between intensive BP control strategy and European ancestry proportion tertiles on incident diabetes. Conclusions: Genetic factors may account for racial differences in TG and HDL-C levels. The higher risk of incident diabetes in Blacks may similarly be genetically determined.

Abstract P020: Triglyceride-lowering Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Variants And Improvements In Lipids And Lipoprotein Subspecies Defined By Apolipoprotein C-iii: Pounds Lost Trial

Introduction: Triglyceride-lowering variants in the lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) gene have been associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease. Lipoproteins are heterogeneous, and lipoprotein subspecies containing apolipoprotein C-III (ApoCIII) have adverse effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Hypothesis: We examined associations of triglyceride-lowering LPL gene variants with long-term improvement in lipids and lipoprotein subspecies with ApoCIII in patients with obesity. We also investigated whether the LPL gene variants were significantly related to the improvement of the 10-year CVD risk estimated using the Framingham risk score in the participants of a weight-loss dietary intervention trial. Methods: This study included 382 overweight and obese adults of white European ancestry in a 2-year weight-loss dietary intervention, the POUNDS Lost trial. We evaluated changes in lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) and lipoproteins (such as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) subfractions defined by the presence or absence of ApoCIII from baseline to 2 years after the intervention. A genetic risk score of LPL (LPL-GRS) was calculated by summing triglyceride-lowering alleles of five independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We calculated the Framingham risk score and estimated changes in the 10-year CVD risk after the intervention. Results: At baseline, higher scores of triglyceride-lowering LPL-GRS were significantly associated with higher levels of HDL cholesterol (p= 0.0065) and lower levels of triglycerides (p= 0.017). Higher LPL-GRS was also associated with more decreases in total triglycerides (p= 0.028) and triglycerides in VLDL with ApoCIII (p=0.018) at 2 years. The LPL-GRS was also predictive of 2-year improvements in other atherogenic lipoprotein subtypes, such as cholesterol in VLDL with ApoCIII (p= 0.037) and cholesterol in LDL with ApoCIII (p= 0.027) after the intervention. Further, the LPL-GRS was significantly associated with a 2-year reduction of the estimated CVD risk, regardless of the initial risk status (p=0.034). Conclusion: The triglyceride-lowering LPL-GRS was significantly predictive of improvements in unfavorable lipid profiles, including lipoprotein subtypes containing ApoCIII after consuming a weight-loss diet in patients with obesity. The reduction of the estimated CVD risk after the dietary intervention was predicted by the LPL-GRS at the pre-intervention.

Gender differences in comorbidities and risk factors in ischemic stroke patients with a history of atrial fibrillation

BackgroundAtrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia and has been identified as a major risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Gender differences in the disease process, causative mechanisms and outcomes of AF have been investigated. In the current study, we determined whether there is a gender-based disparity in AIS patients with baseline AF, and whether such a discrepancy is associated with specific risk factors and comorbidities.MethodsBaseline factors including comorbidities, risk and demographic factors associated with a gender difference were examined using retrospective data collected from a registry from January 2010 to June 2016 in a regional stroke center. Univariate analysis was used to differentiate between genders in terms of clinical risk factors and demographics. Variables in the univariate analysis were further analyzed using logistic regression. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each factor were used to predict the increasing odds of an association of a specific comorbidity and risk factor with the male or female AIS with AF.ResultsIn the population of AIS patients with AF, a history of drug and alcohol use (OR = 0.250, 95% CI, 0.497–1.006, P = 0.016), sleep apnea (OR = 0.321, 95% CI, 0.133–0.777, P = 0.012), and higher serum creatinine (OR = 0.693, 95% CI, 0.542–0.886 P = 0.003) levels were found to be significantly associated with the male gender. Higher levels of HDL-cholesterol (OR = 1.035, 95% CI, 1.020–1.050, P < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (OR = 1.006, 95% CI, 1.001–1.011, P = 0.012), and the inability to ambulate on admission to hospital (OR = 2.258, 95% CI, 1.368–3.727, P = 0.001) were associated with females.ConclusionOur findings reveal that in the AIS patients with atrial fibrillation, migraines, HDL, LDL and poor ambulation were associated with females, while drugs and alcohol, sleep apnea, and serum creatinine level were associated with male AIS patients with AF. Further studies are necessary to determine whether gender differences in risk factor profiles and commodities require consideration in clinical practice when it comes to AF as a risk factor management in AIS patients.

