High Frequency Pulse Research Articles

New Passive Filter Design Method for Overvoltage Suppression and Bearing Currents Mitigation in a Long Cable Based PWM Inverter-Fed Motor Drive System

High-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) in inverter-fed induction motor drive systems is widely used in industrial applications because of their flexible speed control and energy savings. However, high d v /d t PWM pulses induce overvoltage spikes on the motor via long cable. Such phenomenon would cause serious deterioration of the motor and cable. A passive overvoltage suppression technique of low-loss “RL-plus-C” filter was proposed recently. It has not only some merits of simple structure, low cost, and good robustness, but also a significant merit of low power dissipation. In order to further mitigate the bearing currents, this paper proposes two new power filters and their design method. The theoretical analysis and the design method are introduced in detail. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Effects of Pulse Parameters on Weld Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extra Pulse Current Aided Laser Welded 2219 Aluminum Alloy Joints.

In order to expand the application range of laser welding and improve weld quality, an extra pulse current was used to aid laser-welded 2219 aluminum alloy, and the effects of pulse current parameters on the weld microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The effect mechanisms of the pulse current interactions with the weld pool were evaluated. The results indicated that the coarse dendritic structure in the weld zone changed to a fine equiaxed structure using an extra pulse current, and the pulse parameters, including medium peak current, relatively high pulse frequency, and low pulse duty ratio benefited to improving the weld structure. The effect mechanisms of the pulse current were mainly ascribed to the magnetic pinch effect, thermal effect, and electromigration effect caused by the pulse current. The effect of the pulse parameters on the mechanical properties of welded joints were consistent with that of the weld microstructure. The tensile strength and elongation of the optimal pulse current-aided laser-welded joint increased by 16.4% and 105%, respectively, compared with autogenous laser welding.

Applying the environmental flow components approach to the River Murray in South Australia

ABSTRACTRiver regulation has degraded the River Murray’s riverine ecosystems. Environmental flows are now being delivered to restore these ecosystems to a more natural, pre-regulation state. To guide the development of environmental flow recommendations, I calculated 28 Environmental Flow Components for the River Murray in South Australia, comparing simulated flow data for natural and present conditions. Regulation has caused complex changes to the rivers’ hydrology. Under present conditions, the inter-annual frequency of extreme low flows (<4150 ML/day) and high flow pulses (15,000–55,000 ML/day) has increased, whilst for small floods (55,000–100,000 ML/day) and large floods (>100,000 ML/day) frequency has declined. The magnitude of low flows (4150–15,000 ML/day) has been reduced for all months, and extreme low flows and high flow pulses occur later in the year. The duration of high flow pulses, and both small and large floods, have also declined under present conditions. Restoring more natural extreme low flows and high flow pulses will require new events to be engineered, whilst environmental water can be used to enhance monthly low flows and small floods. In addition to providing environmental flows, changes to river operations, particularly instituting weir pool manipulation, is required to maximise ecological outcomes.

Distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of diabetic retinopathy and correlation between symptoms

To investigate the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Syndromes of diabetic retinopathy and explore the correlation between various symptoms. Based on the literature in databases of China Journal Full-text Database (CNKI), Wanfang database, VIP network, China biomedical literature database (CBM) and PubMed, SPSS 20.0 and IBM SPSS Modeler 14.1 software were used to analyze the location of disease, symptoms, tongue and pulse, and syndrome type distribution through frequency statistics. In addition, association rule algorithm was used to explore the basic rules for underlying symptoms combinations of diabetic retinopathy. A total of 560 articles were retrieved, and a total of 240 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In these documents, 62 types of TCM syndromes were found, involving 9 820 cases, 201 symptoms, 29 tongue conditions, and 36 pulses conditions; the first two locations for the disease were liver and kidney. Then the association rule analysis of high frequency symptoms was used to dig out 15 groups of latent syndrome, and 3 underlying symptom combinations among high frequency symptoms, tongue conditions and pulse conditions. The results of the study showed that Qi and yin deficiency was most common for the diabetic retinopathy, and the location of the disease was closely related to liver and kidney. In addition, these high-frequency symptoms and tongue conditions, pulse conditions, and underlying symptom combinations can occur as main symptoms at diagnosis, providing reference for us to study the epidemiology of PRO scale of the disease. They can also increase the weight of these symptoms directly as the main symptoms, which can be also used as an alternative entry pool for TCM syndrome diagnostic scale, laying foundation for the construction and optimization of TCM symptom database of diabetic retinopathy.

