High Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Back to the future: Climate change effects on habitat suitability of Parnassius apollo throughout the Quaternary glacial cycles

Abstract Alpine grasslands above the treeline are severely threatened by climate change, mainly due to forest expansion driven by warmer conditions. Analogous lowland grasslands experience severe reductions due to land‐use abandonment and forest encroachment. To address how climate change impacted open‐areas insects, we used Parnassius apollo as a model, a butterfly with wide Palearctic distribution inhabiting both alpine and low‐altitude steppe grasslands. We modelled upper Pleistocene range changes from the Last Interglacial (130 Kya) to the present and future (2050/2070), using medium and high greenhouse gas emission rates for the latter. We combined bioclimatic variables (Worldclim, Paleoclim, Chelsa) with distribution records of P. apollo and two of its most often used larval host plants (Sedum album; Hylotelephium telephium) to formulate species distribution models (SDMs) via the Maximum entropy method. We estimated a substantial range expansion during cold periods (last glacial maximum, 22 Kya) and contractions in warmer periods. Including the host plants in the models brought reduced suitable areas estimate, possibly due to differences in climatic requirements of hosts and the butterfly. Future projections of the extent of suitable climates are surprisingly better than would be expected from a warming climate, likely because the current distribution, especially at lower elevations, is probably restricted by habitat loss due to land abandonment and afforestation. We recommend preventing afforestation in critical habitats across Europe and Asia, and increasing survey activities to perform more accurate SDMs.

Azerbaijan’s Growing Role in Europe’s Gas Security

Ensuring Europe’s energy security and supply with energy resources primarily means providing natural gas. As is known, natural gas is one of the main resources that Europe imports. The continental countries’ need for natural gas is quite large. According to experts’ calculations, gas demand in Europe will double in the next decade. Although the total consumption of renewable energy is expected to reach 32 percent by 2030, natural gas will still be of great importance to Europe. Continental nations are trying to diversify gas supplies to Europe to reduce coal use and high greenhouse gas emissions. In this case, the competition for gas supply to the continent increases even more. In energy diversification, the main focus is on intensifying relations with the countries of the Caspian Sea region, that is, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Geographically located in the southeast of Russia, the region has a double advantage in terms of laying pipelines that will ensure the transportation of large undiscovered gas and oil reserves directly to Europe.

Thermodynamic analysis of a novel tri-generation system integrated with a solar energy storage and solid oxide fuel cell – Gas turbine

The conventional cooling, heating and power tri-generation system still has problems such as high greenhouse gas emissions and high fossil fuel consumption. A new integrated energy system is proposed which includes solar-methanol hydrogen production, energy storage device, solid oxide fuel cell and dual-effect absorption chiller/heat pump with less carbon dioxide emissions, higher energy conversion efficiency and less fossil fuel consumption. The solar energy storage device drives the methanol reformation reaction and the Li-Br chiller/heat pump in parallel, decoupling the power and cooling/heating of the system to simultaneously satisfy the user demands and increases system flexibility. The proposed system is modeled and simulated in Aspen Plus and Fortran. The system thermodynamic performance is analyzed at the design conditions and the results shows the new system obviously enhances the energy conversion efficiency compared with the reference system. The effects of the methanol flow rate on the system output parameters and the thermodynamic performances of the system in different seasons when meeting the cooling, heating and power needs of the district users are studied. The results shows that the maximum system energy efficiency is 92.98% when the system operates in summer, and the system power generation efficiency is 48.03%; in winter, the maximum total system energy efficiency reaches 146.30%, and the system power generation efficiency is 53.26%; in the transition season, the system only needs to provide users with power load and domestic hot water, and the exhaust gas provides the methanol reaction heat. The system power generation efficiency increases to 65.38% and the energy efficiency is 87%.

A Review of Heuristics and Hybrid Methods for Green Vehicle Routing Problems considering Emissions

Road freight transport is one of the sectors with the highest greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption in the logistics industry. In recent years, due to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, several companies have considered reducing them in their daily logistics operations by means of better routing management. Green vehicle routing problems (GVRPs) constitute a growing problem direction within the interplay of vehicle routing problems and environmental sustainability that aims to provide effective routes while considering environmental concerns. These NP-hard problems are one of the most studied ones in green logistics, and due to their difficulty, there are many different heuristic and hybrid techniques to solve them under the need of having high-quality solutions within reasonable computational time. Given the role and importance of these methods, this review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of them while reviewing their defining strategies and components. In addition, we analyze characteristics and problem components related to how emissions are being considered. Lastly, we map and analyze the benchmarks proposed so far for the different GVRP variants considering emissions.

