High Glycemic Load Research Articles

Inulin as an ingredient for improvement of glycemic response and sensory acceptance of breakfast cereals

Inulin-type fructans have been used as an ingredient to partially replace starchy flours in foods such as pasta, confectionery, breads, sauces and desserts, as they have the potential to improve technological properties, nutritional quality of the products and reduce glycemic response. Therefore, this study aimed evaluating the impact of inulin on the physical properties, proximate composition, glycemic response and sensory acceptance of corn breakfast cereals. A mixture of corn grits and inulin was extruded in a single screw extruder, at a feed rate of 247 g/min, temperatures in the shearing zones at 140 °C and screw speed of 192 rpm. The addition of inulin did not impair the physical properties of breakfast cereals, such as expansion ratio, density, instrumental force and color. Moreover, inulin did not affect the acceptance of products, as well as having a positive impact on them. Extrudates with inulin presented a high fiber level and moderate glycemic load, in contrast to the control extrudate that had low fiber level and high glycemic load. Therefore, the addition of inulin in breakfast cereals is promising and may contribute to increasing the consumption of products with aggregated nutritive value.

Influence of Beverage Consumption Made from Baobab Pulp (<i>Adansonia digitata L.</i>) on Postprandial Glycemia in Côte d’Ivoire

The study’s aim was to assess the consumption influence of beverages from baobab pulp on postprandial blood sugar in C?te d’Ivoire. Thus, a consumer survey of baobab juice was carried out in the city of Abidjan. Beverages from baobab pulp collected in four localities of C?te d’Ivoire (Man, Boundiali, Bouake and Abidjan) were prepared. These beverages were consumed by 15 subjects over a period of 9 days to determine their glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and postprandial blood sugar. During the survey, baobab juice’s consumers’ respondents were composed more of females (53.3%) than males (46.7%). Baobab juice is generally consumed in the afternoon by 35% of respondents twice a week (34.5%). Among the preferred juices sold in Abidjan markets, baobab juice is ranked second by children (21.4%) and fourth by adults (13.4%). The results of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) showed that beverages made from baobab pulp with sugar from Abidjan had high glycemic index and glycemic load. On the other hand, beverages made from baobab pulp with sugar from three other localities showed medium values of GI and GL. However, the GI and GL of the baobab pulps without sugar of four localities are low. The consumption at the will of these beverages without added sugar may be useful for the prevention and control of diabetes. However, beverages made from pulp with added sugar should be consumed in moderation in order to avoid a rise in blood sugar in prediabetics as well as in healthy subjects.

Tamarind Multifunctional Protein: Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Intestinal Mucosa and Adipose Tissue in a Preclinical Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Introduction: Obesity has emerged as one of the main public health problems. This condition triggers a series of hormonal and metabolic changes related to a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. The trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind (TTIp) seeds is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule, but its safety needs to be evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate TTIp bioactive dose effects on organs involved in its metabolism (liver and pancreas) and affected tissues (small intestine and perirenal adipose tissue) in an obesity model. Methods: Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 5). Two of these groups had diet-induced obesity, and a third group was eutrophic. TTIp was administered by gavage in one of the obese groups for 10 days, while the remaining groups received a vehicle. The chromatographic profile and the inhibition assay corroded the purification of the inhibitor. Physical and behavioral changes, liver enzymes, and stereological and histopathological analyses of tissues were evaluated. Results: TTIp did not cause visible signs of toxicity, nor caused changes in liver enzymes, the liver, and pancreatic tissues. TTIp did not cause changes in the intestinal mucosa, showing improvement in the villi’s histopathological characteristics compared to the group of animals with obesity without treatment with TTIp (p = 0.004). The analysis of perirenal adipose tissue showed that the average sectional area of animals with obesity that received TTIp did not differ from the control. There was a difference between the high glycemic load diet group and the group treated with the inhibitor (351.8 ± 55.5) (p = 0.016). In addition, the group that received TTIp had no inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusion: Based on histological and stereological analysis, the use of TTIp is potentially safe and anti-inflammatory in the evaluated obesity model and can be investigated as a possible adjuvant in obesity therapy.