Kilohertz and Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation With the Same Pulse Duration Have Similar Efficiency for Inducing Isometric Knee Extension Torque and Discomfort.

To test the hypotheses that, as compared with pulsed current with the same pulse duration, kilohertz frequency alternating current would not differ in terms of evoked-torque production and perceived discomfort, and as a result, it would show the same current efficiency. A repeated-measures design with 4 stimuli presented in random order was used to test 25 women: (1) 500-microsecond pulse duration, (2) 250-microsecond pulse duration, (3) 500-microsecond pulse duration and low carrier frequency (1 kHz), (4) 250-microsecond pulse duration and high carrier frequency (4 kHz). Isometric peak torque of quadriceps muscle was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Discomfort was measured using a visual analog scale. Currents with long pulse durations induced approximately 21% higher evoked torque than short pulse durations. In addition, currents with 500 microseconds delivered greater amounts of charge than stimulation patterns using 250-microsecond pulse durations (P < 0.05). All currents presented similar discomfort. There was no difference on stimulation efficiency with the same pulse duration. Both kilohertz frequency alternating current and pulsed current, with the same pulse duration, have similar efficiency for inducing isometric knee extension torque and discomfort. However, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with longer pulse duration induces higher NMES-evoked torque, regardless of the carrier frequency. Pulse duration is an important variable that should receive more attention for an optimal application of NMES in clinical settings.

18‐4: Invited Paper: Digital Modulation on Micro Display and Spatial Light Modulator

A digital modulation is the use of pulse width modulation on liquid crystal to create gray scale and phase level. The operation in time domain has greater RMS voltage accuracy for finer gray scale and high pulse frequency by Terminated Write Pointer let liquid crystal behaves more smoothly.

Nonlinear elasticity imaging with dual frequency ultrasound

Elasticity imaging has shown to enhance diagnostic capabilities of disease as tissue elasticity is often associated with pathological condition. Methods such as Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging and Supersonic Shear Wave imaging have shown good results at shallow depths. Second-order ultrasound field (SURF) imaging is a dual band imaging technique that utilizes a low frequency (LF) pulse to manipulate the nonlinear elasticity of the medium observed by a co-propagating high frequency pulse (HF). The manipulation of the material parameters causes the HF to experience a change in propagation velocity which depends on the manipulation pressure and nonlinear elasticity of the medium. The change in propagation velocity causes an accumulative delay or advancement compared to a single HF pulse, called the nonlinear propagation delay (NPD). By transmitting multiple pulse complexes with different LF polarities the technique has proven capabilities for suppression of multiple scattering noise. By observing local variations in the development of NPD, it is possible to estimate the nonlinear elasticity variation of the medium. Simulations with k-Wave toolbox have shown the methods feasibility, also at greater depths. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments have also yielded promising results.

Time-resolved spatial distribution measurements of pulse-modulated argon plasmas in an inductively coupled plasma reactor

The time variation of the plasma parameters along with their spatial distributions were measured in pulse-modulated (PM) inductively coupled argon plasma via the phase delay harmonic analysis method (PDHAM). During the initial active-glow, the distributions of both the ion flux and the electron temperature in the plasma bulk have M-shaped profiles due to the antenna geometry. Then, while the plasma is approaching a steady state, the spatial distribution evolves into a profile with a convex shape. The effects of the antenna geometry and the time evolution on the distribution profile are lesser under low gas pressure, and diminish at the wafer level. The diffusion of the charged particles and the nonlocal electron kinetics account for these characteristics. It is observed that the initial distribution of the electron temperature is affected by the electron density distribution of the previous after-glow at the wafer level. The distribution profiles at different pulse frequencies were also measured. At higher pulse frequencies, the distribution profile is more frequently smoothed by diffusion during the after-glow, leading to higher uniformity.