PCSK9 genetic (rs11591147) and epigenetic (DNA methylation) modifications associated with PCSK9 expression and serum proteins in CAD patients.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) genetic polymorphisms play a significant role in cholesterol homeostasis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of PCSK9 genetic variations NM_174936.3:c.137G>T (R46L, rs11591147) and NM_174936.3:c.1120G>T (D374Y, rs137852912), as well as promoter DNA methylation status, with mRNA expression and circulating serum protein levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The present study includes 300 CAD cases and 300 controls from South India. Biochemical assays were performed using commercially available kits. PCSK9 rs11591147 and rs137852912 polymorphisms were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, whereas promoter DNA methylation status and gene expression were determined using methylation specific PCR and quantitative PCR respectively. The genotypic distribution of PCSK9 rs11591147 revealed that individuals with the TT-genotype and T-allele have a reduced risk for CAD. Furthermore, patients with the PCSK9 rs11591147 TT genotype have a significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and also higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels than individuals with the GG genotype. Logistic regression analysis has shown that the GG and GT (p =1.51 × 10-8 , p =1.47 × 10-9 ) genotypes predicted the risk for CAD with an odds ratio of 5.8 and 7.3 respectively. In addition, individuals with the TT genotype were hypermethylated at promoter DNA of PCSK9, resulting in lower mRNA expression and circulating serum proteins than in individuals with the GG genotype. In silico analyses revealed that rs11591147 T-allele has protein destabilizing capacity. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the PCSK9 gene expression and circulating serum protein levels are not only associated with rs11591147 genotype, but also with promoter DNA methylation. Furthermore, the findings with respect to both single nucleotide polymorphism and promoter DNA methylation may open avenues for novel treatment possibilities targeting PCSK9 for CAD management.

Prevalence of High HDL Cholesterol and Its Associated Factors Among Tunisian Women of Childbearing Age: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The protective role of high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) against cardiovascular risk has been questioned recently. Due to the increasing trend of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Tunisia, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of high HDL-C and its associated factors in Tunisian women of childbearing age. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a subsample of 1689 women, aged 20 to 49 years, in the Great Tunis region. Data on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were collected by a questionnaire. Overall adiposity was assessed by body mass index (BMI). All biological variables were assayed in blood samples coated with anticoagulant ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) by enzymatic methods. Stata software (2015) was used for data management and statistical analysis. High HDL-C values were recorded in 26.6% of selected women. After adjustment for all socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, age, hypertension, and smoking were negatively associated with high HDL-C levels, while family history of cancer was positively associated with high HDL-C in women. An additional investigation on the relationship between high HDL-C and cancer risk should be performed due to controversial results.

Dose-Response Association Between High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

IntroductionStudies investigating the effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on stroke and stroke subtypes have reached inconsistent conclusions. The purpose of our study was to clarify the dose–response association between HDL-C level and risk of total stroke and stroke subtypes by a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases through July 30, 2020, for prospective cohort studies that reported the HDL-C–stroke association and extracted the estimate that was adjusted for the greatest number of confounding factors. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the linear and nonlinear dose–response associations.ResultsWe included 29 articles, which reported on 62 prospective cohort studies including 900,501 study participants and 25,678 with stroke. The summary relative risk per 1-mmol/L increase in HDL-C level for total stroke was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.76–0.89; I 2 = 42.9%; n = 18); ischemic stroke (IS), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69–0.82; I 2 = 50.1%; n = 22); intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 1.21 (95% CI, 1.04–1.42; I 2 = 33.4%; n = 10); and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96–1.00; I 2 = 0%; n = 7). We found a linear inverse association between HDL-C level and risk of total stroke and SAH, a nonlinear inverse association for IS risk, but a linear positive association for ICH risk. The strength and the direction of the effect size estimate for total stroke, IS, ICH, and SAH remained stable for most subgroups. We found no publication bias with Begg’s test and Egger’s test for the association of HDL-C level with risk of total stroke, IS, and ICH.ConclusionA high HDL-C level is associated with reduced risk of total stroke and IS and an increased risk of ICH.

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of dementia: observational and genetic studies.

