High Feed Concentration Research Articles

Enhanced As(III) removal at low concentrations by the combined pre-oxidation and nanofiltration membrane process

A specially designed combined process of pre-oxidation and nanofiltration membrane was utilized to remove As(III) in the contaminated water without reagent addition and sediment creation in this work. Different parameters that affected the rejections of As(III) and As(V) were discussed, including the initial concentration, pH of the feed, and the cross-flow filtration pressure. The rejection of As(III) was over 70% which was restricted to the high initial feed concentration, while it was around 40% under the other conditions. Whereas, the rejection of As(V) maintained above 95% in all tests. As a result, As(III) was first pre-oxidized before membrane filtration. The ozone and aeration oxidation methods were used to oxidize As(III). The effects of aeration time and oxidation time were studied. The experimental results indicated that the rejection of As(III) was increased to over 90% after pre-oxidation, and the permeate could meet the drinking water standard for As in China. Particularly, the aeration took a much longer oxidation time than ozone, but it was still a more suitable method as the pre-oxidation process because of its safety and easy operability.

Exergy and sensitivity analysis of electrodialysis reversal desalination plants

In this paper, a normalized sensitivity analysis is done on an electrodialysis plant for various design and performance parameters. From the angle of design and performance, the most significant variables were the feed concentration and current efficiency, respectively. For the design aspect, plant size determination is affected less at higher feed salinities due to variations in the feed concentration, which seems to be favorable for high salinity applications. For the performance aspect, it is found that larger fluctuations in plant cost may occur while operating at higher feed concentrations. The desired diluate concentration and, thus, limiting current density as well as expected energy consumption may be more difficult to maintain at higher current efficiencies. Yet, the limiting current density is less sensitive at higher flow velocities. Therefore, the above problem could possibly be countered by using a combination of higher current efficiencies with higher flow velocities.

Competitive adsorption of surfactant–protein mixtures in a continuous stripping mode foam fractionation column

In this paper a detailed experimental study on the application of continuous stripping mode foam fractionation to separate a model surfactant–protein mixture was performed with emphasis on the competitive adsorption behaviour and transport processes of surfactant–protein mixtures in the rising foam column. Bubble size measurements of the foamate showed that at steady state conditions the bubbles rising from the liquid pool were stabilised by BSA. However at the top of the column the recovery of Triton X−100 in the foamate (75–100%) was always greater than the recovery of BSA (13–76%) for all foam fractionation experiments. The enrichment of BSA remained at almost unity for experiments with high feed concentrations of both components and low air flow rates, and only increased when the recovery of Triton X−100 reached 100%. Thus it was concluded that Triton X–100 displaced the adsorbed BSA from the surface. The surface activity and diffusivity of the two components was determined from surface tension and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. These results illustrated that competitive adsorption behaviour was due to the greater maximum surface pressure (2.05 times) and diffusivity (19.6 times) of Triton X−100 than BSA. In addition to investigating the effect of foam fractionation process parameters on the separation of mixed systems, the results from the characterisation studies of surface adsorption and foam properties provided insight and deeper understanding of the competitive adsorption behaviour of surfactants and proteins in a foam fractionation process.

Assessment of alternative draw solutions for optimized performance of a closed-loop osmotic heat engine

Osmotic power harnesses the energy of mixing between high and low salinity streams. The osmotic heat engine (OHE) is a closed-loop, membrane-based power generation cycle that couples pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), an osmotically driven membrane process, with a thermal separation process. In this investigation, membrane distillation (MD), a thermally driven membrane process, was used. High power density in PRO is essential to minimize equipment costs and parasitic pumping losses. Likewise, high water flux is needed in MD to efficiently reconcentrate the diluted draw solution from the PRO process and minimize equipment costs. In this study, several ionic organic and inorganic draw solutions were evaluated as working fluids in the OHE. Their performance was assessed in terms of PRO power density and reverse solute diffusion, and MD water flux and thermal efficiency. Potential pore wetting of the MD membrane was also evaluated. The working fluids were also assessed in terms of their potential for equipment corrosion. Results indicate that sodium formate and CaCl2 outperform NaCl (commonly used PRO draw solution) in terms of PRO power density and reverse solute diffusion, and that LiCl and CaCl2 outperform NaCl in terms of MD water flux. Furthermore, there were no signs of MD membrane wetting, even at high feed concentrations. Results were used to perform an economic analysis and make future recommendations on the most suitable working fluid for the OHE. Of the select salts, CaCl2, MgCl2, sodium propionate, and LiCl resulted in the lowest OHE electricity generation costs and had the lowest potential for corrosion.