12761 Acne, twins, and glycemic index: A sweet pilot study of diet and dietary beliefs

Background: Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory skin condition of the pilosebaceus unit. Epidemiologic and biochemical studies implicate a high glycemic index and load in the pathogenesis of acne.

High Glycemic Load Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Carriers.

Recent evidence suggests that a high glycemic load (GL) diet is a risk factor for dementia, especially among apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) carriers, while its association with cognitive decline is poorly known. Here, we investigated the association of high-GL meals with cognitive decline in older adults during a 12-year follow-up, according to their APOE4 carrier status. We used random-effect models and data from 2539 elderly participants from the Three-City study who completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to longitudinally assess the association of GL with changes in different cognitive domains (verbal fluency, visual memory, attention, visual motor processing speed, episodic memory). In APOE4 carriers, afternoon snack with high GL was significantly associated with cognitive decline in visual memory, episodic memory, and global cognition compared with APOE4 non-carriers. This study suggests a detrimental association between a high-GL diet and cognitive decline. The promotion of a low GL diet as a target to prevent cognitive decline in high-risk populations deserves more research.

Safety and bioactive potential of nanoparticles containing Cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.) carotenoids in an experimental model of chronic inflammation

The safety and bioactive potential of crude carotenoid extract from Cantaloupe melon nanoencapsulated in porcine gelatin (EPG) were evaluated in a chronic inflammatory experimental model. Animals were fed a high glycemic index and high glycemic load (HGLI) diet for 17 weeks and treated for ten days with 1) HGLI diet, 2) standard diet, 3) HGLI diet + crude carotenoid extract (CE) (12.5 mg/kg), and 4) HGLI diet + EPG (50 mg/kg). General toxicity signals were investigated, considering body weight, food intake, hematological, biochemical parameters, relative weight, morphology, and histopathology of organs. The biochemical parameters indicated the low toxicity of EPG. Acute hepatitis was observed in animals' livers, but CE and EPG groups presented improved tissue appearance. Chronic enteritis was observed in animals, with villi and intestinal glands preservation in the EPG group. The results suggest the safety and the bioactive effect of EPG, possibly related to its anti-inflammatory potential.

Plasma lipidomic profiles after a low and high glycemic load dietary pattern in a randomized controlled crossover feeding study.

Dietary patterns low in glycemic load are associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Improvements in serum lipid concentrations may play a role in these observed associations. We investigated how dietary patterns differing in glycemic load affect clinical lipid panel measures and plasma lipidomics profiles. In a crossover, controlled feeding study, 80 healthy participants (n = 40 men, n = 40 women), 18-45 y were randomized to receive low-glycemic load (LGL) or high glycemic load (HGL) diets for 28days each with at least a 28-day washout period between controlled diets. Fasting plasma samples were collected at baseline and end of each diet period. Lipids on a clinical panel including total-, VLDL-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using an auto-analyzer. Lipidomics analysis using mass-spectrometry provided the concentrations of 863 species. Linear mixed models and lipid ontology enrichment analysis were implemented. Lipids from the clinical panel were not significantly different between diets. Univariate analysis showed that 67 species on the lipidomics panel, predominantly in the triacylglycerol class, were higher after the LGL diet compared to the HGL (FDR < 0.05). Three species with FA 17:0 were lower after LGL diet with enrichment analysis (FDR < 0.05). In the context of controlled eucaloric diets with similar macronutrient distribution, these results suggest that there are relative shifts in lipid species, but the overall pool does not change. Further studies are needed to better understand in which compartment the different lipid species are transported in blood, and how these shifts are related to health outcomes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.

Association between glycemic index and Helicobacter pylori infection risk among adults: A case-control study.