The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with risk of dementia is unclear. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that high levels of plasma HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of dementia and whether a potential association is of a causal nature. In two prospective population-based studies, the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study (N = 111 984 individuals), we first tested whether high plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of any dementia and its subtypes. These analyses in men and women separately were adjusted multifactorially for other risk factors including apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Second, taking advantage of two-sample Mendelian randomization, we tested whether genetically elevated HDL cholesterol was causally associated with Alzheimer's disease using publicly available consortia data on 643 836 individuals. Observationally, multifactorially adjusted Cox regression restricted cubic spline models showed that both men and women with extreme high HDL cholesterol concentrations had increased risk of any dementia and of Alzheimer's disease. Men in the 96th-99th and 100th vs. the 41st-60th percentiles of HDL cholesterol had multifactorially including APOE genotype adjusted hazard ratios of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.30-2.11) and 2.00 (1.35-2.98) for any dementia and 1.59 (1.16-2.20) and 1.87 (1.11-3.16) for Alzheimer's disease. Corresponding estimates for women were 0.94 (0.74-1.18) and 1.45 (1.03-2.05) for any dementia and 0.94 (0.70-1.26) and 1.69 (1.13-2.53) for Alzheimer's disease. Genetically, the two-sample Mendelian randomization odds ratio for Alzheimer's disease per 1 SD increase in HDL cholesterol was 0.92 (0.74-1.10) in the IGAP2019 consortium and 0.98 (0.95-1.00) in the ADSP/IGAP/PGC-ALZ/UKB consortium. Similar estimates were observed in sex stratified analyses. High plasma HDL cholesterol was observationally associated with increased risk of any dementia and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that HDL cholesterol can be used as an easily accessible plasma biomarker for individual risk assessment.

The Current Significance of Measuring HDL-Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

The Current Significance of Measuring HDL-Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Abstract. In clinical practice, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are frequently used for cardiovascular risk prediction. HDL particles perform numerous functions that theoretically protect against atherosclerosis. Accordingly, extensive studies have clearly demonstrated that low HDL-C is an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, it is now considered questionable whether very high HDL-C levels are always cardioprotective. This may be explained by the structural heterogeneity of HDL particles and the loss of HDL protective functions in the context of disease, which cannot be detected by the simple measurement of HDL-C. In the future new markers of the functional capacity of HDL particles may replace HDL-C as a traditional parameter for cardiovascular risk assessment.

Association between extremely high high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and hypertensive retinopathy: results of a cross-sectional study from Kanagawa Investigation of Total Checkup Data from the National Database-6 (KITCHEN-6)

ObjectivesDoubt has been cast on the atheroprotective effect of very high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is caused by persistent systemic hypertension. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the...

HDL Cholesterol and Non-Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review.

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has traditionally been considered the “good cholesterol”, and most of the research regarding HDL cholesterol has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Randomized trials aiming at increasing HDL cholesterol have, however, failed and left questions to what role HDL cholesterol plays in human health and disease. Recent observational studies involving non-cardiovascular diseases have shown that high levels of HDL cholesterol are not necessarily associated with beneficial outcomes as observed for age-related macular degeneration, type II diabetes, dementia, infection, and mortality. In this narrative review, we discuss these interesting associations between HDL cholesterol and non-cardiovascular diseases, covering observational studies, human genetics, and plausible mechanisms.