Ultrafiltration of oily waste water: Contribution of surface roughness in membrane properties and fouling characteristics of polyacrylonitrile membranes

The present study focuses on the contribution of surface roughness to properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes and its fouling during ultrafiltration (UF) of used engine oil. Nine membranes were cast using varying polymer concentration, molecular masses of hydrophilic additive polyethylene glycol (PEG), and concentration of PEG. Surface roughness decreased from 35 to 10 nm with polymer concentration in the range 0.01–0.15 g/g (1–15 wt %). Surface roughness increased from 8 to 42 nm as the molecular mass of PEG increased from 200 to 20 000 g/mol. Increasing concentration of PEG from 0.5 to 0.12 g/g (5 to 12 wt %) increased the surface roughness from 11 to 26 nm. Three membranes were identified as having permeate flux above 45 L/m2 · h and oil rejection beyond 90 %. The membrane hydrophilically modified by 0.08 g/g (8 wt %) PEG 400 showed the best antifouling performance. The flux decline ratio for this membrane was the lowest between 10–20 % and the flux recovery ratio was above 90 % for oil concentrations between 100–1000 mg/L at 276 kPa transmembrane pressure (TMP). Permeate concentration was between 2–12 mg/L (well within permissible levels) corresponding to oil concentrations from 100–1000 mg/L in the feed at the same TMP. Permeation of oil is lower (hence higher rejection) at higher feed concentrations, indicating the agglomeration of oil in the retentate.

Relationship between surface concentration of l-leucine and bulk powder properties in spray dried formulations

The amino acid l-leucine has been demonstrated to act as a lubricant and improve the dispersibility of otherwise cohesive fine particles. It was hypothesized that optimum surface l-leucine concentration is necessary to achieve optimal surface and bulk powder properties. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was spray dried with different concentration of l-leucine and the change in surface composition of the formulations was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The formulations were also subjected to powder X-ray diffraction analysis in order to understand the relationship between surface concentration and solid-state properties of l-leucine. In addition, the morphology, surface energy and bulk cohesion of spray dried formulations were also assessed to understand the relation between surface l-leucine concentration and surface and bulk properties. The surface concentration of l-leucine increased with higher feed concentrations and plateaued at about 10% l-leucine. Higher surface l-leucine concentration also resulted in the formation of larger l-leucine crystals and not much change in crystal size was noted above 10% l-leucine. A change in surface morphology of particles from spherical to increasingly corrugated was also observed with increasing surface l-leucine concentration. Specific collapsed/folded over particles were only seen in formulations with 10% or higher l-leucine feed concentration suggesting a change in particle surface formation process. In addition, bulk cohesion also reduced and approached a minimum with 10% l-leucine concentration. Thus, the surface concentration of l-leucine governs particle formation and optimum surface l-leucine concentration results in optimum surface and bulk powder properties.

Partially Sulfonated Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Induced Enhancements of Properties and DMFC Performance of Nafion Electrolyte Membrane

AbstractPartially sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (SPVdF) has been prepared by incorporation of sulfonic acid groups within poly(vinylidene fluoride), using chlorosulfonic acid as the sulfonating agent. The degree of sulfonation (DS) has been varied by modulating the duration of the sulfonation reaction. Blending of SPVdF (having DS = 36.78%) with Nafion at a constituent wt.% ratio of SPVdF:Nafion = 70:30 has resulted in the fabrication of polymer electrolyte membrane with superior properties compared to pristine Nafion‐117 membrane. This particular blend composition exhibited a proton conductivity value of 3.6 × 10−2 S cm−1 (i.e. ∼12.5% increase over Nafion‐117), a methanol permeability value of 6.81 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 at 6M methanol concentration (i.e. ∼99.31% decrease from Nafion‐117) and a corresponding membrane selectivity value of 5.29 × 104 Ss cm−3 (i.e. an increase of approximately two‐orders of magnitude over Nafion‐117) at 20 °C. In addition, this blend composition has also exhibited (a) better heat stability at temperatures as high as 160 °C by virtue of it possessing higher glass transition temperature, (b) higher storage modulus, (c) higher stress relaxation at high angular frequency and (d) superior DMFC performance at high methanol feed concentration in presence of humidified, as well as, non‐humidified air as the catholyte, compared to Nafion‐117 membrane.