The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the relationships between carbohydrate consumption, glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI), and the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection among adults admitted to an Iranian hospital. In this case-control study, we recruited 150 participants with H. pylori infection and 302 healthy participants ages 18 to 55. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary GL was calculated as a function of GI, carbohydrate content, and the frequency of intake of certain foods. After adjustment for potential confounders, and comparing the highest tertile with the lowest tertile, a significant direct association was observed between the consumption of carbohydrates (odds ratio [OR]=2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-6.96; P for trend=0.017), GI (OR=3.70; 95% CI, 2.01-6.81; P for trend < 0.001), GL (OR=3.06; 95% CI, 1.43-6.54; P for trend=0.001), the consumption of bread and refined-grain products (OR=4.24; 95% CI, 2.22-8.11; P for trend < 0.001), and the odds of H. pylori infection (OR=2.22; 95% CI, 1.30-3.79; P for trend=0.003). Our data suggest that a high dietary GL, high GI, and high consumption of dietary carbohydrates significantly elevate the risk of H. pylori infection. Also, the amount of bread and refined-grain products consumed had a significant positive relationship with H. pylori infection.

Eating Timing: Associations with Dietary Intake and Metabolic Health

BackgroundEmerging research indicates that eating timing may influence dietary intake and metabolic health. However, studies to date have not examined the association of multiple measures of eating timing with both dietary intake and metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity. ObjectiveTo examine the association of multiple measures of eating timing with dietary intake (ie, dietary composition, diet quality, and eating frequency) and metabolic health (ie, body composition and cardiometabolic risk). DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a weight loss and maintenance intervention collected from May 2015 to January 2018. Participants/settingParticipants were women with overweight or obesity who were dependents of active duty and retired military personnel (N = 229; mean ± standard error, BMI = 34.7 ± 0.4 kg/m2, age = 40.9 ± 0.7 years). The study was conducted at military installations in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Colorado, and Kentucky. Main outcome measuresEating timing variables examined included daily eating interval (time between first and last eating occasion), time-restricted eating (≤11 hours daily eating interval), early energy eaters (eating ≥60% of energy during the first half of time awake), and bedtime eaters (eating within 2 hours of bedtime). Statistical analysisThe main analysis was limited to those reporting plausible energy intake (64% of total sample [n = 146]). Linear, quantile, or logistic regression models were used to determine the association of eating timing with measures of dietary intake and metabolic health. ResultsIn individuals reporting plausible energy intake, each additional 1 hour in daily eating interval was associated with 53 kcal higher energy intake, higher glycemic load, eating frequency, and waist circumference (P < 0.05 for all). Significant associations were observed for: time-restricted eating and a lower energy intake, glycemic load, and eating frequency; early energy eating and higher carbohydrate intake; bedtime eating and a higher energy intake, glycemic load, and eating frequency. ConclusionsThese findings lend support for the mechanistic targeting of eating timing in behavioral interventions aimed at improving dietary intake and body composition.

Role of pectin in the current trends towards low-glycaemic food consumption

The intake of diets rich in carbohydrates with a high-glycaemic load provides excessive energy consumption and low nutritional quality, contributing to cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and obesity, among other pathologies. Natural options such as the use of low-methoxyl pectin to develop sugar free formulations is growing since they form gel without sucrose, providing stability and viscosity of numerous foodstuffs. In this paper, we have reviewed the consumer habits of sugar intake and the potential of pectin in the elaboration of low-glycaemic index foods, as well as the structure, applications and sources of pectin. Special attention has been paid on the structure–function relationship of low-methoxyl pectins considering their effects on type I and II diabetes. It has been shown that these pectins reduce the post-prandial glycaemic responses and have an important and recognised potential for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Rheological behaviour of pectin, impact on intestinal microbiota and on different biomarkers have been postulated as the potential involved mechanisms. As future trends, it is necessary to consider new sources and structures of pectin that present improved functionalities. For this purpose, the obtainment of pectin and derivatives should be placed in a framework of sustainable food systems.

