High Gradient Magnetic Separation Research Articles

Development and Application Characteristics of High Gradient Magnetic Separator

As one of the most effective techniques for fine particle processing, high gradient magnetic separation is mainly used in the separation and enrichment of fine and weak magnetic particles and other important industrial fields. High gradient magnetic separator is a new type of high intensity magnetic separator, which has strong ability to capture fine and weak magnetic particles, developed on the basis of ordinary high intensity magnetic separator. Based on the early periodic- high -gradient magnetic separators, the optimization development direction of high gradient magnetic separators and their application characteristics of various high gradient magnetic separators in these decades were summarized, and the future development directions of high gradient magnetic separator were presented.

Simulation of particle accumulation in high gradient magnetic separation based on static buildup model (SBM)

Static buildup model (SBM) is an analytical approach to predict upstream buildup profile of circular matrix in high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS). But it was confined to single-wire system in idealized fluid and magnetic field, and was not applicable for more complicated or generalized systems. As better separation performance can be obtained by introducing composite force field or employing novel structural matrices in HGMS, it is necessary to develop models that are more adaptable for predicting particle buildup. In this paper, a simulation model based on SBM was developed to extend its application to complicated situation. The boundary of the buildup was updated by judging whether a particle released from locations near buildup surface would stay or not. And a characterized thickness within boundary layer was proposed to ensure that the released particles were subjected to forces of the same expression as that in SBM. The established model was proved to obtain close results with SBM when HGMS system was in idealized condition. Experimental results testified the model’s ability to predict saturated buildup profile of both circular and elliptic matrices in a realistic system. Since fluid and magnetic field information are processed by the simulation software, this model is also believed applicable for more complicated conditions such as multi-wire system and novel structure matrix system, which will be investigated in follow-up studies.

Rapid Extraction of High- and Low-Density Microplastics from Soil Using High-Gradient Magnetic Separation

Rapid Extraction of High- and Low-Density Microplastics from Soil Using High-Gradient Magnetic Separation

M R.N.A. Purifications Process: Affinity Chromato-Graphy, Magnetic Beads and Graphene Coated Large Scale Production and Toxicological Aspects

Aim of this work is to verify the state of the art related m R.N.A. purification process , the technology used as well as the materials employed. New methods vs classic methods: the use of affinity cromato-graphy or and high‐gradient magnetic separation (H.G.M.S.). In particular the use of magnetic beads since introduction of the graphene coated ones. Various producers provide many kind of magnetic beads with various grade of efficiency in separation. Becasue today there is a great debate around graphene derivates peresence (or not) in vials of m R.N.A. VACCINE it is relevant to better clarify the production process as well and the materials used.

FeOOH and nZVI combined with superconducting high gradient magnetic separation for the remediation of high-arsenic metallurgical wastewater

Metallurgical wastewater with high arsenic (As) concentration presents important challenges to human health and the environment because of its high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Iron (Fe)-based adsorbents can effectively detoxify low As-containing wastewater but are less helpful for high concentration of As and for solid–liquid separation. Herein, an advanced strategy is proposed to dispose high As wastewater using nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) and ferric oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) combined with superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) technology. The superconducting HGMS technology promoted the removal of As by nZVI and FeOOH via a magnetic flocculation reaction, while simultaneously separating reaction products adsorbed As from wastewater. Interestingly, nZVI could be corroded to release Fe(II) ions which then generated Fenton reaction under aerobic conditions, facilitating the oxidization of As(III)/Fe(II) to As(V)/Fe(III) ions. The Fe(II) and Fe(III) hydrolyzed in the form of hydroxy hydroxide and further generated the magnetic flocculates and coprecipitate. The results showed that 99.06% of As was successfully removed from wastewater with an initial As concentration of 5358 mg/L, at a dosage of 20 g/L, a magnetic field strength of 5 T, and a flow velocity of 500 mL/min. Compared with FeOOH, nZVI showed more favorable adaptability for lead smelting wastewater. Removal of As from wastewater by using nZVI combined with superconducting HGMS technology has a great potential to achieve industrial application for metallurgical heavy metal wastewater.