Nonaqueous lyotropic ionic liquid crystals: preparation, characterization, and application in extraction.

A class of new ionic liquid (IL)-based nonaqueous lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) and the development of an efficient IL extraction process based on LC chemistry are reported. The nonaqueous LLCs feature extraordinarily high extraction capacity, excellent separation selectivity, easy recovery, and biocompatibility. This work also demonstrates that the introduction of self-assembled anisotropic nanostructures into an IL system is an efficient way to overcome the intrinsically strong polarity of ILs and enhances the molecular recognition ability of ILs. The distribution coefficients of IL-based LLCs for organic compounds with H-bond donors reached unprecedented values of 50-60 at very high feed concentrations (>100 mg mL(-1) ), which are 800-1000 times greater than those of common ILs as well as traditional organic and polymer extractants. The IL-based nonaqueous LLCs combining the unique properties of ILs and LCs open a new avenue for the development of high-performance extraction methods.

Agglomeration of Ni-rich hydroxide crystals in Taylor vortex flow

The agglomeration of Ni-rich hydroxide crystals (Ni0.9Co0.05Mn0.05)(OH)2 was studied in a continuous Couette-Taylor (CT) crystallizer. Due to the excellent mixing and periodic fluid motion of the Taylor vortex flow in the CT crystallizer, the formation of spherical and uniform agglomerate particles of Ni-rich crystals was promoted as the rotation speed and the mean residence time increased. Thus, for a rotation speed of 1500rpm and mean residence time of 60min, with a high feed concentration of 3.0mol/L produced a high tap-density of agglomerate particles of 2.13g/cm3, which is higher than any previously reported values. These results were due to the excellent micromixing effects of Taylor vortex in the CT crystallizer. In addition, the long mean residence time contributed to the formation of spherical particles due to the extended exposure of the agglomerates to the fluid shear. Furthermore, the formation of spherical particles was optimized at a pH of 12.0 and required a high concentration of ammonia due to the high composition of Ni ions in the Ni-rich hydroxide crystals and the short mean residence time in the continuous CT crystallizer. Moreover, when comparing the crystallization in a continuous MSMPR crystallizer, which required a long mean residence time of 12h for a high tap-density of above 2.0g/cm3, the continuous CT crystallizer was clearly much more effective for the formation of uniform spherical particles due to the more efficient hydrodynamic fluid motion of the Taylor vortex in the CT crystallizer in contrast to the random turbulent eddy motion in the MSMPR crystallizer.

DCMD modelling and experimental study using PTFE membrane

This research work aims to investigate the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (MD) unit under different conditions. A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the experimental values of the membrane water mass flux, heat transfer coefficients, the membrane/liquid interface temperatures, the temperature polarisation coefficient and the evaporation efficiency. This model was solved numerically using MATLAB® software, and its results were used to predict the actual performance of the membrane unit. The MD coefficient was evaluated from the computer model data and was subsequently used to estimate water fluxes. Experimental tests were performed using 0.0572 m2 of PTFE membrane manufactured by membrane solution (85% porosity, 45μm thickness, 0.22μm nominal pore size). Feed solutions were aqueous NaCl solutions with 1,000–200,000 mg/L (0.1–20%) in concentration and its temperatures were 40–80°C, and feed flow rate was 2 L/min. The temperature and flow rate of permeate water was fixed at 20°C and 3 L/min, respectively. The experimental observation showed that the vapour mass flux through the membrane pores increased with feed temperature, but decreased with feed concentration. It was found that the predicted mass fluxes agreed reasonably with the experimental data, except at a high feed concentration. The temperature polarisation coefficients increased with concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The membrane heat transfer rates and the permeate flux have been discussed in this paper.

