High Fatty Acid Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the herb of four types of astragalus belonging to the section Dissitiflori DC.

Introduction. According to numerous studies, it is known that representatives of the genus Astragalus L. contain a variety of biologically active compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpene saponins, nitrogen-containing compounds, including amino acids, phenolic acids and their esters, coumarins, higher fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins B, C, E, PP, salts of glycyrrhizic acid, trace elements, tannins, essential oils, gums, etc. It is relevant to conduct a phytochemical analysis of herbs of new species of the genus Astragalus L., as well as screening the antioxidant activity of their extracts. The types of astragalus belonging to the Dissitiflori DC section can be a promising source of biologically active substances with an antioxidant effect.Aim. To conduct a comparative phytochemical analysis and scoring of the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from the herb of four species of astragalus section Dissitiflori growing in the Saratov region.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were dried herbs of Astragalus macropus Bunge, Astragalus zingeri Korsh., Astragalus varius S.G. Gmel. and Astragalus ucrainicus Klok. et M. Pop., collected in the Saratov region in 2023 and dried to a residual moisture content of no more than 14 %. The quantitative assessment of the content of tannins was carried out by the permanganometric method (titrant – 0.02 M potassium permanganate solution). The quantitative content of ascorbic acid was established by direct titration using a 0.0001 M solution of sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate as a titrant. Antioxidant activity was determined by permanganometric titration in an acidic medium according to a patented technique. The antioxidant activity index was calculated in terms of flavonoid compounds known for their antioxidant activity: rutin, quercetin (mg/ml). Antiradical activity was assessed using the DPPH test. All analyses were performed in triplicate, the data were processed using standard statistical methods, using MS Excel packages, 2021.Results and discussion. During the experiment, the herb of the genus Astragalus L. section Dissitiflori was analyzed for the content of tannins and ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant activity of extracts from the herb was determined by two methods. It was found that the highest content of tannins is observed in the herb A. macropus Bunge (2.27 ± 0.06 %) and A. zingeri Korsh. (2.23 ± 0.05 %); the highest content of ascorbic acid is in the herb A. varius S.G. Gmel. and A . zingeri Korsh. (0.04 ± 0.001 %). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extraction of A. ucrainicus Popov et Klok. from grass, which contains 23.03 ± 0.57 mg/g and 15.71 ± 0.39 mg/g of oxidizing substances in terms of rutin and quercetin, respectively, and antiradical activity in A. zingeri Korsh. (IC50 465.20 ± 12.2 mcg/ml).Conclusion. Analysis of the grass of four species of the genus Astragalus L. section Dissitiflori revealed a high content of tannins and ascorbic acid, as well as the presence of pronounced antioxidant activity in extracts from the grass of the analyzed species.

In silico analysis of non-conventional gene targets for genetic interventions to enhance fatty acid production: a review.

Since the 1990s, fatty acids (FA) have drawn significant industrial attention due to their diverse applications creating a demand for biological systems capable of producing high FA titers. While various strategies have been explored to achieve this, many of the conventional approaches rely on extensive genetic manipulations, which often result in strain instability, thus limiting its potential to yield better FA titers. Moreover, stresses such as pH, osmotic, and oxidative imbalances generated during FA production aggravate these challenges, further limiting FA titers. Under stress conditions, the cellular system responds by regulating stress-response proteins to bring about homeostasis. Recent findings suggest that transmembrane proteins, regulators of two-component systems, and cytoplasmic regulators can be strategically leveraged to address the problems related to stress-induced strain instability. Thus, non-conventional genetic targets, like chaperones (e.g., heat shock proteins) and DNA-binding transcriptional regulators (e.g., RcdA), which are not directly involved in FA metabolism, represent promising candidates to enhance strain stability and FA yields. Tools like Opt-Box and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) serve as excellent platforms for understanding the cross-talk between these regulators and downstream enzymes. This review emphasizes the need for a shift towards identifying novel genetic targets by employing advanced in silico analysis and explains several molecular techniques that can aid in strain construction. Lastly, it discusses certain non-conventional gene targets that can help to overcome strain instability arising due to various stresses generated during/due to FA production.