Study on polymer-bridging flocculation performance of ultrafine specular hematite ore and its high gradient magnetic separation behavior: Description of floc microstructure and flocculation mechanism

• Quantitatively characterization and regulatory of ultrafine specular hematite floc structure by image analysis. • Polymer-bridging flocculation performance of the ultrafine specular hematite. • High gradient magnetic separation behavior of ultrafine specular hematite flocs. • Interaction energy calculation between mineral particles based on EDLVO theory. • Interaction mechanism between starches and minerals in specular hematite ore. Flocculation magnetic separation process is one of the efficient and economical methods to recover fine weakly magnetic iron ore. It is well known that the structural characteristics of mineral flocculants have a significant effect on the flocculation magnetic separation process. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to adjust the structural characteristics and particle size of iron flocs to suit the high-gradient magnetic separation process. In this study, the effect of molecular structure and dosage of the reagents, pulp pH and stirring intensity on the flocculation performance and magnetic separation behavior of ultrafine specular hematite ore were studied by optical microscope observations along with image analysis and floc-magnetic separation experiments, respectively. Besides, the relationship among agglomeration factors, flocculation structure and separation index was established. The interaction mechanism between different starches and minerals was studied by electron scanning microscope (SEM) observation, particle interaction energy calculation, Zeta potential and infrared spectrometric measurements. The results showed that the flocs size gradually increased with the increase of molecular weight, amylopectin content and dosage of the reagent. An appropriate agitation intensity will be helpful to the aggregation of mineral particles, and the new flocculation will be destroyed as the stirring intensity is excessive. Compared with no additives in the separation process, the flocculation-magnetic separation process could increase the recovery rate by 1.5–2.0 percentage points on average when the flocs size was about 23 μm. With the increase of amylopectin content and molecular weight, the separation index increased gradually. Compared with tapioca starch, using carboxymethyl tapioca starch as flocculent, the iron grade of concentrate was increased by 1–2 percentage points. The microscopic morphology of the mineral particles showed that the agglomeration of ultrafine specular hematite particles was formed by the polymer bridging of starch in the pulp. The calculation results of interaction energy between particles showed that there was repulsive force between specular hematite and quartz particles due to the existence of repulsive energy of hydration, so the specular hematite and quartz particles were dispersed in the pulp. Zeta potential and FTIR test results showed that these starches can be selectively adsorbed on the specular hematite surface through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, while there was no obvious adsorption existed between starches and quartz.

Modern trends of technological advancement in iron ore processing

The authors discuss evolution of technologies and procedures in iron ore processing. It is emphasized that an iron ore treatment approach is governed by the type and nature of dissemination of metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Iron ore is mostly processed using magnetic, magnetic–gravity or magnetic–flotation separation. High grade ore with the iron content of 60–63 % is utilized without dressing, immediately after crushing and size grading. Magnetic and flotation circuits are used in processing of the most rebellious and finely disseminated low-grade ore. The ore pretreatment technologies feature the trends of introduction of press–rollers, which reduces energy inputs by 10–30 % as compared with the semi autogenous grinding. The essential improvement of size grading efficiency is reached via inclusion of fine sifting in the grinding circuits. Due to persistently growing demand for high-quality concentrate, fine sifting is also included in the finishing processing of rough concentrates. One of the methods to produce ‘super concentrates’ is the reverse cation flotation of rough iron concentrates using collectors composed of mono-, di- and ether amines, as well as their mixtures, including alcohols. The need to dress ROM hematite ore and to after-treat magnetic separation tailings of magnetite ore initiated engineering, manufacturing and commercial-scale introduction of high-gradient and highduty magnetic separators based on permanent rare earth magnets with the field density to 1.7 T. These machines have much smaller weight and consume much less energy than the high-gradient separators based on electromagnets. The promising method for hematite ore treatment is the reverse cation flotation. The use of the described processes, technologies and equipment allows production of concentrates with the iron content higher than 70 % and the silicon content less than 2 % at the iron recovery more than 90 %.