A research on water desalination using membrane distillation

This research work aimed to investigate the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (MD) unit under different conditions. A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the experimental values of the membrane water mass flux, heat transfer coefficients, the membrane/liquid interface temperatures, the temperature polarization coefficient (TPC) and the evaporation efficiency. This model was solved numerically using MATLAB® software, and its results were used to predict the actual performance of the membrane unit. The MD coefficient was evaluated from the computer model data and was subsequently used to estimate water fluxes. Experimental tests were performed using 0.0572 m2 of poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene membrane manufactured by membrane solution (85% porosity, 45-µm thickness, 0.22-µm nominal pore size). Feed solutions were aqueous NaCl solutions with 1,000–200,000 mg/L (0.1–20%) in concentration, its temperatures were 40–80°C and feed flow rate was 2 l/min. The temperature and flow rate of permeate water was fixed at 20°C and 3 l/min, respectively. The experimental observation showed that the vapour mass flux through the membrane pores increased with feed temperature, but decreased with feed concentration. It was found that the predicted mass fluxes agreed reasonably with the experimental data, except at a high feed concentration. The temperature polarization coefficients increased with concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The membrane heat transfer rates and the permeate flux have been discussed in this paper.

다단 나노여과 공정에서 고농도 geosmin 및 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB)의 제거특성

Algal problem in drinking water treatment is being gradually increased by causing deterioration of water supplies therefore, especially taste and odor compounds such as geosmin and 2-MIB occur mainly aesthetic problem by its unpleasant effects resulting in the subsequent onset of complaints from drinking water consumer. Recently, geosmin and 2-MIB are detected frequently at abnormally high concentration level. However, conventional water treatment without advanced water treatment processes such as adsorption and oxidation process, cannot remove these two compounds efficiently. Moreover, it is known that the advanced treatment processes i.e. adsorption and oxidation have also several limits to the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB. Therefore, the purpose of this study was not only to evaluate full scale nanofiltration membrane system with <TEX>$300m^3/day$</TEX> of permeate capacity and 90% of recovery on the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB in spiked natural raw water sources at high feed concentration with a range of approximately 500 to 2,500 ng/L, but also to observe rejection property of the compounds within multi stage NF membrane system. Rejection rate of geosmin and 2-MIB by NF membrane process was 96% that is 4% of passage regardless of the feed water concentration which indicates NF membrane system with an operational values suggested in this research can be employed in drinking water treatment plant to control geosmin and 2-MIB of high concentration. But, according to results of regression analysis in this study it is recommended that feed water concentration of geosmin and 2-MIB would not exceed 220 and 300 ng/L respectively which is not to be perceived in drinking tap water. Also it suggests that the removal rate might be depended on an operating conditions such as feed water characteristics and membrane flux. When each stage of NF membrane system was evaluated relatively higher removal rate was observed at the conditions that is lower flux, higher DOC and TDS, i.e., <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> stage NF membrane systems, possibly due to an interaction mechanisms between compounds and cake layer on the membrane surfaces.

Influence of substrate concentration and feed frequency on ammonia inhibition in microbial fuel cells

Excessive amounts of ammonia are known to inhibit exoelectrogenic activities in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, the threshold ammonia concentration that triggers toxic effects is not consistent among literature papers, indicating that ammonia inhibition can be affected by other operational factors. Here, we examined the effect of substrate concentration and feed frequency on the capacity of exoelectrogenic bacteria to resist against ammonia inhibition. The high substrate condition (2 g L−1 sodium acetate, 2-day feed) maintained high electricity generation (between 1.1 and 1.9 W m−2) for total ammonia concentration up to 4000 mg-N L−1. The less frequent feed condition (2 g L−1 sodium acetate, 6-day feed) and the low substrate condition (0.67 g L−1 sodium acetate, 2-day feed) resulted in substantial decreases in electricity generation at total ammonia concentration of 2500 and 3000 mg-N L−1, respectively. It was determined that the power density curve serves as a better indicator than continuously monitored electric current for predicting ammonia inhibition in MFCs. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal gradually decreased at high ammonia concentration even without ammonia inhibition in electricity generation. The experimental results demonstrated that high substrate concentration and frequent feed substantially enhance the capacity of exoelectrogenic bacteria to resist against ammonia inhibition.