Subsurface banding of blended controlled-release urea can optimize rice yields while minimizing yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions

Controlled-release urea (CRU) is widely reported to supply crop nitrogen (N) demand with one basal application, thus effectively replacing split applications of urea without diminishing grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE). However, its use for replacement for high-yield split applications of urea (CK) for rice is untested. In addition, the degree to which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rice systems are affected when CRU is substituted for CK remains unclear. During 2017 and 2018, we sampled plant growth and gas emissions in a rice paddy field treated with three CRU types (sulfur-coated urea [SCU], polymer-coated urea [PCU], and bulk blended CRU [BBU]) applied via two methods (surface broadcasting on the soil and subsurface banding at 5 cm depth), with CK as a control. The three CRUs led to different soil NH4+-N dynamics, and the N supply pattern under BBU was more beneficial for rice seedling establishment than under SCU and PCU, resulting in grain yield and NUE comparable to those under CK. CRU type showed no significant effect on either CH4 emissions or N2O emissions, and broadcast CRUs exhibited significantly higher total GHG emissions than CK. However, banded CRUs significantly reduced the total GHG emissions in comparison with broadcast CRUs, by 9.2% averaged across the two years. Reduced CH4 emissions, particularly during the period prior to the middle drainage, contributed largely to the GHG difference. With comparably high grain yield and low total GHG emissions, banded BBU showed a low yield-scaled GHG (GHG emissions divided by grain yield) comparable to that under CK in both years. Overall, our study suggested that N management synchronized with rice demand and contributing to a high NUE tended to minimize yield-scaled GHG. Broadcast CRU can hardly substitute for CK in terms of either grain yield or GHG emissions, but banded BBU is a promising N management strategy for sustaining rice production while minimizing environmental impacts.

Greenhouse gas emissions hotspots and drivers of urban freshwater bodies in areas of the Yangtze River delta, China

AbstractIn the modern era, urban freshwater bodies play a significant role in global carbon (C) budgeting, therefore, impacting climate change under rising global mean temperature. However, the trend, magnitude and drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in these urban freshwater bodies of China remain uncertain. This study investigated temporal changes in GHG emissions in urban water bodies, including artificial lakes, reservoirs, aquaculture ponds and rivers, within a year in Nanjing city in the areas of the Yangtze River delta of China. In addition, meteorological and hydrochemical parameters were measured to elucidate the key drivers of GHG emissions. The results showed that the average annual flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in aquaculture ponds was estimated to be 1355.6 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 116.6 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, followed by that of artificial lakes were 1172.2 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 44.1 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, rivers reached 775.9 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 23.9 mg CH4 m−2 day−1 and reservoirs were 170.1 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 7.2 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, respectively. The results further suggest that although artificial lakes and aquaculture ponds occupied only 23% of the cumulative area under lakes and ponds in the Yangtze River delta, contribute approximately 43%, about 27.5 Gg C, of total fluxes. Furthermore, high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and low dissolved oxygen (DO) coincided with the high GHG emissions. The study suggests that DO, DOC, temperature and wind speed are the key factors impacting the potential of GHG emissions in urban freshwater ecosystems. Strategic mitigation measures in the vicinity of the urban freshwater bodies could efficiently reduce carbon emissions in the future.

Hydrogen Fuel-cell Technology in Electric Vehicles: Current Usage, Materials and Future Applications

A conventional combustion engine results in high greenhouse gas emissions, so the world is transforming to clean energy and electric vehicles. Developments and applications of hydrogen fuel cells in electric vehicles (EVs) lead the world toward a sustainable future. Hydrogen fuel applies to fuel cells and generates electricity through electrochemical reactions. It is exceptionally clean because the by-products are water and heat, so there has no visual pollution from vehicles. HFC technology is not commonly used for now but will take place in many EVs. Some countries planned to apply it to electric power systems, railways and spacecraft fields. Currently, HFC uses platinum as the main catalyst material because of its stability, high efficiency, and good performance that boosts the hydrogen and oxygen reactions. It is the most reliable source and a perfect catalyst that is widely applied. Other catalysts such as carbon-coated nickel, nitrogen-carbon mixtures (MNCs) and transition metal nitrides (TMNs) all show good performance and have similar efficiency with Pt. These materials could replace platinum in the future because Pt has limited sources and higher costs. Also, the study has found that scientists use ruthenium graphene as a catalyst in hydrogen fuel cells. However, its effectiveness needs long-term monitoring. Although HFC is a clean technology, it has disadvantages, for example, hard for hydrogen extraction and storage, lacking refueling systems etc. Current technology limits development, and barriers exist, such as overwhelming H2 storage and delivery and some safety issues. Even so, hydrogen energy and HFC application are the future for EVs and others.