Insights into the effect of magnetic interactions on the magnetization process of matrices in high gradient magnetic separation

In-depth understanding and prediction of the magnetization process of matrices in high gradient magnetic separation are essential for matrix design and performance analysis. However, the existing research typically ignores the magnetic interactions between magnetized elements in the matrices. This article numerically reveals the role of the magnetic interactions on the magnetization process of these elements with different configurations, showing that both the gap distance between elements and the relative direction between the applied magnetic field and the matrix structure have a significant effect on the magnetization of elements in matrices. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that the effect of magnetic interactions limits the application of the existing methods for predicting magnetization state of matrices. To solve this problem, a convenient and versatile method is further proposed with considering magnetic interactions and is validated by numerical simulations, providing an effective tool to determine applicable magnetization models of matrices in different situations.

Innovative pre-concentration technology for recovering ultrafine ilmenite using superconducting high gradient magnetic separator

To achieve the utilization of the abandoned ultrafine ilmenite (−20 μm) produced in the titanium magnetite processing plant in Panzhihua, the superconducting high-gradient magnetic separation (SMS) technology was proposed in this study. After optimizing the conditions of magnetic intensity, feeding and pulsation, an SMS concentrate with TiO2 grade of 16.03% and TiO2 recovery of 66.39% was obtained through one roughing–one cleaning pre-concentration flowsheet. The specific magnetic force and magnetic force were calculated and analysed to illustrate the pre-concentration mechanism, and the results revealed that the combination of high magnetic field and strong pulsating resulted in the effective pre-concentration of the ultrafine ilmenite in the SMS process. In addition, the magnetic force analysis indicated that the high magnetic intensity and high magnetic gradient are the key factors of the SMS technology. Furthermore, the EDS-Mapping detection certified that the ultrafine ilmenite was concentrated from the gangue minerals using SMS technology.

High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator

In an ongoing effort towards a more sustainable rare-earth element market, there is a high potential for an efficient recycling of rare-earth elements from end-of-life compact fluorescent lamps by physical separation of the individual phosphors. In this study, we investigate the separation of five fluorescent lamp particles by high-gradient magnetic separation in a rotary permanent magnet separator. We thoroughly characterize the phosphors by ICP-MS, laser diffraction analysis, gas displacement pycnometry, surface area analysis, SQUID-VSM, and Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. We present a fast and reliable quantification method for mixtures of the investigated phosphors, based on a combination of Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. With this method, we were able to monitor each phosphors’ removal dynamics in the high-gradient magnetic separator and we estimate that the particles’ removal efficiencies are proportional to (d2·χ)1/3. Finally, we have found that the removed phosphors can readily be recovered easily from the separation cell by backwashing with an intermittent air–water flow. This work should contribute to a better understanding of the phosphors’ separability by high-gradient magnetic separation and can simultaneously be considered to be an important preparation for an upscalable separation process with (bio)functionalized superparamagnetic carriers.

SPIONs self-assembly and magnetic sedimentation in quadrupole magnets: Gaining insight into the separation mechanisms

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are currently popular materials experiencing rapid development with potential application value, especially in biomedical and chemical engineering fields. Examples include wastewater management, bio-detection, biological imaging, targeted drug delivery and biosensing. While not exclusive, magnetically driven isolation methods are typically required to separate the desired entity from the media in specific applications and in their manufacture and/or quality control. However, due to the nano-size of SPIONs, their magnetic manipulation is affected by Brownian motion, adding considerable complexities. The two most common methods for SPION magnetic separation are high and low gradient magnetic separation (HGMS and LGMS, respectively). Nevertheless, the effect of specific magnetic energy fields on SPIONs, such as horizontal (perpendicular to gravity), high fields and gradients (higher than LGMS) on the horizontal magnetophoresis and vertical sedimentation of SPIONs has only recently been suggested as a way to separate very small particles (5 nm). In this work, we continue those studies on the magnetic separation of 5–30 nm SPIONs by applying fields and gradients perpendicular to gravity. The magnetic field was generated by permanent magnets arranged in quadrupolar configurations (QMS). Different conditions were studied, and multiple variables were evaluated, including the particle size, the initial SPIONs concentration, the temperature, the magnetic field gradient and the magnetic exposure time. Our experimental data show that particles are subjected to horizontal magnetic forces, to particle agglomeration due to dipole–dipole interactions, and to vertical sedimentation due to gravity. The particle size and the type of separator employed (i.e. different gradient and field distribution acting on the particle suspension) have significant effects on the phenomena involved in the separation, whereas the temperature and particle concentration affect the separation to a lesser extent. Finally, the separation process was observed to occur in less than 3 mins for our experimental conditions, which is encouraging considering the long operation time (up to days) necessary to separate particles of similar sizes in LGMS columns that also employ permanent magnets.