Design and Construct Cyclic Carbonate Functionalized Chitosan‐Based Hydrogel Enabling Photodecarboxylase Immobilization with Enhanced Stability and Reusability

AbstractFatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) plays a crucial role in the green production of biofuel and other valuable biochemicals. However, the reusability of immobilized FAP has been limited due to inadequate durability. Here, a porous, translucent chitosan hydrogel sphere carrier functionalized with cyclic carbonate group to enhance the reusability of immobilized FAP is presented. Based on the arrangement of basic amino acid residues on the surface of FAP, bis(cyclic carbonate) containing a flexible chain from CO2 is designed and synthesized. This compound is used to modify porous hydrogels obtained via a template‐etching process. FAP is then covalently immobilized within the hydrogel framework through a reaction with the remaining cyclic carbonate groups, as evidenced by quartz crystal microbalance analysis. The modified porous hydrogel carrier, PH3‐BC‐II, significantly improves the activity of FAP, achieving a maximum conversion of 70.0%, with the enzyme loading of 125.3 mg g−1 (dry carrier). Furthermore, PH3‐BC‐II retains >50% of its initial activity after eight consecutive reaction cycles (total runtime of 24 h) at high fatty acid substrate concentrations. This study provides an effective strategy for constructing stable immobilized (photo)enzymes from sustainable materials.

Which is more effective in thawing frozen rooster sperm: varying temperature or duration?

IntroductionCryopreservation of poultry sperm is crucial for preserving genetic diversity and protecting endangered breeds. Rooster sperm is highly sensitive to cryopreservation due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, making it prone to damage during freezing and thawing. This study evaluated the effects of thawing temperatures and storage conditions on sperm quality, including motility, morphology, and viability.MethodsFrozen rooster semen samples were thawed at 37°C for 30 seconds, 60°C for 5 seconds, or 72°C for 5 seconds and stored at 4°C for up to 48 hours. Sperm quality parameters, including motility, kinematic characteristics, abnormal morphology, and viability, were assessed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 hours using a Computer-Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA).ResultsPost-thaw motility varied significantly between thawing temperatures at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05). Progressive and rapid progressive motility also differed significantly at 24 hours (p < 0.05). Sperm viability showed statistical differences across thawing groups at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05), while morphological abnormalities were significant at 12 and 48 hours (p < 0.05). Across all groups, sperm quality parameters varied significantly at each time point (p < 0.05).DiscussionThawing at 37°C and storing at 4°C for up to 24 hours optimizes sperm motility and viability, minimizing cryodamage and ensuring functional preservation. This approach is effective for short-term storage and crucial for sustaining genetic diversity and fertility in poultry breeding programs.

The Development of a Novel Aluminosilicate Catalyst Fabricated via a 3D Printing Mold for Biodiesel Production at Room Temperature

Biodiesel production has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, but challenges related to catalyst recovery and energy consumption remain. In this study, a novel lithium-impregnated aluminosilicate catalyst (LiSA) was developed using a 3D-printed mold, providing precise control over its structure to optimize performance. The structured catalyst featured a cylindrical shape with multiple circular channels, enhancing fluid dynamics and reactant interaction in a fixed-bed reactor. Catalyst characterization by SEM, TGA, XRD, and ICP-MS confirmed high thermal stability and uniform pore distribution. Jatropha curcas oil was used as feedstock, with diethyl ether (DEE) acting as a cosolvent to improve methanol solubility and enable transesterification at room temperature. The process achieved a high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield, averaging 97.1% over 508 min of continuous operation, demonstrating the catalyst’s stability and sustained activity. By reducing mass transfer limitations and energy demands, this approach highlights the potential of 3D-printed catalysts to advance sustainable biodiesel production, offering a scalable and efficient pathway for green energy technologies.