Catalytic reforming of glycerol in supercritical water with nickel-based catalysts

The catalytic performance of nickel catalysts supported on La2O3, α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, ZrO2, and YSZ for supercritical water reforming of glycerol was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a tubular reactor made of Inconel-625 with the temperature range of 723–848 K under a pressure of 25 MPa. Carbon formation causing operation failure was observed for α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and ZrO2 at temperatures higher than 748, 798 and 823 K, respectively. Ni/La2O3 exhibited the highest H2 yield where almost complete conversion was obtained at 798 K. Moderate space velocities (WHSV = 6.45 h−1) and glycerol feed concentration (5wt.%) favor high hydrogen selectivity and yield. Methanation is favored at a low WHSV or high glycerol feed concentration, resulting in a lower H2 yield. Increasing Ni loading on the Ni/La2O3 catalyst strongly promoted the reforming, water–gas shift, and methanation reactions, which contributed significantly to the product species distribution.

Copolymerization of n‐Butyl Methacrylate and D‐Limonene

AbstractThe bulk free radical copolymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and D‐limonene is carried out at 80 °C using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. Low conversion experiments are conducted to estimate the copolymer reactivity ratios while full conversion runs are performed to verify the estimates and to achieve high monomer conversions. Reactivity ratios of r1 = 6.0957 and r2 = 0.0459 (1 = BMA, 2 = D‐limonene) are obtained using a nonlinear, error‐in‐variables method with the RREVM computer program. Full conversions and reasonably high molecular weights are achieved at high BMA feed concentrations. Achieving high conversion is limited by a degradative chain transfer mechanism due to the D‐limonene.

Mitigation of Flux Decline in the Cross-Flow Nanofiltration of Molasses Wastewater under the Effect of Gas Sparging

Gas sparging has been shown to significantly affect the performance of nanofiltration of molasses wastewater using a hydrophilized polyamide membrane (molecular weight cut-off 250) in a flat sheet module. Sparging of nitrogen at two different gas velocities was capable of appreciable alleviation of permeate flux decline over a period of time under the present experimental conditions when compared with the conventional unsparged nanofiltration. Critical flux (Jcrit), limiting flux (Jlim), and shear stress number (Ns) were determined at different cross-flow velocities for both the cases in the presence and absence of gas sparging. Increase in Ns with increasing cross-flow velocity was more pronounced in presence of gas sparging. Almost 1.5-2 fold increase in Ns was observed using cross-flow velocity of 0.8 ms−1 with gas sparging, compared to the case of “no sparging.” However, there was no significant improvement of rejection behavior of the solutes in presence of gas sparging. The value of mass transfer coefficient was considerably higher with increasing cross-flow velocity, while gas sparging was on, as against the case of “no sparging.” In terms of percentage increase in permeate flux with increase in trans-membrane pressure (TMP), gas sparging could achieve higher enhancement where concentration polarization is expected to be severe, that is, at high TMP and high feed concentrations. Some practical issues and technical limitations of gas sparging are also discussed.

A new general method for designing affinity chromatography processes

Affinity chromatography is widely used for selectively recovering a target solute from a complex mixture. The challenge in designing a capture process is to achieve high yield, high column utilization, and high sorbent productivity while satisfying loading time and pressure limit requirements. The conventional design method based on constant-pattern waves cannot be used for small feed batches or short columns, which do not allow the formation of such waves. Other design methods in the literature rely on simulations or experimental trials, and can be time-consuming and costly. In this study, a new design method with no need of simulations is developed for constant pattern and non-constant pattern systems with Langmuir isotherms. Given feed conditions, loading time, and desired yield, the design requires only the values of certain intrinsic parameters, which can be estimated from a small number of bench-scale experiments. The minimum column volume for capture can be estimated either graphically or analytically. The method is tested with Protein A chromatography data for antibody purification. It is applicable to a wide range of production scales and design requirements. The effects of material properties, feed composition, feed volume, and design requirements on the column volume for capture can be found graphically. When the loading time relative to a characteristic diffusion time is 0.5 or larger, the minimum column volume approaches that of an ideal system. A short loading time increases sorbent productivity, but increases the minimum column volume. A high feed concentration, a high equilibrium capacity, and a small diffusion time relative to the loading time can reduce the minimum column volume and increase productivity.