Magnetic Preconcentration and Process Mineralogical Study of the Kiviniemi Sc-Enriched Ferrodiorite

Scandium is classified as a critical raw material by the European Union. Its beneficiation from various primary and secondary sources is currently being studied under several research and development projects. Due to the geochemical characteristics of Sc, its enrichment to ore grades by geological processes is scarce. Potential new sources are investigated to respond to the expected increasing demand for this rare earth metal. The recently discovered Kiviniemi Sc deposit in Finland represents an igneous occurrence with estimated total resources of 13.4 Mt and an average Sc grade of 163 g/t. The deposit consists of relatively homogeneous ferrodioritic intrusive body with its main unit with ~2.5 ha surface extension. Scandium is mainly incorporated into the lattice of clinopyroxene and amphibole within the main unit. Composite samples from three drill cores from various parts of the main unit were concentrated with a combination of low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic separation. Depending on the feed characteristics, high-gradient magnetic separation reached recoveries between 87% and 92% with 230–310 ppm Sc while removing 35–49 mass percent of gangue minerals, mainly plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Our study provides information on the magnetic preconcentration conditions with process mineralogical details and produced concentrates for further testing according to the suggested processing scheme.

Understanding and prediction of magnetization state of elliptic cross-section matrices in high gradient magnetic separation

Theoretical prediction of magnetization state of matrices in high gradient magnetic separation is of importance to the separation performance analysis. However, the existing methods are limited to the cases where a magnetic field is parallel or perpendicular to one axis of magnetic elements in matrices. To solve this issue, in this work, we propose an easily understood method to construct the correlation between the magnetization of an elliptic cross-section element and the externally applied magnetic field. On this basis, we develop a simple relation to rapidly determine the demarcation for judging the magnetization sate of the element, which is suitable for the cases with an arbitrary magnetic field direction. Furthermore, we reveal the influence of the shape coefficient of the element on the prediction accuracy of its magnetization process. This work has important theoretical value for understanding the magnetization process of elliptic cross-section matrices under different magnetic fields.

Accurate calculation of major forces acting on magnetic particles in a high-gradient magnetic field: A 3D finite element analysis

Magnetic agglomeration of magnetic particles under the influence of magnetic field plays a vital role in enhancing the separation of fine magnetic mineral particles. In this study, the major forces acting on weakly magnetic particles and the ratio between forces in high-gradient magnetic separators (HGMS) are investigated. A 3D high-gradient magnetic field based on HGMS was simulated, and the major forces (magnetic force Fm, magnetic agglomeration force Fmm, and gravity G) acting on weakly magnetic particles were calculated in the form of Fm/Fmm, Fm/G by finite element method (FEM). The results show that the value of Fm/Fmm became lower as the increase of magnetic field intensity and the relative permeability of particles, higher as the increase of the magnetic field gradient, the particle size and the distance between particles. However, there was no correlation between the value of Fm/Fmm and the density of the magnetic particles. Furthermore, the value of Fm/G was inversely proportional to the density of the particles and directly proportional to the relative permeability of particles, the magnetic field intensity and magnetic field gradient. Meanwhile, Fm was at least 190 times greater than Fmm in any case and Fm was far bigger than G in most cases, indicating that the magnetic agglomeration is not significant in HGMS and gravity has little effect on high-gradient magnetic separation, and HGMS are destined to be a kind of high-efficiency magnetic separation equipment.