A Global Perspective on White Rice Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Preventive policies to improve diet and physical activity are urgently needed to stem the rising global burden of type 2 diabetes (1). In randomized trials, both high-carbohydrate diets (low in saturated fat and high in fiber), combined with physical activity and caloric restriction, and moderate-fat Mediterranean diets reduced diabetes risk (2). These findings suggest that diets with variable carbohydrate intakes are compatible with diabetes-prevention lifestyles but do not identify the optimal amount and type of dietary carbohydrates. Furthermore, the impact of high carbohydrate intakes in other parts of the world beyond the range studied in Western populations remains unclear. Rice provides ∼20% of the world's calorie intake (3). Of the 10 countries with the largest number of diabetes cases, 6 countries in Asia and South America have rice as the main staple food (4). Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain resulting from a milling process that removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. As a result, white rice is low in fiber, polyphenols, and micronutrients such as magnesium that may benefit glucose metabolism (5–7). White rice also has a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), reflecting high postprandial blood glucose levels (5). In several (8–10) but not all (9–11) prospective cohort studies in Asian countries, higher white rice consumption was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether white rice consumption contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, particularly in populations with high intake levels. Bhavadharini et al. (12) evaluated the association between …

The association between dietary glycemic and insulin indices with incidence of cardiovascular disease: Tehran lipid and glucose study

BackgroundThe present study was conducted to investigate the association of dietary insulin index(II), insulin load(IL), glycemic index(GI), and glycemic load(GL) with the risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).MethodsThis cohort study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 2198 subjects, aged≥19 years old, who were followed-up for a median (IQR) 6.7 (6.1–7.1) years. Dietary GI, GL, II, and IL were calculated using a food frequency questionnaire at the baseline. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the risk of CVD across quartiles of dietary insulin and glycemic indices.ResultsMean ± SD age of the subjects(44.9% men) was 38.3 ± 13.4 years. During a mean of 2406 ± 417 person-years of follow-up, 76(3.5%) new cases of the CVD were ascertained. The mean ± SD of II, IL, GI, and GL of participants were 51.7 ± 6.5, 235.8 ± 90.2, 61.9 ± 7.8, and 202.2 ± 78.1, respectively. After adjusting for the variables of age, sex, smoking, physical activity, daily energy intake, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension, the hazard ratio (HR) of the highest quartile of dietary GL was 2.77(95%CI:1.00–7.69,P for trend:0.033) compared to the lowest one. Also, each one SD increase in the GL score was associated with a higher risk of CVD[(RR:1.46;CI:1.00–2.16),P-value = 0.047]. However, there was no significant association between the dietary GI, II, and IL and risk for CVD incidence.ConclusionsOur results suggested that a high GL diet can increase the incidence of CVD, whereas high dietary II and IL were not associated with the risk of CVD among adults.

The association of dietary insulin and glycemic indices with the risk of type 2 diabetes

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of dietary insulin index(II), insulin load(IL), glycemic index(GI), and glycemic load(GL) with risk of developing diabetes among the Tehranian adults. This study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 1149 subjects, aged ≥30 years, who were followed-up for a mean of 8.04 years. Food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the dietary GI, GL, II, IL at the baseline. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for the potential confounders, were used to estimate the risk of diabetes based on the dietary indices. Mean age of the study population was 44.8±10.4 years and 46.3% of them were men. During a mean of 8.04±2.1 years of follow-up, 76 (6.6%) new cases of diabetes were identified. The mean±SD of the II, IL, GI, and GL of the participants were 52.4±6.5, 234.9±88.8, 61.8±7.9, and 200.6±74.5, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, daily energy intake, and body mass index, higher dietary scores of the II[HR=1.33 (95%CIs=1.06-1.68)], IL[HR=1.70(95%CIs=1.10-2.60)], GI[HR=1.28(95%CIs=1.03-1.60)], and GL[HR=1.84 (95%CIs=1.19-2.84)] were found to be associated with the increased risk of diabetes incidence per each ones SD increment in the scores. Considering the tertiles of the dietary scores, the risk of developing diabetes was increased significantly from tertile 1 into 3 of the GL, and after adjusting for all the potential covariates (p-trend=0.002); the diabetes risk was 3.40 (95%CI:1.48-7.83) in those with highest tertile of GL compared to those in the lowest tertile of GL. Our findings suggest that the diet with high GL, GI, II, and IL can increase the incidence of diabetes. The glycemic and insulin load can strongly predict the risk of diabetes rather than the glycemic index and insulin index.