Evaluation of urban pollution in a tropical lacustrine ecosystem by using n-alkanes and sterols as biomarkers

The Jacarepaguá Lagoon System (JLS) receives industrial and domestic waste in an urban area with high population density and intense economic activity. The hydrography of the lagoons favours the sedimentation of particulate material transferred from the drainage basin. Water engineering, such as channel dredging and subsea outfall, did not satisfactorily mitigate pollution effects. Therefore, the environment is highly eutrophic, presents frequent blooms of algae and generates high emissions of greenhouse gases. There is no record in the literature on the analysis of organic compounds in the water compartment. The present work applies sterols as biomarkers to quantify the degree of pollution caused by biogenic compounds in riverine and lacustrine water of the JLS. n-Alkanes were applied to estimate the fractions of petrogenic contaminants. The sums of n-alkanes and sterols analysed had average concentrations of 21 ± 20 μg L−1 and 10 ± 8 μg L−1, respectively, in the river samples and 235 ± 156 μg L−1 and 30 ± 28 μg L−1, respectively, in the lagoon samples. The work also showed that the organic compounds inside the lagoons are evenly distributed, and approximately 7% of them are transferred to the marine ecosystem. Biogenic biomarkers and the absolute concentrations of sterols showed that sewage contaminants transferred by the rivers are partially decomposed in the lagoons. The correlations between indices and physicochemical parameters indicated that the degradation of organic compounds in the lagoons occurs mainly in the sediment compartment under anoxic conditions. The indices for sewage indicate that the ecosystem has exceeded its carrying capacity. The indices based on n-alkanes reported strong contamination at all sampling stations and inferred that 75–100% of these compounds were derived from petrogenic sources. These indices did not show any difference between rivers and the lagoon, which demonstrates the resilience of these compounds in the ecosystem.

Vulnerability of water resource management to climate change: Application to a Pyrenean valley

Study region:The Aure Valley in the French Pyrenees. Study focus:This study applies a bottom-up framework for assessing water management vulnerability in terms of hydropower production, environmental regulations, and reservoir storage management by integrating the sensitivity, the management metrics with the participation of stakeholders, and the exposure of the water system. The hydrological model GR6J-CEMANEIGE is implemented to simulate the management metrics in the study region. The sensitivity of management metrics to climate change is investigated by comparing simulation results under current climate conditions and under perturbed climate series. Results are demonstrated with response surfaces, which are overlaid with the predefined thresholds of management metrics. The thresholds help identifying climate conditions that are critical for water management. Plausible climate change pathways are displayed on the response surfaces to assess the probability of critical conditions. New hydrological insights for the region:Results show that annual hydropower production is mostly vulnerable to future drier conditions. Environmental metrics are sensitive to both precipitation and temperature changes while the current policy render the low-flow management less susceptible to risks. Reservoir storage management is found to be extremely sensitive to temperature increase that induces an earlier snowmelt. Although downstream water use is less vulnerable to climate change even under a high greenhouse gases emissions scenario, more intense water competition among stakeholders could be foreseen. Corresponding adaptation actions are proposed to reduce the vulnerability.

Flexitarians’ and meat eaters’ heterogeneous preferences for beef: Gourmets and value seekers

In light of increasing evidence of climate change and the related negative effects for the environment, consumers are slowly changing their eating habits not only towards healthier, but also towards more sustainable diets. A key factor of more sustainable diets is the reduction of meat consumption. A large share of consumers follows this advice, thus adopting a flexitarian diet. This trend has led to an observable change in market demand for meat products and product offerings that meat producers are competing with. Beef is characterized by high greenhouse gas emissions, hence, it does not fare well from a sustainability perspective. To understand consumer preferences for beef, we conduct choice experiments in Germany (n = 621) and the UK (n = 625) across meat eaters and meat reducers. We highlight segment-specific preferences across different levels of meat consumption using latent class choice analysis. Results show that beef preferences are heterogeneous; while meat-eaters prevail they differ in their preferences for price and country-of-origin. Flexitarian consumers’ preferences differ; while some segments prefer gourmet beef, most flexitarian segments are value-seekers. Our results contribute to the literature on the diversity in flexitarian consumption by providing a more nuanced picture of consumers’ preferences for beef products. In addition, our results provide relevant insights for practitioners in the beef value chain in order to design target-oriented products.