Recovery of Metals from Heat-Treated Printed Circuit Boards via an Enhanced Gravity Concentrator and High-Gradient Magnetic Separator.

The recovery and reuse of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) has attracted more and more attention from global researchers, as recycling of waste PCB metals is of great significance to the rational utilization of metal material resources. This study puts forward a clean and economical method in which enhanced gravity separation and wet high-gradient magnetic separation were combined to recover waste PCBs with heat treatment at a temperature of 240 °C. The heat treatment could improve the metal liberation effect of the PCBs, and the thermal behavior was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pyrolysis of the non-metal fraction (NMF) began around 300 °C, and the glass transition temperature of epoxy resin was 135.17 °C. The enhanced gravity separation technique was used for the separation of metals and NMF under the compound force field. The metals grade of the gravity concentrates fraction (GRF) was 82.97% under the optimal conditions, and the metals recovery reached 90.55%. A wet high-gradient magnetic separator was applied to classify the GRF into magnetic (MA) and non-magnetic (NMA) fractions, which could achieve iron and copper enrichment. After the three stages combined process, the copper and iron grades of the NMA and MA fractions were 70.17% and 73.42%, and the recovery reached 74.02% and 78.11%, respectively.

Capture efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles through the compaction effect of a microparticles column.

When a magnetic nanoparticle solution flows through a porous medium formed by iron microparticles packed in a microfluidic channel, the nanoparticles get trapped within the column in the presence of a magnet. A complex interplay between magnetic and fluid forces within the magnetized porous medium governs the trapping of nanoparticles. However, how does the packing state of the microparticles affect the trapping of nanoparticles? Will more nanoparticles be trapped on a loose or a tight packing? In this work, we present experiments that show that the capture of nanoparticles is determined by the total volume occupied by the column, independent of its packing density. We present a simple analytical model based on the competition of drag and magnetic forces that shows that our system can be useful to develop and test more complete and accurate models. We also developed a technique to measure the columns' minute mass and its packing density, which consists of injecting polydimethylsiloxane into the acrylic microfluidic device. Our work can help with the optimization of environmental and biomedical applications based on high-gradient magnetic nanoparticle separation.

Selective Removal of Pb From Aqueous Phase by HGMS and Ion-Imprinted Magnetic Adsorbent

A selective removal of certain ions from aqueous phase containing common ions is very useful in engineering aspect because the process allows removal of toxic substances only or recovery of valuable ion species. The ion imprinting technology has shown great potential in the synthesis of materials that are capable of adsorbing a metal ion selectively. In current study, a Pb (II) imprinted magnetic polymer was synthesized using surface imprinting technique employing Pb (II) as template, polyethyleneimene functionalized magnetic Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> as functional monomer and epoxy chloropropane as cross-linker. The magnetic adsorbent was successfully imprinted, and the ion imprinted sorbent was used for selectivity test for Pb (II). Through the imprinting process, the shape of sorbent has changed, and the magnetic properties have decreased. This is an adverse effect of the polymer formed on the surface of the sorbent by the imprinting. The synthesized magnetic adsorbent was recovered from aqueous phase by a high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) system with a superconducting magnet. The magnet is a cryo-cooled Nb-Ti superconduction magnet. Magnetic filter (SUS 403, 10 mesh) was used for the magnetic separation. The synthetic polymer with small particle size and weak magnetic properties successfully recovered the by the HGMS system and the recovery efficiency was improved with increased magnetic field of the superconducting magnet. By the magnetic separation, the adsorbent could be recovered and reused after the selective adsorption process for a heavy metal removal. The prepared Pb (II) imprinted magnetic adsorbent was also characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Batch selectivity studies were performed to evaluate the influence of competing ions such as Cd (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II). The selectivity coefficients of Pb (II)/Cd (II), Pb (II)/Ni (II) and Pb (II)/Cu (II) were calculated as 1.89, 3.57 and 11.23 respectively.