High density lipoprotein cholesterol and alcohol consumption: are they related?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. OnBehalf GENEMACOR Introduction High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is known to be inversely related to coronary artery disease (CAD). Previous observational studies have consistently reported that individuals with moderate alcohol consumption have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with that of nondrinkers and heavy drinkers. The beneficial effects of moderate drinking appear to be mediated in large part by alcohol-induced increases in HDL-C concentrations. Objective To evaluate if a moderate alcohol consumption (30-50g a day) is associated with higher levels of HDL-C in coronary patients. Materials and methods 1676 patients selected from GENEMACOR study population, with at least one &amp;gt; 75% coronary stenosis by angiography (median age 53.3 ± 7.9 years, 78.6% male, median HDL 43.0 ± 11.1 mg/dL). Population was divided according to the HDL level quartiles (1st quartile HDL &amp;lt; 35.3 mg/dL; 2nd quartile HDL 35.3 – 42 mg/dL; 3rd quartile HDL 42 – 49 mg/dL; 4th quartile HDL &amp;gt; 49 mg/dL). Population of the 1st and 4th quartiles (825 patients, median age of 53.3 ± 8.0 years and 78.7% male) were adjudicated and prospectively followed-up by 5.0 ± 4.2 years. X2 and T student tests were used to analyze the demographic, laboratorial, angiographic and anthropometric characteristics of the population. Results 420 (50.9%) patients were included in the 1st quartile group (median age 53.2 ± 7.9 years, 85.7% men) and 405 (49.1%) patients were included in the 4th quartile group (median age 53.4 ± 8.0 years, 71.4% men). The mean HDL level was higher in the population with moderate alcohol consumption (mean HDL 43.7 ± 15mg/dL in patients with alcohol consumption &amp;lt;30g/day, mean HDL 48.8 ± 16mg/dL in patients with moderate alcohol consumption and mean HDL 41.6 ± 15mg/dL in patients with alcohol consumption &amp;gt;50g/day). From 104 (median age 51.9 ± 7.9 years, 96.2% male) patients with a moderate alcohol consumption, 62.5% vs 37.5% were in 4th HDL quartile, p 0.01. Conclusion We conclude that in our population, a moderate alcohol consumption is associated with higher levels of HDL-C. However, even if there is a causal association between alcohol consumption and higher HDL cholesterol levels, it is suggested that efforts to reduce coronary heart disease risks concentrate on the control of another risk factors.

Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias.

Dyslipidaemias are alterations to the plasma lipid profile that are often associated with clinical conditions. Dyslipidaemias, particularly elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol levels, are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but some forms, such as hypertriglyceridaemia, are associated with severe diseases in other organ systems, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and acute pancreatitis. Dyslipidaemias can be genetically determined (primary or familial dyslipidaemias) or secondary to other conditions (such as diabetes mellitus, obesity or an unhealthy lifestyle), the latter being more common. Hypercholesterolaemia is the most common form of dyslipidaemia and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, with elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol levels being the 15th leading risk factor for death in 1990, rising to 11th in 2007 and 8th in 2019. The global burden of dyslipidaemias has increased over the past 30 years. Furthermore, the combination of high triglyceride levels and low HDL-cholesterol levels (together with the presence of small, dense LDL particles), referred to as atherogenic dyslipidaemia, is highly prevalent in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome and increases their risk of cardiovascular disease. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, treating lipid abnormalities in these patients might reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease.

The Association Between Sarcopenic Obesity and Hypertension, Diabetes, and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Chinese Adults.

ObjectiveSarcopenic obesity is associated with several negative health outcomes. However, there are only a few studies on the relationship between SO and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal lipid metabolism in Chinese adults. The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between SO and hypertension, diabetes, and abnormal lipid metabolism in Chinese adults, and explore the prediction of SO using relevant anthropometric indicators.Materials and MethodsAll participants underwent a questionnaire interview for the collection of demographic data. Thereafter, they underwent physical examination for the measurement of anthropometric variables, which was performed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Biochemical measurements were determined according to standard laboratory procedures used for the evaluation of blood parameters.ResultsWe included 14,926 patients aged 35–74 years old. The mean age of the participants was 56.75 ± 9.76 years old, and 39.80% of them were male. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.94 ± 3.40 kg/m2, and the overall prevalence of SO was 65.1%. The results showed that shorter people; people with faster heart rate; heavier weight; lower waist circumference (WC), BMI, triglyceride level, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level are at risk for SO.ConclusionThe prevalence of SO is high (65.1%) in Chinese adults aged 35–74 years old. The occurrence of SO is related to hypertension, diabetes, and abnormal lipid metabolism. BMI, WC, and waist-hip ratio may be predictive indicators of SO. The incidence of SO may be reduced by timely intervention and health education for persons at risk of the condition.

Associations of Particulate Matter Sizes and Chemical Constituents with Blood Lipids: A Panel Study in Guangzhou, China.