Estimating the Burden of Heat-Related Illness Morbidity Attributable to Anthropogenic Climate Change in North Carolina.

Climate change is known to increase the frequency and intensity of hot days (daily maximum temperature ≥30°C), both globally and locally. Exposure to extreme heat is associated with numerous adverse human health outcomes. This study estimated the burden of heat-related illness (HRI) attributable to anthropogenic climate change in North Carolina physiographic divisions (Coastal and Piedmont) during the summer months from 2011 to 2016. Additionally, assuming intermediate and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios, future HRI morbidity burden attributable to climate change was estimated. The association between daily maximum temperature and the rate of HRI was evaluated using the Generalized Additive Model. The rate of HRI assuming natural simulations (i.e., absence of greenhouse gas emissions) and future greenhouse gas emission scenarios were predicted to estimate the HRI attributable to climate change. Over 4years (2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015), we observed a significant decrease in the rate of HRI assuming natural simulations compared to the observed. About 3 out of 20 HRI visits are attributable to anthropogenic climate change in Coastal (13.40% [IQR: -34.90,95.52]) and Piedmont (16.39% [IQR: -35.18,148.26]) regions. During the future periods, the median rate of HRI was significantly higher (78.65%: Coastal and 65.85%: Piedmont), assuming a higher emission scenario than the intermediate emission scenario. We observed significant associations between anthropogenic climate change and adverse human health outcomes. Our findings indicate the need for evidence-based public health interventions to protect human health from climate-related exposures, like extreme heat, while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.

Characterization of biochar produced from Al Ghaf Tree for CO2 Capture

Climate change, global warming, and rise in water levels are environmental problems caused by the high emissions of greenhouse gases, and the most harmed one is carbon dioxide. Biochar is a material produced by thermochemical conversions with oxygen-depleted conditions of organic materials, and this process calls pyrolysis. Recently, it has been evaluated as a carbon dioxide capture, and its porous structure, structural properties, and production methods are easy. Al Ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) tree is one of the United Arab Emirates’ national trees with a wide range of intriguing properties, including high nutritional value, medicinal/pharmaceutical potential, and biosorption. This paper focuses on the biochar synthesized from three parts of the Al Ghaf tree: leaves, roots, and branches, to determine which part can achieve the maximum carbon dioxide capture. The ability of the produced biochar to capture carbon dioxide was tested through direct gas–solid​ interaction inside an integrated fluidized bed reactor. The carbon dioxide adsorption capacity was expressed by two methods related to (a) the loaded biochar mass and (b) the total amount of carbon dioxide fed to the reactor. The carbon dioxide adsorption capacity results concerning the loaded mass were 6.88%, 5.50%, and 3.63% for leaves, roots, and branches, respectively. At the same time, the results based on the total amount of carbon dioxide fed were 65.5%, 58.7%, and 37.7% for leaves, roots, and branches, respectively. Such results were confirmed by the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized biochar using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction analysis. Al Ghaf tree requires further study and inquiry to identify the most appropriate applications.

Prevalence of unnecessary antibiotic use in European hospitals – a systematic review

Abstract Background Antibiotics (AB) are essential to modern day medicine as prophylaxis and therapy. Yet, unnecessary use has various negative effects on individual and global health, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and contribution to high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the healthcare sector. This systematic review provides an overview of unnecessary AB use in European hospitals in order to present possible ways forward. Methods The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, included as databases were: Embase, ProQuest Environmental Science Collection, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies conducted among adult in-patients in EU/EEA countries were included if they provided assessment methodology, included a clear standard of measurement and chart reviews were used as evaluation basis. Results Fifty-six included studies were categorised into the following three groups: (1) Studies using an established evaluation method; 20 studies belong to this group, 18 used the same, established approach. Eleven of these studies performed an observational audit, while the interventions in the remaining studies were of educational or advisory nature. Unnecessary AB use ranged from 1.5% to 51% of all observed prescriptions. Outcomes of interventions showed great variation of effects on unnecessary use (-34.7% - +11.6). (2) Studies using a newly developed, clearly stated evaluation method (4 studies); (3) Studies which conform with established evaluation methods but the processes were not specified (32 studies). Results are subject to further analysis. Conclusions The studies included reported a great range of unnecessary AB use in adult in-patients, for both prophylactic and therapeutic indications. Evaluation methods of unnecessary AB use vary greatly between studies. In future research, comprehensive application of established approaches is essential for better overview and identification of key areas for AMR and GHG emission reduction activities. Key messages • Unnecessary antibiotic use varies greatly among studies conducted in European adult in-patients. • In future research, wider application of established evaluation methods will improve comparability and targeting of interventions.