Elaboration and implementation technology of concentration of Magnitogorsk steel-works slime tailings

The problems of processing iron ore tailings of wet concentration plants and wastes with high content of iron, contaminated by oil products are actual from both points of view of ecology and economy. One of the reasons restraining solving the problem is absence of technologies ensuring to involve such wastes into industrial turnover. In the process` of the research, composition and opening degree of ore and non-metallic minerals of concentration slime tailing of Magnitogorsk steel-works (MMK) were studied and technology of their concentration was elaborated. Taking into consideration the contamination of initial slime tailings of MMK, it was proposed to accomplish their preliminary de-sliming to remove vegetable remains and clay slimes by disintegration in a screw-toothed crusher and washing in a spiral classifier. Results of wet magnetic separation (WMS) of the initial slime tailings of MMK, made at JSC “Uralmekhanobr” presented, the slimes having natural coarseness of –2.0+0.0 mm. It was established that WMS at the magnetic field intensity of 1500 Oe ensures effective removal of magnetite, aggregates magnetite-hematite-goetite into magnetic product. Iron content in the magnetite concentrate was varying from 61.5 to 62.6%. For processing of slime tailings of MMK, magnetic separation was proposed by high-gradient magnetic separator with permanent magnets, created specially for these purposes by “ERGA” company. To increase iron extraction degree, it was proposed to apply gravitation methods of concentration of nonmagnetic product, obtained at high-gradient WMS. It enabled to increase iron content in the final magnetite-hematite concentrate up to 59%. A technological diagram of oiled slimes processing presented. Tests with oiled slimes of bottom deposits of metallurgical production under pilot-industrial conditions of MMK exhibited a possibility to obtain additional iron concentrate with total iron content of 62.47% while oil content in it was less 0.3%.

Development of a 3D-printed single-use separation chamber for use in mRNA-based vaccine production with magnetic microparticles.

Laboratory protocols using magnetic beads have gained importance in the purification of mRNA for vaccines. Here, the produced mRNA hybridizes specifically to oligo(dT)‐functionalized magnetic beads after cell lysis. The mRNA‐loaded magnetic beads can be selectively separated using a magnet. Subsequently, impurities are removed by washing steps and the mRNA is eluted. Magnetic separation is utilized in each step, using different buffers such as the lysis/binding buffer. To reduce the time required for purification of larger amounts of mRNA vaccine for clinical trials, high‐gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is suitable. Thereby, magnetic beads are selectively retained in a flow‐through separation chamber. To meet the requirements of biopharmaceutical production, a disposable HGMS separation chamber with a certified material (United States Pharmacopeia Class VI) was developed which can be manufactured using 3D printing. Due to the special design, the filter matrix itself is not in contact with the product. The separation chamber was tested with suspensions of oligo(dT)‐functionalized Dynabeads MyOne loaded with synthetic mRNA. At a concentration of cB = 1.6–2.1 g·L–1 in lysis/binding buffer, these 1 μm magnetic particles are retained to more than 99.39% at volumetric flows of up to 150 mL·min–1 with the developed SU‐HGMS separation chamber. When using the separation chamber with volumetric flow rates below 50 mL·min–1, the retained particle mass is even more than 99.99%.

Preconcentration of Low-Grade Ta–Nb Deposit Using Physical Separation Methods

Ore from the Jinzhulong Ta–Nb deposit was processed using a combination of gravity concentration and magnetic separation to upgrade the columbite–tantalite fines. Two flowsheets, namely for gravity concentration–magnetic separation (the conventional flowsheet) and magnetic separation–gravity concentration (the novel flowsheet), are proposed herein, and the factors affecting the performance of gravity/magnetic separation were studied to optimize the flowsheets. Compared with the conventional flowsheet, the novel flowsheet was more effective for columbite–tantalite beneficiation and beneficial to the comprehensive recovery of nonmetallic minerals. In the novel flowsheet, the sample is ground to size of P80 = −74 μm then fed into a combination of a low-intensity wet drum magnetic separator and pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator to reject nonmagnetic gangue minerals while preconcentrating the paramagnetic columbite–tantalite; the high-gradient magnetic separation concentrates were screened into three size fractions and further upgraded by gravity concentration. The enrichment ratios for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 were 403.8 and 385.6, respectively.