Efficacy of Laser Pulse Frequencies on Blood Flow in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background:&nbsp;Research reports had noted an apparent increase in cutaneous and deep blood flow as a result of low-intensity laser therapy (LLLT) in normal subjects. The purpose of te study was to investigate the effective laser pulse frequency either (200 or 2000 Hz) on improving blood flow in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty-five diabetic patients selected from out clinic of Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University assigned randomly into three groups. The blood flow volume, blood flow velocity and caliper of the blood vessel were evaluated before laser application and after twelve sessions using duplex Doppler ultrasound. Methods:&nbsp;Combined He-Ne and infrared LILT was administered three times a week for twelve sessions at intensity of 3 J, power 500 mW, 808 nm duration 15 min and pulse frequency 200 Hz for group I, 2000 Hz for group II, and sham LILT for group III on the sural artery at posterior aspect of dominant leg. Result:&nbsp;Paired t-test revealed that low pulse frequency (200 Hz) LILT produced significant improvement in blood flow volume and blood flow velocity (t= 1.76, p= 0.001 and t= 2.8, p= 0.01) respectively (P&lt;0.05). While there was no significant changes in caliper of the blood vessel of group I, blood flow volume, blood flow velocity or caliper of the blood vessel of group II and group III (t= 2.15, p= 1, t= 2.15, p= 1, t= 1.11 p= 0.31, t= 1.54, p= 0.15, t= 2.51, p= 1, t= 1.21 p= 0.33, t= 1.45, p= 0.15) respectively (P&lt;0.05). ANOVA test in between groups revealed insignificant changes in all pre and post- measures except significant results in blood flow volume and velocity which indicating the superiority of group I on both group II and III by post hoc test. Conclusion:&nbsp;low pulse frequency of LILT (200 Hz) could improve blood flow than high pulse frequency (2000 Hz).

V11-04 DUSTING UTILIZING SUCTION TECHNIQUE (DUST) FOR PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY: DEDICATED LASER HANDPIECE TO TREAT A STAGHORN STONE

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrolithiasis1 Apr 2017V11-04 DUSTING UTILIZING SUCTION TECHNIQUE (DUST) FOR PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY: DEDICATED LASER HANDPIECE TO TREAT A STAGHORN STONE Khurshid Ghani and William Roberts Khurshid GhaniKhurshid Ghani More articles by this author and William RobertsWilliam Roberts More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.2993AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Dusting, use of high frequency and low pulse energy holmium laser settings, is performed during ureteroscopy but reports on this method to treat complex renal calculi via percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are limited. We report the first clinical feasibility of a dusting technique during PCNL with the assistance of a specially designed laser suction handpiece (LSHP). METHODS We performed PCNL on a patient with spinal cord injury, urinary tract infection and a computed tomography scan demonstrating a left complete staghorn stone (5x3.5x2.5 cm; 1000 Hounsfield units). Prone PCNL was performed via a 30 Fr Amplatz sheath with access in the lower pole. A 120-Watt holmium laser (P120H, Lumenis) was used as the lithotripsy source to perform Dusting Utilizing a Suction Technique (DUST) for PCNL. A 550um laser fiber was inserted into the LSHP (Lumenis, Israel) which was connected to a suction pump in the P120H. The LSHP weighs 135 grams, and has a stainless steel cannula with an inner lumen diameter of 3.25 mm. Laser fiber length is controlled via a manipulation wheel, with the fiber positioned in a working channel on top of the cannula. Suction is activated on the LSHP, and fragments are sucked into a collection container. We used ″automatic″ mode where suction occurred only during laser activation. RESULTS We successfully performed DUST-PCNL using settings of 0.6 J x 70 Hz, and 1.0 J x 60 Hz, both on long pulse mode. PCNL took 110 minutes to complete; total lasing time was 21.29 mins, and laser energy usage was 47.68 kJ. The fiber tip was easily visible at the tip of the LSHP, with no failure of the device. We did not encounter any difficulty with fragment aspiration or clogging of the steel cannula or suction tubing. Ancillary devices included a basket to retrieve large fragments, and flexible nephroscopy was performed to dust an upper pole branch of the staghorn. At the end, a 22F Malecot re-entry tube was placed. A nephrostogram on post-operative day (POD) 1 demonstrated a 4 mm residual fragment. Patient was discharged on POD 2. There were no complications; stone analysis demonstrated a struvite stone. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing a 120-Watt holmium system, we confirmed initial clinical feasibility and safety of DUST-PCNL to perform simultaneous lithotripsy and aspiration for effective stone clearance. An advantage of this method is versatility in treating a stone with both rigid and flexible endoscopy using a lightweight energy source. Further clinical evaluation is needed to understand the efficacy of this technique in comparison to alternate lithotripsy sources. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e1283 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Khurshid Ghani More articles by this author William Roberts More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in an Experimental Model of Diabetes and Obesity Submitted to Myocardial Infarction: Role of Aerobic Exercise Training