Effects of projected climate change on winter wheat yield in Henan, China

Climate change has already affected and will continue to affect crop yields. It is essential to understand and predict how the changing climate is influencing crops. This study assessed the effects of climate change on winter wheat yields in a central province (Henan) of China by using the calibrated Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) and the daily climate projections for Global Climate Models (GCMs), under two future societal development pathways (SSPs), SSP126 (sustainable development with low level greenhouse gas emissions) and SSP585 (conventional development with high level greenhouse gas emissions). We found that the effects of climate change on winter wheat yield would have clear spatial and temporal variations. Climate change is expected to shorten the maturity period for winter wheat by 1.1 days dec−1 (days per decade) and 4.4 days dec−1 compared with the baseline scenario (2000–2014) under scenarios of SSP126 and SSP585, respectively. However, the flowering dates would be delayed, by 0.2 days dec−1 under the SSP126 scenario and by 0.6 days dec−1 under the SSP585 scenario. Yield showed no significant trend under both scenarios, except that it would be higher than baseline in most years. Compared with the baseline, the annual mean winter wheat yield under future climate change would increase 784 kg ha−1 (SSP126) and 332 kg ha−1 (SSP585) during the 2030s, 1172 kg ha−1 (SSP126) and 364 kg ha−1 (SSP585) during the 2060s, and 707 kg ha−1 (SSP126) and 533 kg ha−1 (SSP585) during the 2090s. In the SSP126 scenario, winter wheat yield would increase over most counties of Henan, especially during the 2060s. However, winter wheat yield would decline in northern Henan during the 2030s and 2090s under the SSP585 scenario. Our findings could help farmers develop adaptation measures for winter wheat to ensure food security in Henan and China.

Regional wave model climate projections for coastal impact assessments under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario

In the future, shifts in wind storms across the North and Baltic Seas are highly unpredictable, challenging the projection of wave conditions for managing coastal hazards. Moreover, regional sea level rise (SLR), with very large uncertainty, complicates the situation for stakeholders seeking recommendations for climate adaptation plans. The purpose of this study is to examine the change of the storm surge and wind wave components of the water level due to climate change in a low tidal range Køge Bay near the entrance of the Baltic Sea. Under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5, we employed a regional climate model (HIRHAM) forced wave model (WAM) and focused on the wave model results during the “storm surge conditions” (exceeding 20 years storm surge events) and “stormy conditions” (exceeding 90th percentile of wave heights). We find that the change in both wave height and period in the future is negligible under “stormy conditions”. Nevertheless, under “storm surge conditions” when considering SLR, the simulated wave height is projected to double in the near future (mid-century) under RCP 8.5, and the wave period may also increase by about 1.5 seconds. This is because some high significant wave height events in the future are associated with the storm surge events when considering SLR. The findings suggest that the combined effects of mean sea level rise, storm surge and waves are likely to increase the risk to a bay with geography and exposure comparable to Køge Bay. As a result, the future plan for climate engineering protection should place a premium on the additional wave energy protection associated with storm surges.

Climate science and tourism policy in Australasia: deficiencies in science-policy translation

This paper reviews tourism-relevant advances in climate science and tourism policy in the Australasia region over the past 20 years, focusing particularly on the seven years (2015–2021) since the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Within the Australasia region, Australia and New Zealand have a complicated relationship with climate change, as both countries are dependent upon stable climates for tourism while contributing to high tourism greenhouse gas emissions. Both are economically reliant on their respective tourism industries, which market environmental products to predominantly long-haul tourism markets. In this paper we critically address the climate change context in Australasia, reviewing the tourism systems, climate risks and carbon risks in the region. We critique the (dis)connection of climate change and tourism policy at the national scale in the region, and find that the extent of climate responses in relation to tourism are generally limited to descriptive (Generation 1) and normative (Generation 2) approaches. We conclude that serious deficiencies remain in the climate science – tourism policy translation required to transform the tourism systems of Australia and New Zealand in response to climate change.