Gluten-free cookies with low glycemic index and glycemic load: optimization of the process variables via response surface methodology and artificial neural network

This research investigates the effect of baking temperature and time on the resistant starch (RS), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of gluten-free cookies, optimized the processing parameter using a chemometrics approach of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The in-vitro starch digestibility of the formulated cookies exhibited a monophasic starch digestogram. Increase in resistant starch, and a decrease in the predicted GI of the cookies, was associated with low temperature and high baking time. The use of RSM and ANN modelling techniques accurately predict the RS, pGI and GL (coefficient of determinant, R2 > 0.93 and root mean square of error = 0.43–0.62) of the gluten-free cookies. The optimal condition for the production of cookies with high RS, low pGI and GL were baking temperature of 158 °C and baking time of 20 min with predicted RS value of 19.61 g/100g of dry starch, pGI value of 56.98 and GL value 52.64.

Investigating the associations of glycemic load and glycemic index with lung cancer risk in the Southern Community Cohort Study.

Diets with a high glycemic load (GL) or glycemic index (GI) may increase cancer risk. Findings from prior studies on the relationship between GL, GI, and lung cancer risk are inconsistent. We investigated this relationship in a large prospective cohort. We analyzed data from the Southern Community Cohort Study, a prospective cohort that includes diverse racial groups predominantly low-income adults aged 40-79 in 12 southeastern states of the USA. We estimated dietary GL and GI values using data collected from food frequency questionnaires at baseline. Dietary GL and GI were energy adjusted by residual method and categorized into sex-specific quintiles. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the associations between dietary GL, GI, and lung cancer risk. We further performed stratified analyses by various factors. Intakes of individual food items or food groups that commonly contribute to GL were similar between blacks and whites in the cohort. After excluding the first two years of follow-up, 947 incident lung cancers were ascertained among 55,068 participants. Neither dietary GL nor GI was significantly associated with incident lung cancer risk in the overall population (GL: Q5 vs. Q1, HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.72-1.07, ptrend = 0.29; GI: Q5 vs. Q1, HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.86-1.30, ptrend = 0.71), nor in subgroups of populations (ptrend > 0.05), in multivariable-adjusted analyses. Dietary GL and GI were not independently associated with incident lung cancer risk in a large understudied population.

Preventive Role of Diet Interventions and Dietary Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review.

Background: Although the body of evidence indicates clear benefits of dietary modifications for prevention of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it may be difficult for healthcare providers to recommend which diet interventions or dietary factors are appropriate for patients as there are too many modalities available. Accordingly, we performed an umbrella review to synthesize evidence on diet interventions and dietary factors in prevention of T2DM. Methods: Medline and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trial or observational studies were eligible if they measured effects of diet interventions and/or dietary factors including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on risk of T2DM. The effect of each diet intervention/factor was summarized qualitatively. Results: Sixty systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible. Results of the review suggest that healthy dietary patterns such as Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, and high consumption of whole grains, low-fat dairy products, yogurt, olive oil, chocolate, fiber, magnesium, and flavonoid significantly reduced the risk of T2DM. In contrast, high glycemic index and glycemic load diets, high consumption of red and processed meat, and sugar or artificial sugar-sweetened beverages significantly increased risk of T2DM. Prescribing diet interventions with or without physical activity interventions significantly decreased risk of T2DM in both high-risk and general population. Conclusion: High consumption of Mediterranean and DASH diet, and interventions that modified the quality of diet intake significantly reduced risk of T2DM especially in the high-risk population. These lifestyle modifications should be promoted in both individual and population levels to prevent and decrease burden from T2DM in the future.