Low methanol permeable and highly selective membranes composed of pure and/or partially sulfonated PVdF-co-HFP and polyaniline

Blend membranes fabricated from partially sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) and partially sulfonated polyaniline (SPVdF-co-HFP/SPAni) have shown inspiring results in terms of methanol permeability, membrane selectivity and ion-exchange capacity toward their targeted application as a low cost polymeric membrane in direct methanol fuel cell. It is widely known that compared to conventional blending, layered membrane coating results in superior membrane properties. Therefore, in this work, we demonstrate fabrication of tri-layered sandwich PAni/PVdF-co-HFP/PAni, PAni/SPVdF-co-HFP/PAni and SPAni/SPVdF-co-HFP/SPAni membranes and the resulting enhancements of transport properties of these coated membranes in comparison to that of pristine PVdF-co-HFP, pristine SPVdF-co-HFP, pristine Nafion, PVdF-co-HFP/PAni blend, SPVdF-co-HFP/PAni blend and SPVdF-co-HFP/SPAni blend membranes. The tri-layered coated sandwich membranes exhibited higher proton conductivities, ion-exchange capacities, membrane selectivities and open-circuit potentials, and lower methanol permeabilities at all methanol concentrations, compared to their blend counterparts. In addition, the coated membranes exhibited superiority over pristine Nafion in terms of methanol permeability and membrane selectivity at high methanol concentrations. Furthermore, the DMFC performance obtained with the SPAni/SPVdF-co-HFP/SPAni tri-layered coated membrane was found to be superior to that of pristine Nafion, pristine SPVdF-co-HFP and SPVdF-co-HFP/SPAni blend membranes at high methanol feed concentration (i.e. 6M).

Effect of recycle ratio on the cost of natural gas processing in countercurrent hollow fiber membrane system

The separation of the countercurrent hollow fiber membrane module has been characterized adapting a “Multi-component Progressive Cell Balance” approach and incorporated within the Aspen HYSYS process simulator. The simulated data is found to exhibit good accordance with published experimental result. The study of the double staged membrane module with permeate recycle system, which was proposed to be the optimum configuration in previous works, has been extended by altering the recycle ratio of the permeate stream to study the process economics. Parameter sensitivities of typical membrane selectivity and CO2 feed concentration adapted in industrial application have been conducted. The study of high CO2 content is highlighted since it represents the future expansion of natural gas extraction considering that most of the remaining fields contain high concentration. It is observed that the recycle ratio is an important parameter to be considered in the industrial design process since it affects the gas processing cost significantly. Increasing the recycle ratio is proposed to increase the membrane area and compressor power while improving the hydrocarbon recovery, with substantial impact observed at low selectivity membrane and high CO2 feed concentration. A tradeoff must be determined among these parameters for determination of the optimal recycle ratio configuration.

Artificial neural network model for turbulence promoter-assisted crossflow microfiltration of particulate suspensions

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the turbulence promoter-assisted crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) process was successfully established, in which the inlet velocity, transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed concentration were taken as inputs, and the flux improvement efficiency (FIE) by turbulence promoter was taken as output. Using the trained ANN model, the FIE can be predicted under CFMF operation conditions that are not included in the training database. It reveals that the FIE first increases and then decreases with increasing either TMP or inlet velocity, and increases with increasing feed concentration. Among three input variables, TMP has the most important effect on the FIE. The optimization of MF operation conditions was largely dependent on the feed concentration. The high FIE can be obtained by exerting both high inlet velocity (>0.7m/s) and low TMP (<30kPa) at a relatively low feed concentration (<1g/L), and both high inlet velocity (>0.7m/s) and high TMP (>70kPa) at a relatively high feed concentration (>8g/L). This study provides a useful guide for the applications of turbulence promoter in CFMF processes.