Service design of green and low-carbon intracity logistics: an AHP approach

ABSTRACT Climate change is the greatest global challenge faced by mankind today. With a rise in intelligent shared logistics and public awareness of environmental protection, implicit problems in intracity logistics, such as environmental pollution, resource waste, high carbon energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, should be solved urgently to achieve carbon neutrality. On this background, this study combines the analytic hierarchy process and gray correlation method to provide the best decision-making choice and benchmark enterprise for the green and low-carbon development of intracity logistics. In this research, the distribution business of six intracity logistics enterprises with the highest market share in China was investigated in detail. The target hierarchy standard focused on four aspects of green logistics: operation ability, infrastructure, resource utilisation and personnel factors. The four aspects are extended to 16 criteria. Supported by the survey data, this study provides a realistic reference for decision-making and a benchmark case for the low-carbon development of intracity logistics.

Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions of an Indian village - Who's to blame: crops or livestock?

A carbon footprint assessment, combining various scales of analysis and including a territorial assessment, is proposed to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crops and livestock in an Indian village impacted by both Green (for crops) and White (for milk) revolutions. It is based on the GHG assessment of 10 cropping systems, 8 livestock farming systems and 9 production systems using the comparative agriculture and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approaches. Results show that mineral fertilisation, irrigation and methane from paddy fields are the main drivers of emissions at plot level. Livestock farming systems emit from 4.7 tCO2eq/female to 8.6 tCO2eq/female, enteric fermentation being the first source of emission. Disparities at farm level are huge, ranging from 9 to 733 tCO2eq. At village level, emissions yield 37 tCO2eq/ha and livestock contributes to 60 % of GHG emissions. The high GHG emissions are a legacy of the Green and White Revolutions: the livestock population is high, fed on highly emissive fodder and concentrates and produces little milk. The results enhance our understanding of the share of carbon emissions from crops and livestock at farm and territorial level. They pinpoint the environmental and socio-economic downsides of livestock farming intensification.

CARBON CREDITS FROM WINDROW COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH, INDIA

High greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission is mainly due to landfilling, thus solid waste compostingsector creates significant opportunities for carbon mitigation which could eventually becometradable carbon credits. The paradigm of ‘waste to energy, mitigation of carbon and itssequestration is relegated to a secondary level which conversely results in India discarding 68.8million tonnes in landfills and comes third after China and US in total GHGs emissions. Food, Fruit,and Green waste constitute a copious and ubiquitous waste stream of municipal solid wasteglobally in escalating population and erratic urbanisation. The present study is a case studyinitiated in Chandigarh to high light the concept of carbon credit opportunities and to discuss theadept schemes for successful co-composting of green waste and kitchen waste with a mechanismto mitigate carbon leakage in the developing countries. The study credited with 346 carbon creditsand 564 quintals organic compost worth 8.71 and 16 lakhs respectively.

Projected Changes in Wind Speed over the Korean Peninsula in the 21st Century Based on Climate Change Scenarios

In this study, the spatio-temporal characteristics of long-term variability of wind speed over the Korean Peninsula in the 21st century were analyzed using RCP and SSP climate change scenario data. The spatial distribution of the average wind speed in the 21st century showed that the wind speed in the sea area was about twice that of the land area, and the SSP scenario showed a stronger overall wind speed distribution compared to the RCP scenario. The anomaly distributions of the multi-decadal wind speed showed various patterns depending on the target scenario and space-time, and showed relatively large anomaly variability in the sea area than in the land. In the 21st century, the long-term trend of wind speed over the Korean Peninsula was dominated by negative variability indicating a decreasing trend overall. Compared to the RCP scenario, the variability of wind speed was evaluated to be relatively large in the SSP scenario. It was also found that the variability of wind speed in the high greenhouse gas emission scenarios(RCP8.5 and SSP5- 8.5) was slightly greater than the medium greenhouse gas emission scenarios(RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5). In conclusion, the projected changes in wind speed over the Korean Peninsula in the 21st century may vary depending on climate change scenarios, and the spatio-temporal complexity of winds must be considered.