Existing evidence is scarce concerning the various effects of different PM sizes and chemical constituents on blood lipids. A panel study that involved 88 healthy college students with five repeated measurements (440 blood samples in total) was performed. We measured mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤1.0 μm (PM1.0), and ≤0.5 μm (PM0.5) as well as number concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 0.2 μm (PN0.2) and ≤0.1 μm (PN0.1). We applied linear mixed-effect models to assess the associations between short-term exposure to different PM size fractions and PM2.5 constituents and seven lipid metrics. We found significant associations of greater concentrations of PM in different size fractions within 5 days before blood collection with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A (ApoA1) levels, higher apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels, and lower ApoA1/ApoB ratios. Among the PM2.5 constituents, we observed that higher concentrations of tin and lead were significantly associated with decreased HDL-C levels, and higher concentrations of nickel were associated with higher HDL-C levels. Our results suggest that short-term exposure to PM in different sizes was deleteriously associated with blood lipids. Some constituents, especially metals, might be the major contributors to the detrimental effects.

The Effect of Using an Exercise-Nutrition Program on Some Physiological Variables on Diabetes Patients

The tremendous and astonishing technological progress in the modern era in all different fields has ledto a lack of human mobility and thus a lack of physical and physiological competence, which made himvulnerable to many diseases called hypokinetic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, lower backpain, diabetes, and high blood pressure. The Study Problem: Diabetes is one of the most common andwidespread diseases today, and failure to control this disease will lead to many complications, includingcardiovascular disease, high-fat content, in addition to limb muscle atrophy, high blood pressure andperipheral nerve inflammation, which sometimes leads to leg amputation. The cause of death and this is thesource of the problem. The Study Objectives: Knowing the blood sugar level of non-athletic patients aged40-55 years before the program. Designing an athletic program for diabetics aged 40-55 years who are nonathletes for the research group. To know the effect of the program on blood sugar, HDL cholesterol, and PCVblood viscosity for the research group. Identify the effect of the program on the nerve signals received fromthe upper and lower extremities of the research group. The study community the human field: people withdiabetes who are 40-55 years old who are not athletes. from 1/3/2020 to 1/7/2020. Hospitals and specializedcenters for treating this disease and the Physiotherapy Center for Sports Medicine in Egypt. Results: thevalues of the blood sugar test indicate the significance of the differences between the pre-and post-tests andin favor of the post-test, considering that the drop in blood sugar level is a positive case. blood HDL ratiotest indicates the significance of the differences between the pre-and post-tests and in favor of the post-test,considering that the drop in blood sugar level is a positive case. blood HDL ratio test considering the highlevel of HDL cholesterol is a positive case. Conclusions: 1-The diet and exercise program has a positiveeffect on low blood sugar levels. 2-The sports and nutritional program have a positive effect on the levelof high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood. 3-The sports and nutritional program have apositive effect on blood viscosity (PCV). 4-The sports and nutritional program have a positive effect on thenerve signals coming from the upper and lower extremities.

Association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography: FU-CCTA registry.

It is unclear whether higher levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) prevent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We prospectively evaluated 501 patients who had undergone coronary computed tomography angiography at Fukuoka University Hospital and either were clinically suspected of having coronary artery disease (CAD) or had at least one cardiovascular risk factor with a follow-up of up to 5years. The primary endpoint was MACE (cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization). The patients were divided into tertiles according to the HDL-C level: 47mg/dl ≥ HDL-C level [n = 167, lower HDL-C level (L-HDL)], 58mg/dl ≥ HDL-C level ≥ 48mg/dl [n = 167, middle HDL-C level (M-HDL)] and HDL-C level ≥ 59mg/dl [n = 167, higher HDL-C level (H-HDL)] groups. There were significant differences in %CAD among the L-HDL, M-HDL and H-HDL groups. Unexpectedly, there was no difference in %MACE between M-HDL and H-HDL, although %MACE in M-HDL was significantly lower than that in L-HDL (p < 0.05). By a multivariate logistic regression analysis, MACE in H-HDL-C was independently associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (p = 0.03). A Kaplan-Meier curve according to the HDL subgroup indicated that M-HDL, not H-HDL, enjoyed the greatest freedom from MACE among the 3 groups (log-rank test p = 0.047). Finally, the results of a Cox regression model indicated that L-HDL and H-HDL had significantly higher risk of MACE than M-HDL. In conclusions, patients with middle HDL-C levels, not higher HDL-C levels, showed the greatest freedom from MACE. Patients with higher HDL-C levels need to be strictly managed for DM to prevent MACE.