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of coronary heart disease: a pan-European cohort study

High carbohydrate intake raises blood triglycerides, glucose, and insulin; reduces HDLs; and may increase risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiological studies indicate that high dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with increased CHD risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary GI, GL, and available carbohydrates are associated with CHD risk in both sexes. This large prospective study-the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-consisted of 338,325 participants who completed a dietary questionnaire. HRs with 95% CIs for a CHD event, in relation to intake of GI, GL, and carbohydrates, were estimated using covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. After 12.8 y (median), 6378 participants had experienced a CHD event. High GL was associated with greater CHD risk [HR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.31) highest vs. lowest quintile, p-trend 0.035; HR 1.18 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.29) per 50 g/day of GL intake]. The association between GL and CHD risk was evident in subjects with BMI (in kg/m2) ≥25 [HR: 1.22 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.35) per 50 g/d] but not in those with BMI <25 [HR: 1.09 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.22) per 50 g/d) (P-interaction=0.022). The GL-CHD association did not differ between men [HR: 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.30) per 50 g/d] and women [HR: 1.22 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40) per 50 g/d] (test for interaction not significant). GI was associated with CHD risk only in the continuous model [HR: 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 5 units/d]. High available carbohydrate was associated with greater CHD risk [HR: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.18) per 50 g/d]. High sugar intake was associated with greater CHD risk [HR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.17) per 50 g/d]. This large pan-European study provides robust additional support for the hypothesis that a diet that induces a high glucose response is associated with greater CHD risk.

Added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with increased postpartum weight gain and soluble fiber intake is associated with postpartum weight loss in Hispanic women from Southern California

Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight. We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n=99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake. Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P=0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces=236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P<0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P=0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P=0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: -0.82 kg; 95% CI: -1.35, -0.29 kg; P=0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake. Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.

Effects of Diet on Acne and Its Response to Treatment.

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is still evolving. It is known that multiple factors impact acne pathophysiology, including genetic, hormonal, inflammatory, and environmental influences. Because of its implications in many of these factors, diet has been a part of the acne discussion for decades. Several studies have evaluated the significance of the glycemic index of various foods and glycemic load in patients with acne, demonstrating individuals with acne who consume diets with a low glycemic load have reduced acne lesions compared with individuals on high glycemic load diets. Dairy has also been a focus of study regarding dietary influences on acne; whey proteins responsible for the insulinotropic effects of milk may contribute more to acne development than the actual fat or dairy content. Other studies have examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acid and γ-linoleic acid consumption in individuals with acne, showing individuals with acne benefit from diets consisting of fish and healthy oils, thereby increasing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake. Recent research into the effects of probiotic administration in individuals with acne present promising results; further study of the effects of probiotics on acne is needed to support the findings of these early studies. In this review, we discuss the current evidence regarding the diets of US patients with acne and how they may impact acne and acne treatment.

The Effect of Low and High Glycemic Load Diet on Muscle Fatigue of Young Soccer Athletes

Muscle fatigue in adolescent soccer athletes can degrade performance during a match. A low Glycemic Load (GL) diet before exercise is believed to improve soccer athlete performance because it can decrease carbohydrate oxidation during exercise and has a lower increase in lactic acid levels than a high GL diet. The study aimed to identify the effect of low and high glycemic load diets on muscle fatigue in adolescent soccer athletes. A quasi experimental with multiple series group design was conducted in November 2019 on 22 adolescent soccer athletes aged 15-17 at the Terang Bangsa Soccer School Semarang. The low GL group was given food with GL 9.15; while the high GL group contained GL 27.29. Diets given once in 2 hours before exercise. Each group was triggered by RAST (Running based Anaerobic Sprint Test) to cause anaerobic muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue is measured using blood lactic acid, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and fatigue index. There were no significant differences in blood glucose, lactic acid, and BUN levels between the low GL and high GL groups (p&gt;0.05). Nonetheless, a low GL diet had a smaller increase in blood glucose levels (1.91 mg/dL vs 4.09 mg/dL) and lactic acid (4.5 mg/dL vs 4.7 mg/dL) after exercise than high BG diet. A low GL diet also has a lower fatigue index than a high GL. Keyword: glycemic load diet, muscle fatigue, lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen.