High-glycemic Carbohydrates Research Articles

Dumping Syndrome in Children: A Narrative Review.

Dumping syndrome (DS) is a typical side effect of stomach surgery, which includes cancer, non-cancer esophageal and gastric surgery, and bariatric surgery. It is marked by the fast evacuation of undigested food from the stomach into the small intestine, which causes a variety of symptoms. Early dumping symptoms include gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and nausea, as well as vasomotor symptoms such as drowsiness and face flushing, and occur within the first hour following a meal. Late dumping symptoms appear one to three hours after a meal and are related to reactive hypoglycemia, resulting in hypoglycemia, sweating, palpitations, and confusion. Early dumping pathophysiology involves abnormalities in stomach structure and function, which result in rapid transit of stomach contents to the duodenum, insufficient digestion, and fluid transfers from the vascular compartment to the intestine. Late dumping occurs as a result of hyperinsulinemia caused by the fast passage of undigested foods to the gut. Symptom-based questionnaires and diagnostic testing such as plasma glucose measurement and stomach emptying studies can be used to confirm a diagnosis of DS. The primary approach to managing DS is dietary modifications, including eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding high glycemic index carbohydrates. Dietary supplements and medications may be used to slow down gastric emptying or control blood glucose levels. Pharmacological options include alpha-glycosidase inhibitors, somatostatin analogs, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. In severe cases, refractory to conservative measures, surgical interventions may be considered. DS can arise in children following gastric surgery for obesity or corrective surgery for congenital abnormalities. It is frequently misdiagnosed and can have serious implications, such as hypoglycemia-related cognition deficits. Screening and early identification using glucose tolerance testing and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are critical in at-risk youngsters. Children's treatment techniques are similar to those used in adults, with dietary changes and medication therapies serving as the cornerstone of care. Overall, DS is a complex condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Further research is needed to improve understanding of its pathophysiology and optimize treatment strategies, particularly in children. This review aims to provide a well-rounded informative summary of the most recent literature on the under-recognized clinical and scientific aspects of DS among the children age group. It incorporates the quality of life, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment.

Sustained high glucose intake accelerates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors, especially high consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and sugars, may trigger or exacerbate the progression of type 1 diabetes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence to confirm this relevance and to explore the underlying mechanisms. NOD mice were given sustained high-glucose drinking or glucose-free water and observed for the incidence of type 1 diabetes and islet inflammation. RNAseq was performed to detect the transcriptome changes of the NOD islet beta cell line NIT-1 after high glucose treatment, and mass spectrometry was performed to detect the proteome changes of NIT-1-cells-derived sEVs. Sustained high glucose drinking significantly aggravates islet inflammation and accelerates the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Mechanistically, high glucose treatment induces aberrant ER stress and up-regulates the expression of autoantigens in islet beta cell. Moreover, high glucose treatment alters the proteome of beta-cells-derived sEVs, and significantly enhances the ability of sEVs to promote DC maturation and stimulate immune inflammatory response. This study provides evidence for negative effect of high glucose intake as a dietary factor on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals. Therefore, avoiding high sugar intake may be an effective disease prevention strategy for children or adults susceptible to type 1 diabetes.

Effect of a High Fat Diet vs. High Carbohydrate Diets With Different Glycemic Indices on Metabolic Parameters in Male Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Trial.

Consuming low glycemic carbohydrates leads to an increased muscle fat utilization and preservation of intramuscular glycogen, which is associated with improved flexibility to metabolize either carbohydrates or fats during endurance exercise. The purpose of this trial was to investigate the effect of a 4-week high fat low carbohydrate (HFLC-G: ≥65% high glycemic carbohydrates per day; n = 9) vs. high carbohydrate low glycemic (LGI-G: ≥65% low glycemic carbohydrates daily; n = 10) or high glycemic (HGI-G: ≥65% fat, ≤ 50 g carbohydrates daily; n = 9) diet on fat and carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise in 28 male athletes. Changes in metabolic parameters under resting conditions and during cycle ergometry (submaximal and with incremental workload) from pre- to post-intervention were determined by lactate diagnostics and measurements of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Additionally, body composition and perceptual responses to the diets [visual analog scale (VAS)] were measured. A significance level of α = 0.05 was considered. HFLC-G was associated with markedly decreased lactate concentrations during the submaximal (−0.553 ± 0.783 mmol/l, p = 0.067) and incremental cycle test [−5.00 ± 5.71 (mmol/l) × min; p = 0.030] and reduced RER values at rest (−0.058 ± 0.108; p = 0.146) during the submaximal (−0.078 ± 0.046; p = 0.001) and incremental cycle test (−1.64 ± 0.700 RER × minutes; p < 0.001). In the HFLC-G, fat mass (p < 0.001) decreased. In LGI-G lactate, concentrations decreased in the incremental cycle test [−6.56 ± 6.65 (mmol/l) × min; p = 0.012]. In the LGI-G, fat mass (p < 0.01) and VAS values decreased, indicating improved levels of gastrointestinal conditions and perception of effort during training. The main findings in the HGI-G were increased RER (0.047 ± 0.076; p = 0.117) and lactate concentrations (0.170 ± 0.206 mmol/l, p = 0.038) at rest. Although the impact on fat oxidation in the LGI-G was not as pronounced as following the HFLC diet, the adaptations in the LGI-G were consistent with an improved metabolic flexibility and additional benefits regarding exercise performance in male athletes.

The Influence of Diet on Ovulation Disorders in Women-A Narrative Review.

Female infertility is commonly due to ovulation disorders. They are mostly related to polycystic ovary syndrome, which is currently viewed as one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Ovulation-related female fertility is influenced by multiple factors which may include: age, smoking cigarettes, stress, use of psychoactive substances, and physical activity. Moreover, diet-related factors play an important role in the regulation of ovulation. Dietary components that exert a positive influence on ovulation include: carbohydrate products with low glycemic index, plant protein, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, folic acid, vitamin D, antioxidants, and iron. A diet based on the structure of the Mediterranean diet also seems beneficial. Components that have a negative influence mostly include high glycemic index carbohydrates, large amounts of animal protein, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids, which are typically found in the Western model of nutrition. Due to the paucity of studies that presented a direct link between nutrition and the risk of anovulatory infertility, this study aimed to summarize the most recent research on the influence of dietary factors on ovulation disorders and indicate the possibilities of future research.

Development of Obesity: The Driver and the Passenger.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is one of the greatest challenges for public health in the twenty-first century. The macronutrient composition of diets, in particular the amount and ratio of carbohydrates, fat and protein, have received considerable attention in recent decades due to its potential relevance to the development of obesity and weight loss. The effects of various macronutrients on body weight regulation are still under debate. High-carbohydrate diets, and particularly high-fat diets, have been blamed for the increase in the prevalence of obesity. This paper shows that neither fat nor carbohydrates are fattening per se. Mixed diets with substantial amounts of fat and high-glycemic carbohydrates, like current WDs, are required to promote weight gain and obesity. High-glycemic carbohydrates are the active partner (the “driver”), which promotes fat storage through its insulinogenic effect, while fat is the passive partner (the “passenger”) on the way to obesity. Elevated insulin levels (postprandial, but more importantly due to hypersecretion and hyperinsulinemia) promote fat storage and play a key role in obesogenesis and the obesity epidemic. Furthermore, mixed diets high in high-glycemic carbohydrates and fat promote fetal programming, with long-term adverse impacts on the offspring, including insulin hypersecretion, (childhood) obesity and metabolic diseases. Maternal obesity and high weight gain during pregnancy have also been linked to deleterious effects on fetal programming. As the global obesity epidemic increasingly affects women of reproductive age, a significant percentage of fetuses will experience fetal programming with a tendency towards obesity – a self-reinforcing process that further fuels the epidemic. A change in lifestyle and diet composition is needed to prevent or limit the development of obesity and related diseases.

Fructose and Uric Acid as Drivers of a Hyperactive Foraging Response: A Clue to Behavioral Disorders Associated with Impulsivity or Mania?

Several behavioral disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and aggressive behaviors are linked with sugar intake and obesity. The reason(s) for this association has been unclear. Here we present a hypothesis supporting a role for fructose, a component of sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and uric acid (a fructose metabolite), in increasing the risk for these behavioral disorders. Recent studies have shown that the reason fructose intake is strongly associated with development of metabolic syndrome is that fructose intake activates an evolutionary-based survival pathway that stimulates foraging behavior and the storage of energy as fat. While modest intake may aid animals that would like to store fat as a protective response from food shortage or starvation, we propose that high intake of sugar and HFCS causes a hyperactive foraging response that stimulates craving, impulsivity, risk taking and aggression that increases the risk for ADHD, bipolar disease and aggressive behavior. High glycemic carbohydrates and salty foods may also contribute as they can be converted to fructose in the body. Some studies suggest uric acid produced during fructose metabolism may mediate some of these effects. Chronic stimulation of the pathway could lead to desensitization of hedonic responses and induce depression. In conclusion, a hyperactive foraging response driven by high glycemic carbohydrates and sugars may contribute to affective disorders.

Intake of carbohydrates and SFA and risk of CHD in middle-age adults: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK).

Limiting SFA intake may minimise the risk of CHD. However, such reduction often leads to increased intake of carbohydrates. We aimed to evaluate associations and the interplay of carbohydrate and SFA intake on CHD risk. Prospective cohort study. We followed participants in the Hordaland Health Study, Norway from 1997-1999 through 2009. Information on carbohydrate and SFA intake was obtained from a FFQ and analysed as continuous and categorical (quartiles) variables. Multivariable Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Theoretical substitution analyses modelled the substitution of carbohydrates with other nutrients. CHD was defined as fatal or non-fatal CHD (ICD9 codes 410-414 and ICD10 codes I20-I25). 2995 men and women, aged 46-49 years. Adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity and smoking, SFA was associated with lower risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·76, Ptrend = 0·002). For carbohydrates, the opposite pattern was observed (HRQ4 v. Q1 2·10, 95 % CI 1·22, 3·63, Ptrend = 0·003). SFA from cheese was associated with lower CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·83, Ptrend = 0·006), while there were no associations between SFA from other food items and CHD. A 5 E% substitution of carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with lower CHD risk (HR 0·75, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·90). Higher intake of predominantly high glycaemic carbohydrates and lower intake of SFA, specifically lower intake from cheese, were associated with higher CHD risk. Substituting carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD.

Low carbohydrate ketogenic therapy as a metabolic treatment for binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction.

The aim of this study was to highlight the recent advancements and future directions for potential use of a low carbohydrate ketogenic dietary approach to treat binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction. Herein, we explore proposed mechanisms of why a diet low in refined carbohydrates, processed sugar and higher fat content may be helpful in alleviating symptoms. Emerging evidence suggests there may be a metabolic role in development of maladaptive eating. These findings broaden our understanding of eating psychopathology causes. Ultraprocessed, refined or high glycemic index carbohydrates are a possible trigger mediating neurochemical responses similar to addiction. The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity supports observations of these foods triggering abnormal blood sugar and insulin spikes subsequently leading to changes in metabolic and neurobiological signaling. This results in overeating symptoms and hunger exacerbation, which differs from observed effects of healthy fat consumption and lack of similar insulin spikes. As supported in recent case series, significantly reducing or abstaining from these addictive-like ultraprocessed foods and highly refined carbohydrates could be considered a treatment approach. The current review highlights recent and pertinent evidence with respect to theoretical and practical application of low carbohydrate ketogenic therapeutic approaches for ultraprocessed food addiction and binge eating symptoms. VIDEO ABSTRACT:.

Safety and influence of a novel powder form of coconut inflorescence sap on glycemic index and lipid profile

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for human body. Carbohydrates increase resting muscle glycogen levels and help in delaying muscle fatigue. But, higher intake of high glycemic carbohydrates may lead to complications, if not balanced by physical activities. Our earlier studies have indicated that a proprietary powder preparation of coconut inflorescence sap (COCOZEN™, abbreviated as ‘CSP’ meaning ‘coconut sap powder’) contains relatively higher levels of micronutrients and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective and ergogenic activities. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of CSP (15 g/day for 90 days) on healthy and nonathletic subjects (n = 20). The study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, glycemic index (GI) was measured using glucose as a reference standard. In the second phase, CSP was supplemented at (15g × 1)/day dosage for 90 days and monitored the anthropometric parameters, adverse events, blood sugar levels (fasting and postprandial), blood pressure, and other routine hematological and biochemical parameters. It was observed that CSP possess a GI of 52.47 and is safe with an acceptable sensory attribute. It did not contribute any side effects or deviations in blood sugar or other hematological and biochemical parameters, except in Hb and lipid profile which showed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement.

Carbohydrate quality, glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiometabolic risks in the US, Europe and Asia: A dose–response meta-analysis

Background and aimsDespite the proven evidence of high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets to increase cardiometabolic risks, knowledge about the meta-evidence for carbohydrate quality within world geographic regions is limited. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence of GI/GL studies and carbohydrate quality, gathering additional exposures for carbohydrate, high glycemic carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, and cereal fiber and risks for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality, grouped into the US, Europe, and Asia. Secondary aims examined cardiometabolic risks in overweight/obese individuals, by sex, and dose–response dietary variable trends. Methods and results40-prospective observational studies from 4-Medline bibliographical databases (Ovid, PubMed, EBSCOhost, CINAHL) were search up to November 2019. Random-effects hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for highest vs. lowest categories and continuous form combined were reported. Heterogeneity (I2>50%) was frequent in US GI/GL studies due to differing study characteristics. Increased risks ((HRGI,T2DM,US=1.14;CI:1.06,1.21), HRGL,T2DM,US=1.02 (1.01, 1.03)), HRGI,T2DM,Asia=1.25;1.02,1.53), and HRGL,T2DM,Asia=1.37 (1.17, 1.60)) were associated with cardiometabolic diseases. GI/GL in overweight/obese females had the strongest magnitude of risks in US-and Asian studies. Total dietary fiber (HRT2DM,US = 0.92;0.88,0.96) and cereal fiber (HRT2DM,US = 0.83;0.77,0.90) decreased risk of developing T2DM. Among females, we found protective dose–response risks for total dietary fiber (HR5g-total-dietary-fiber,T2DM,US = 0.94;0.92,0.97), but cereal fiber showed better ability to lower T2DM risk (HR5g-cereal-fiber,T2DM,US = 0.67;0.60,0.74). Total dietary-and cereal fibers' dose–response effects were nullified by GL, but not so for cereal fiber with GI. ConclusionsOverweight/obese females could shift their carbohydrate intake for higher cereal fiber to decrease T2DM risk, but higher GL may cancel-out this effect.

Effects of a whole diet approach on metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose responses in overweight and obese adults - A randomized controlled trial.

Metabolic flexibility is the ability to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability. Metabolic inflexibility has been associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, and can be improved by exercise or weight loss. Dietary changes can modulate metabolic flexibility; however, the effect of a whole diet approach on metabolic flexibility has never been studied. Therefore, our objective was to assess the effect of a healthy diet (HD), as compared to a typical Western diet (WD), on several fasting and postprandial markers of metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity. In this parallel randomized trial, overweight or obese men and women (50-70 years; BMI 25-35kg/m2) consumed a healthy diet (HD; high in fruits and vegetables, pulses, fibers, nuts, fatty fish, and low in high-glycemic carbohydrates; n=19) or a typical Western diet (WD; n=21) for six weeks, following a two-week run-in period. The change in respiratory quotient upon insulin stimulation (ΔRQ), and insulin sensitivity, expressed as the M-value, were both determined with a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Additionally, other fasting and postprandial markers of metabolic flexibility were assessed during a 5-h high-fat high-glycemic mixed meal challenge. ΔRQ (p=0.730) and insulin sensitivity (p=0.802) were not significantly affected by diet. Postprandial RQ did also not show significant differences (p=0.610), whereas postprandial glucose excursions were significantly higher in the HD group at T30 (p=0.014) and T45 (p=0.026) after mixed meal ingestion (p=0.037). Fasting glucose (p=0.530) and HbA1c (p=0.124) remained unchanged, whereas decreases in fasting insulin (p=0.038) and the HOMA-IR (p=0.050) were significantly more pronounced with the HD. A healthy diet for six weeks, without further life-style changes, did not improve metabolic flexibility and whole-body insulin sensitivity, when compared to a Western-style diet. It remains to be determined whether the short time increase in postprandial glucose is physiologically relevant or detrimental to metabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02519127.

Could the high consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and sugars, associated with the nutritional transition to the Western type of diet, be the common cause of the obesity epidemic and the worldwide increasing incidences of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

The globally increasing incidences of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can have a common background. If challenged by the contemporary high level of nutritional glucose stimulation, the β-cells in genetically predisposed individuals are at risk for damage which can lead to the diseases. The fat to carbohydrate dietary shift can also contribute to the associated obesity epidemic.

A randomized control trial related to meal order of fruit, vegetable and high glycaemic carbohydrate in healthy adults and its effects on blood glucose levels and waist circumference

A randomized control trial related to meal order of fruit, vegetable and high glycaemic carbohydrate in healthy adults and its effects on blood glucose levels and waist circumference

Comparison of ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides to carbohydrate on performance and recovery from an acute bout of resistance-exercise and sprint conditioning: an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover pilot study

BackgroundWe previously reported that consuming a food bar (FB) containing whey protein and the plant fiber isomalto-oligosaccharides [IMO] had a lower glycemic (GI) but similar insulinemic response as a high GI carbohydrate. Therefore, we hypothesized that ingestion of this FB before, during, and following intense exercise would better maintain glucose homeostasis and performance while hastening recovery in comparison to the common practice of ingesting carbohydrate alone.MethodsTwelve resistance-trained males participated in an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial with a 7-d washout period. Participants consumed a carbohydrate matched dextrose comparitor (CHO) or a FB containing 20 g of whey, 25 g of IMO, and 7 g of fat 30-min before, mid-way, and following intense exercise. Participants performed 11 resistance-exercises (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM) followed by agility and sprint conditioning drills for time. Participants donated blood to assess catabolic and inflammatory markers, performed isokinetic strength tests, and rated perceptions of muscle soreness, hypoglycemia before, and following exercise and after 48 h of recovery. Data were analyzed using general linear models (GLM) for repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a one-way analysis of variance. Data are reported as mean change from baseline with 95% CI.ResultsGLM analysis demonstrated that blood glucose was significantly higher 30-min post-ingestion for CHO (3.1 [2.0, 4.3 mmol/L,] and FB (0.8 [0.2, 1.5, mmol/L, p = 0.001) while the post-exercise ratio of insulin to glucose was greater with FB (CHO 0.04 [0.00, 0.08], FB 0.11 [0.07, 0.15], p = 0.013, η2 = 0.25). GLM analysis revealed no significant interaction effects between treatments in lifting volume of each resistance-exercise or total lifting volume. However, analysis of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s revealed that leg press lifting volume (CHO -130.79 [− 235.02, − 26.55]; FB -7.94 [− 112.17, 96.30] kg, p = 0.09, η2 = 0.12) and total lifting volume (CHO -198.26 [− 320.1, − 76.4], FB -81.7 [− 203.6, 40.1] kg, p = 0.175, η2 = 0.08) from set 1 to 3 was significantly reduced for CHO, but not for the FB. No significant interaction effects were observed in ratings of muscle soreness. However, mean change analysis revealed that ratings of soreness of the distal vastus medialis significantly increased from baseline with CHO while being unchanged with FB (CHO 1.88 [0.60, 3.17]; FB 0.29 [− 0.99, 1.57] cm, p = 0.083, η2 = 0.13). No significant GLM interaction or mean change analysis effects were seen between treatments in sprint performance, isokinetic strength, markers of catabolism, stress and sex hormones, or inflammatory markers.ConclusionPilot study results provide some evidence that ingestion of this FB can positively affect glucose homeostasis, help maintain workout performance, and lessen perceptions of muscle soreness.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov, #NCT03704337. Retrospectively registered 12, July 2018.

Svalový glykogen jako významný předpoklad optimálního výkonu ve fotbale

Physical load during football match evokes significant depletion of glycogen stores. Intermittent natureof exercise including repeated maximal short sprints is associated with rapid muscle glycogen breakdown.With respect to quality of training process and to optimal performance in football game, especiallywith multiple matches in a week, replenishment of exercise capacity after training and matches isimportant. Restoration of glycogen stores is a primary focus of recovery. Ingesting carbohydrate duringexercise helps support performance and preserves sports skills to optimal extent in course of the wholematch duration. Successful recovery requires players to consume an adequate quantity (up to 9 g/kgof body mass) of preferably high glycemic carbohydrates. Carbohydrate-protein mixtures may reducethe delayed onset of muscle soreness caused by eccentric character of some physical loads.

KONSUMSI BAHAN MAKANAN SUMBER KARBOHIDRAT DAN BUAH INDEKS GLIKEMIK TINGGI DENGAN KEJADIAN DM

ABSTRAC&#x0D; Diabetes Mellitus occupy as the fourth largest cause of death in Padang. Based on data from Puskemas Nanggalo Padang in 2013, there were 1.012 people (2.7%) who suffered from diabetes mellitus. The glycemix index is defined as the level of food according to their effect on blood sugar levels. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship of consumption food sources of carbohydrates and fruit high glycemic index of diabetes mellitus tipe II outpatients in Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang in 2016. Using cross sectional design, the participants of this research were taken with accidental sampling method, as may as 50 peoples. Data of patients were collected through interviews, while the consumption patterns measure by using the Form Food Frequency (FFQ). The statistical test used is chi-square test with 95% confidence level. The results of analysis there are significant correlation between consumption food sources of high-glycemic carbohydrate with the incidence of diabetes mellitus tipe II, there are no significant correlation between consumption food sources of high-glycemic fruit with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Based on the results, the health center was suggested to provide a nutrition counseling of glycemic index and refer diabetes patients to a dietitian for get an education about dietary management to reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Carbohydrat ,High Glycemic Index Fruit

Ejercicio moderado y consumo de alimentos de alto y bajo índice glucémico en mujeres sedentarias

ObjectiveTo analyze changes in blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations in relation to a moderate aerobic exercise in sedentary women of different body weight, exposed to either a high or low glycemic index carbohydrates diet. DiseñoCross-over type. SiteResearch was performed in the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. ParticipantsTwenty-six young sedentary women who did not exercise in the last year participated in the study. Four of adequate weight (AW) and 2 with obesity (OB) were excluded for not consuming the suggested carbohydrates (1gr/kg of weight) nor completed the programed exercise. There were n=10 in each group (AW/OB). InterventionTwo treatments of 55minutes of aerobic exercise each were applied one day after consuming either high or low glycemic index carbohydrates. Main measurementsPlasmatic glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were determined before and after the scheduled exercise. ResultsGlucose, insulin, and triglycerides were higher in OB than in AW at baseline. Glucose was normalized in OB from 5.8±0.35 to 5.3±0.23 mmol/L (P=.001), only by eating foods with low glycemic index; triglycerides increased from 139.5±66.0 to 150.8±67.2mg/dl (P=.004) at the end of the exercise, after consumption of low glycemic index carbohydrates. ConclusionElevation of triglycerides secondary to exercise after consumption of low glycemic index seems to indicate an increase of lipid oxidation in OB.

Heart-rate variability: a biomarker to study the influence of nutrition on physiological and psychological health?

As the influence of diet on health may take place over a period of decades, there is a need for biomarkers that help to identify those aspects of nutrition that have either a positive or a negative influence. The evidence is considered that heart-rate variability (HRV) (the time differences between one beat and the next) can be used to indicate the potential health benefits of food items. Reduced HRV is associated with the development of numerous conditions for example, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, obesity and psychiatric disorders. Although more systematic research is required, various aspects of diet have been shown to benefit HRV acutely and in the longer term. Examples include a Mediterranean diet, omega-3 fatty acids, B-vitamins, probiotics, polyphenols and weight loss. Aspects of diet that are viewed as undesirable, for example high intakes of saturated or trans-fat and high glycaemic carbohydrates, have been found to reduce HRV. It is argued that the consistent relationship between HRV, health and morbidity supports the view that HRV has the potential to become a widely used biomarker when considering the influence of diet on mental and physical health.

A shift toward a high-fat diet in the current metabolic paradigm: A new perspective.

Investigations into the relationship between dietary carbohydrate restriction and health are mixed. Current guidelines for nutrition promote low-fat foods and higher carbohydrate consumption for optimal health and weight loss. However, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets are revealing both intra- and extracellular adaptations that have been shown to elicit favorable cardiometabolic changes associated with obesity. Moreover, dietary fat is associated with higher satiety levels from the hormones adiponectin, leptin, and cholecystokinin. Additionally, insulin responses from high-glycemic carbohydrates are known to alter these pathways, potentially leading to an increase in energy consumption and a possible mechanism for obesity. There is convincing evidence of beneficial effects of controlled trials implementing high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets in both sedentary and obese individuals, but longer duration clinical trials are required to confirm this hypothesis.

The effect of dairy products consumed with high glycemic carbohydrate on subjective appetite, food intake, and postprandial glycemia in older adults.

The objective was to compare the effect of liquid, semi-solid, and solid dairy products and a nondairy beverage when consumed with glycemic carbohydrate on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), and post-prandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy older adults. Thirty healthy men and women (14 males and 16 females; age: 64.6 ± 2.4 y; BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study. Treatments were one of 250 mL of 2% fat milk and soy beverage, 175 g of 2% Greek yogurt, and 30 g of Cheddar cheese consumed as part of an isocaloric (380 kcal) meal with bread and jam. Water alone served as the energy-free control for subjective appetite. At 180 min after consumption, the participants were fed an ad libitum meal to measure FI. Subjective appetite, blood glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline and at intervals both before (post-treatment) and after the meal (postmeal). Cheese and yogurt resulted in lower post-treatment blood glucose than milk and soy beverage when consumed with carbohydrate (p < 0.0001), but no differences among any treatments were observed postmeal. Treatments led to similar insulin concentrations. Post-treatment appetite was lower than after the water control for all treatments but suppressed more by cheese and yogurt compared with milk (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in FI among treatments. Cheese and yogurt increase satiety and lower PPG more than milk or a soy beverage when consumed with carbohydrate.