This study was designed to verify the effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) on cardiac autonomic modulation in an experimental model of diabetes and obesity submitted to myocardial infarction. Ob/ob mice (10 weeks old) were randomized into (n=7): sedentary (S), myocardial infarction sedentary (MIS) and myocardial infarction + ET (MIT) groups. Myocardial infarction was induced by coronary artery occlusion. Aerobic exercise training was performed in treadmill (5x/week, 8 weeks, 40–60% maximal test). RR interval was recorded in awake animals at the end of the protocol. Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability. At the beginning of the protocol, the groups submitted to myocardial infarction (MIS and MIT) presented lower exercise capacity in relation to the S group (S: 9.9±0.2 vs. MIS: 6.4±0.7; MIT: 4.5±0.6 min). Myocardial infarction promoted a drastic reduction of vagal modulation evidenced by linear analysis: RMSSD index (S: 5.9±0.7 vs OIS: 0.7±0.1 ms), standard deviation of pulse interval (S: 11.5±1.8 vs MIS: 1.4±0.2 ms) and high frequency band of pulse interval (S: 8.8±2.0 vs MIS: 0.1±0.05 ms2); as well as by nonlinear analysis: SD1 (S: 4.2±0.5 vs MIS: 0.5±0.1 ms). On the other hand, at the end of the protocol, the trained group (MIT) presented higher exercise capacity, while the sedentary groups (S and MIS) showed lower exercise capacity when compared to their initial values (S: 8.6±0.4; MIS: 4.3±0.5; MIT: 7.8±0.5 min). The aerobic exercise training was able to prevent these cardiac vagal dysfunctions observed in the MIS group, showing higher values for RMSSD index (MIT: 2.8±0.7 ms) and SD1 (MIT: 2.0±0.5 ms) when compared to the MIS group. Altogether, the results showed that the myocardial infarction led to a severe reduction of vagal modulation and the aerobic exercise training presented positive effects preventing this severe reduction.Support or Funding InformationCAPES (99999.008874/2014‐00); CNPq, FAPESP and UNINOVE

An exploration of inter-pulse coupling in nanosecond pulsed high frequency discharge ignition

A parametric exploration of the dynamics of ignition using nanosecond pulsed high frequency discharges (NPHFD) in flowing mixtures of methane and air is conducted to determine the “inter-pulse coupling” effect of a burst of high frequency discharges in the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) range of 1–300kHz. The impacts of PRF, number of pulses, equivalence ratio, discharge gap distance, and flow velocity are quantified in terms of ignition probability and minimum ignition power, and schlieren images of ignition kernel development are presented. Three regimes of inter-pulse coupling are found for different values of PRF: fully-coupled, partially-coupled, and decoupled. Each regime is characterized by distinct ignition probabilities and kernel structures. The fully-coupled regime occurs for the highest PRF and exhibits complete ignition of the kernel and the highest ignition probability. The partially-coupled regime occurs for intermediate PRF and exhibits only local ignition of portions of the kernel and has the lowest ignition probability. The decoupled regime occurs for the lowest PRF and exhibits multiple non-interacting ignition events with ignition probability being a linear function of the number of pulses. The effect of equivalence ratio is found to increase or decrease the ignition probability without altering the structure of inter-pulse coupling. The electrode gap distance determines the degree of heat and active species quenching to the electrode surfaces, and shifts the transition between the partially-coupled and fully-coupled regimes to higher PRFs as the gap distance is decreased. Flow velocity determines the degree of convective heat loss, with lower velocities increasing the ignition probability and altering the structure of inter-pulse coupling in a non-monotonic fashion.

Ballistic thermal wave propagation along nanowires modeled using phonon Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract The propagation of ballistic thermal waves when the phonon transport is in the ballistic-diffusive regime is markedly affected by the boundary. This work simulates ballistic thermal wave propagation in nanowires with a phonon-traced Monte Carlo method to investigate the effects of the nanowire characteristics including the radial Knudsen number and the specularity parameter, and the effects of the temporal resolution of the measurements. The phonon boundary scattering accelerates the evolution of the phonon transport from ballistic to ballistic-diffusive and finally to diffusive transport and increases the thermal conduction resistance by reducing the effective thermal conductivity. High heat pulse frequencies lead to thermal wave propagation in ballistic regime, moderate heat pulse frequencies lead to thermal wave propagation in ballistic-diffusive regime and very low heat pulse frequencies lead to purely diffusive thermal wave propagation, i.e. the Fourier thermal conduction. The ballistic-diffusive thermal wave propagation relies heavily on the specific type of the dominated phonon scattering mechanism while the purely ballistic and diffusive propagations do not. Thus, ballistic-diffusive thermal wave propagation should be modeled by a new constitutive equation with new characteristic parameters.

T021 Synaptic plasticity mechanism explains the specificity of direct current stimulation

Abstract Long term effects of transcranial electric stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) have been often attributed to synaptic plasticity. A number of human and animal studies provide support for this hypothesis. However, the exact mechanisms by which direct current stimulation affects synaptic plasticity remain unclear. Here we will present data on long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy – the presumed cellular mechanism of learning. The experiments leverage classic plasticity induction protocols in hippocampal rodent brain slices (high frequency pulses, low frequency pulses, and theta burst stimulation). The main finding is that direct current stimulation in isolation does not affect synaptic efficacy. Only when stimulation is paired with one of these induction protocols do we observe effects on synaptic efficacy. The effects vanish in the presence of NMDA receptor blockers. The polarity of the effect depends on the induction mechanism and the site of plasticity, suggesting that the local polarization of the cellular membrane is the mediating factor. Based on these data we propose that tDCS in human experiments is task specific, not because of the exact placement of electrodes, but because stimulation only affects those synapses that are already undergoing plasticity. We predict that the most specific and effective tDCS interventions will be those that pair stimulation with a concurrent adaptation or learning protocol.

Experimental research on a 12.1 K gas-coupled two-stage high frequency pulse tube cryocooler

High frequency pulse tube cryocoolers (HFPTC) have been widely used in many fields like physics experimental research and aerospace, for no moving part in cold region, low vibration and long life. A gas-coupled two-stage high frequency pulse tube cryocooler with single compressor is introduced in this paper. In the first stage of the cryocooler, double-inlet and multi-bypass has been adopted as phase shifters. To get a better performance in phase shifting the reservoir and the inertance tube of the second stage has been located on the cold head of the first stage. With SS mesh screen as the regenerator of both stage, no-load temperature of 13.5K has been achieved. To improve the heat capacity of the regenerator of the second stage magnetic material Er3Ni has been employed in the second stage as regenerator matrix. With the charge pressure of 1.8MPa, input power of 260W and operating frequency of 23.5 Hz, the no-load temperature of 12.1K has been achieved.

Segregation in fusion weld of 2219 aluminum alloy and its influence on mechanical properties of weld

Three kinds of welds were made using low frequency pulse current variable polarity tungsten inter gas (LPVPTIG) with argon shielding, direct current TIG (DCTIG) with helium shielding and high frequency pulse current variable polarity TIG (HPVPTIG) with argon shielding, respectively. It was found that macrosegregation bands with large amount of thick continuous eutectics and microporosities formed in the LPVPTIG weld due to the fluctuation of the pulse varied heat input. Only microsegregation existed in the DCTIG weld and HPVPTIG weld. However, the HPVPTIG weld had lower extent of Cu microsegregation since its welding speed was slower. The tensile results indicated that the mechanical properties of the weld decreased with the increase of the segregation extent of Cu and porosities, and LPVPTIG weld had lower tensile properties in the longitudinal direction than those in the transverse direction due to the macrosegregation bands.

Design of High Frequency Pulse Tube Cryocooler for Onboard Space Applications

To meet the growing demands of on-board applications such as cooling meteorological payloads and the satellite operational constraints like power, lower mass, reduced size and redundancy; a Pulse Tube Cryocooler (PTC) is designed by arriving at an operating frequency of 100 Hz and Helium gas pressure of 35 bar based on insights obtained from combination of phasor diagram, pulse tube and regenerator geometries with overall system mass of ≤ 2.0 kg. High frequency operation would allow reducing the size and mass of pressure wave modulator for a given input power. High Frequency also helps in reducing the volume of regenerator for a given cooling power, which increases the power density and leads to faster cool down. A component level modelling of the regenerator for optimising length and diameter for maximum Coefficient of Performance (COP) is carried out using REGEN3.3. The overall system level modelling of PTC is carried out using 1-D software SAGE. The cold end mass flow rate of the optimised regenerator is taken as reference for the system modelling. The performance achieved in REGEN3.3 is 2.15 W of net heat lift against the performance of 1.02 W of net heat lift at 80 K in SAGE.

Response of Steel Moment and Braced Frames Subjected to Near-Source Pulse-Like Ground Motions by Including Soil-Structure Interaction Effects

Most seismic regulations are usually associated with fixed-base structures, assuming that elimination of this phenomenon leads to conservative results and engineers are not obliged to use near-fault earthquakes. This study investigates the effect of soil–structure interaction on the inelastic response of MDOF steel structures by using well known Cone method. In order to achieve this, three dimensional multi-storey steel structures with moment and braced frame are analysed using non-linear time history method under the action of 40 near-fault records. Seismic response parameters, such as base shear, performance of structures, ductility demand and displacement demand ratios of structures subjected to different frequency-contents of near-fault records including pulse type and high-frequency components are investigated. The results elucidate that the flexibility of soil strongly affects the seismic response of steel frames. Soil–structure interaction can increase seismic demands of structures. Also, soil has approximately increasing and mitigating effects on structural responses subjected to the pulse type and high frequency components. A threshold period exists below which can highly change the ductility demand for short period structures subjected to near-fault records.

Simultaneously coherent excitation of multi-modes THz radiation from dielectric loaded waveguide by pre-bunched electron beam

The cylindrical dielectric loaded waveguide (DLW) supports a discrete set of modes, which can be excited by electron beam passing through the structure, and the high-order modes can be the harmonics of the fundamental one by properly choosing the parameters of the DLW. By using a train of electron bunches, repeated at the fundamental frequency of the DLW, as the driving source, coherent and simultaneous excitation of multi-modes can be expected. With this proposed scheme, multi-color narrow-band THz radiation with high pulse power and high frequency can be obtained simultaneously.

Effect of Pulse Frequency on Structural and Thermoelectric Properties of Bismuth Telluride Thin Films by Electrodeposition

Effects of current pulse frequency and duty ratio [off-time/(on-time + off-time)] on thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) thin films were investigated. The crystal structure of the Bi2Te3 thin films was strongly affected by the duty ratio rather than the current pulse frequency. In particular, the Bi2Te3 thin films were highly oriented along (1 1 0) direction with smooth surface at the high current pulse frequency (5000 Hz) and the high duty ratio (80%). Overall, the electrical conductivities of the Bi2Te3 thin films with current pulse frequency of 5000 Hz were larger than that the thin films with 1000 Hz, whereas the Seebeck coefficients were mostly the same between the both frequencies. As a result, the highest power factor (1.1 μW/(cm·K2)) was observed at the Bi2Te3 thin films with a current pulse frequency of 5000 Hz and a duty ratio of 60%.