Impact of dietary lysophospholipids supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in finishing bulls fed diets varying in fatty acid saturation

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fatty acids (FA) saturation and lysophospholipids supplementation on growth, meat quality, oxidative stability, FA profiles, and lipid metabolism of finishing beef bulls. Thirty-two Angus bulls (initial body weight: 623 ± 22.6 kg; 21 ± 0.5 months of age) were used. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 2 diets with FA of different degree of unsaturation [high saturated FA diet (HSFA) vs. high unsaturated FA diet (HUFA)] combined with (0.075%, dry matter basis) and without lysophospholipids supplementation. The bulls were fed a high-concentrate diet (forage to concentrate, 15:85) for 104 d including a 14-d adaptation period and a 90-d data and sample collection period.ResultsNo interactions were observed between dietary FA and lysophospholipids supplementation for growth and meat quality parameters. A greater dietary ratio of unsaturated FA (UFA) to saturated FA (SFA) from 1:2 to 1:1 led to lower DM intake and backfat thickness, but did not affect growth performance and other carcass traits. Compared with HSFA, bulls fed HUFA had greater shear force in Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, but had lower intramuscular fat (IMF) content and SOD content in LT muscle. Compared with HUFA, feeding the HSFA diet up-regulated expression of ACC, FAS, PPARγ, and SCD1, but down-regulated expression of CPT1B. Compared with feeding HSFA, the HUFA diet led to greater concentrations of c9-C18:1 and other monounsaturated FA in LT muscle. Feeding HUFA also led to lower plasma concentrations of cholesterol, but there were no interactions between FA and lysophospholipids detected. Feeding lysophospholipids improved growth and feed conversion ratio and altered meat quality by increasing muscle pH24h, redness values (24 h), IMF content, and concentrations of C18:3, C20:5 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, lysophospholipids supplementation led to lower malondialdehyde content and up-regulated the expression of ACC, FAS, and LPL in LT muscle.ConclusionsResults indicated that supplementing a high-concentrate diet with lysophospholipids to beef bulls can enhance growth rate, feed efficiency, meat quality, and beneficial FA. Increasing the dietary ratio of UFA to SFA reduced DM intake and backfat thickness without compromising growth, suggesting potential improvements in feed efficiency.

3D Cell Culture Models as a Platform for Studying Tumor Progression, Testing Treatment Responses, and Discovering Biomarkers.

In this chapter, we present a detailed protocol for establishing a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) model to simulate the tumor microenvironment (ME) associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell aggressiveness, growth, and metastasis potential. The MASLD microenvironment (MASLD-ME) is recreated by embedding hepatic stellate cells in a collagen I matrix within a Boyden chamber system. The metabolic medium mimics MASLD conditions, enriched with high glucose, fructose, insulin, and fatty acids, to simulate metabolic stresses associated with the disease.In the protocol, cancer cells are loaded in the upper compartment to analyze their migration toward the MASLD-ME, thereby facilitating studies on cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic capacity. This method offers an adaptable, reproducible model to research disease progression and investigate therapeutic interventions, contributing to preclinical research on MASLD-related liver cancer pathophysiology and potential drug responses.

Resveratrol Alleviates NEFA-Induced Oxidative Damage in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Restoring Mitochondrial Function.

In periparturient dairy cows, high non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) caused by a severe negative energy balance induce oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction, which pose a severe challenge to the dairy industry. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and multiple other physiological effects. However, its effect on oxidative damage triggered by NEFAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells is rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of RES in NEFA-challenged BMECs. The results showed that RES ameliorated NEFA-induced oxidative damage by upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, exogenous NEFAs resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, energy metabolism (NAD+/NADH ratio), abnormal mitochondrial structure and an increase in apoptosis levels. RES treatment restored mitochondrial function in NEFA-stressed BMECs, as evidenced by the increase in MMP, ATP generation and NAD+/NADH ratio accompanying the decline in mitochondrial structural abnormalities and cell apoptosis. In addition, in vivo studies in a mouse model of oxidative damage induced by high-fat diet (HFD) demonstrated that RES alleviated oxidative damage (decreased MDA content) and mitochondrial dysfunction (decreased expression of Drp1 and Fis1 and increased levels of Mfn2, Cyt C mRNA and ATP production) in mammary gland tissue. Overall, these findings suggested that RES could alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative damage in BMECs by modulating mitochondrial function, thereby contributing to the prevention and treatment of oxidative damage in perinatal dairy cows with a negative energy balance.

Experimental study on high fatty acid WCO biodiesel effects on RCCI engine performance, and emissions, considering fuel oxygen level

One of the significant challenges of RCCI engines is increasing the amount of UHC and combustion phasing control. On the other hand, a substantial challenge for biodiesel fuel is increasing NOx production. The low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy is an effective method of reducing NOx. In this experimental study, an RCCI engine with diesel-gasoline dual fuel was experimentally evaluated under medium load conditions (BMEP = 20 bar) with a waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel mixture. The effect of changing WCO biodiesel fuel to diesel ratio (with different volume ratios of 0, 5, 10, and 20%) was investigated. The results showed that with a 5% increase in WCO fuel volume share, due to the higher cetane number of WCO fuel, the start of combustion (SOC) occurred about 4 crank angle degrees earlier. By increasing the volume ratio of biodiesel from 5 to 10% (B10), the amount of CO emissions suddenly increased by 33%; due to the increase in the viscosity of the high reactivity fuel (HRF), the fuel is not well atomized, causing poor cold combustion. In the case of using B20 fuel, the amount of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) is greatly reduced due to the high pressure inside the cylinder.

Pilot-Scale Enzymatic Conversion of Low Stability, High Free Fatty, Squid Oil to an Oxidatively Stable Astaxanthin-Rich Acylglyceride Oil Suitable for Nutritional Applications.

Squid viscera, a byproduct of squid processing, contains oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids (up to 10% by mass) and the antioxidant astaxanthin. However, its high free fatty acid (FFA) content compromises stability. To address this, pilot-scale (200 L) enzymatic re-esterification of squid oil using immobilized lipase (Lipozyme RMIM) was demonstrated, resulting in high acylglyceride yields. The processed oil was analyzed for oxidation kinetics and thermodynamics using Rancimat, fatty acid composition using GC, omega-3 fatty acid positional distribution in the acylglyceride product using 13C NMR, and astaxanthin content. Lipase treatment reduced FFA levels from 44% to 4% and increased acylglycerides to 93% in squid oil. This reduction in FFA was accompanied by significantly increased stability (0.06 to 18.9 h by Rancimat). The treated oil showed no loss in astaxanthin (194.1 µg/g) or omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA remaining predominantly at sn-2 indicated that the naturally occurring positional distribution of this omega-3 FFA was retained in the product. Lipase treatment significantly enhanced oxidative stability, evidenced by improved thermodynamic parameters (Ea 94.15 kJ/mol, ΔH 91.09 kJ/mol, ΔS -12.6 J/mol K) and extended shelf life (IP25 74.42 days) compared to starting squid oil and commercial fish/squid oils lacking astaxanthin. Thus, lipase treatment offers an effective strategy for reducing FFA levels and producing oxidatively stable, astaxanthin-rich acylglyceride squid oil with DHA retained at the nutritionally favored sn-2 position.

A New Strain of Preponderant Amphitriploid Carassius Clone Juvenile With Integrated Genomes Partly From White Crucian Carp (C. auratus cuvieri) Requires Low Dietary Protein.

This study was carried out to search for the protein requirement of a new strain of preponderant amphitriploid Carassius clone, which integrated genomes partly from white crucian carp (C. auratus cuvieri). Seven groups of fish (body weight: 9.73 ± 0.03 g) were fed with seven isolipidic and isocarbohydrate diets containing 21.38%, 25.82%, 27.94%, 31.36%, 34.23%, 37.87%, and 40.70% crude protein (P21, P24, P27, P30, P33, P36, and P39), respectively. After 8-week feeding, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were lower in the P30 group than those in the P39 group, but no difference was found in final body weight (FBW), survival, condition factor (CF), or hepatosomatic index (HSI) between different groups. Increased dietary protein decreased feeding rate (FR) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) while improved feed efficiency (FE). Decreased protein retention efficiency (PRE) and improved activity of liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and content of plasma ammonia suggested intensified fish amino acid catabolism in high dietary protein groups. The dietary protein requirement of the new Carassius clone was as low as 21.38% for growth. The optimal dietary protein for high FE was 39.62% and should be less than 30.56% to maintain the maximum protein retention. High dietary protein might be harmful to the fish due to the increased contents of liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma cortisol. Dietary protein level altered fish body and muscle flavor substance composition. Low dietary protein could obtain high muscle fatty acid, free amino acid, and lipid accumulation, including whole body and muscle crude lipid, plasma total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). Therefore, the recommended dietary protein for this new Carassius clone juvenile should be 21.38%-30.56%.

Influence of preparation method on ZnO/Al2O3 composite: Physicochemical attributes and catalytic performance toward transesterification of waste cooking oil

Utilization of low-grade feedstocks, such as non-edible and waste oils, is considered one of the possible ways to achieve sustainability in biodiesel production and in this respect, zinc oxide (ZnO) is found to have significant important as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil due to its high activity, amphoteric property and nontoxicity. Meanwhile, there is a dearth of information on the impact of preparation method on catalytic activity of supported ZnO catalyst. Herein, physicochemical attributes of alumina supported zinc oxide (ZnO/Al2O3) catalysts prepared by three different techniques (coprecipitation, hydrothermal and impregnation) were examined, and catalytic activities of the composites in transesterification of high FFA waste cooking oil (WCO) were investigated. The findings revealed a clear influence of preparation method on properties of the composite catalysts, including textural, thermal stability, crystallographic structure, active sites density, morphological-elemental composition, and molecular structure and crystallinity. As a result, ZnO/Al2O3 composites exhibited different performances toward conversion of high FFA oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) via transesterification process. The combined influence of catalyst type and reaction parameters on FAME content was studied using Taguchi optimization approach. FAME contents of 95.2, 89.1 and 84.7 % were respectively offered by ZnO/Al2O3 composites prepared by impregnation, hydrothermal and coprecipitation methods at 65 °C for 4 h with 12:1 methanol/WCO molar ratio and 3.0 wt% catalyst dosage. The obtained findings suggested that surface and textural properties, rather than morphological and structural features, were the significant factors in determining performance of the composite catalysts.

In vitro study of resveratrol as an antioxidant for boar semen preservation: A systematic review

Background and Aim: In the global pig farming industry, artificial insemination (AI) is widely used to propagate high-quality genetics using processed semen that can be stored for extended periods. However, boar sperm are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage during storage and cryopreservation because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This study aimed to systematically review the impact of resveratrol (RVT), a potent antioxidant, on the preservation of boar semen. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Relevant articles were retrieved from databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed using specific keywords. After a thorough screening, 10 studies were selected for inclusion. Data extracted from these studies included parameters such as sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity, and lipid peroxidation levels. Results: Resveratrol supplementation in boar semen extenders significantly improved sperm quality under various storage conditions, including waterbath and cooled and frozen semen. RVT’s antioxidative properties effectively reduced reactive oxygen species and prevented oxidative stress-related damage to sperm cells. Conclusion: The addition of resveratrol to semen extenders enhances the preservation of boar sperm by mitigating oxidative damage, potentially increasing the success rate of AI in the swine industry. This study highlights the need for further research to optimize RVT dosage and application methods for different semen preservation techniques. Keywords: antioxidant, artificial insemination, boar semen preservation, livestock and gene bank, resveratrol.

Improved fatty acid extraction from microalgae with a novel combined process pulsed electric field-supercritical CO₂ extraction

Microalgae are a sustainable alternative to source for high-value fatty acids (FAs) with production potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and biofuel applications. Traditional extraction techniques, however, have faced challenges like low yields, solvent toxicity and energy-intensive operations. A novel integrated PEF-scCO2 extraction strategy promise to release the maximum fatty acids yield with optimal quality directly from Chlorella vulgaris without even needing organic extraction solvents. The FAs were selectively extracted from the PEF pre-treated cells as step 1 of the tri-extraction procedure using scCO2. Optimization of PEF and scCO2 conditions are being executed with response surface methodology (RSM) with a core integrated method, involving testing several process factors. The lowest Y selectivity (38.2% yield) was obtained with the integrated PEF-scCO2 technique, whereas use of the GC-MS technique for fatty acid analyses slightly improved Y selectivity (41.2% yield) over Y selectivity (41.1%) using the other techniques. Both were significantly higher in comparison with the values obtained by conventional solvent extractions (hexane and chloroform) and the standalone scCO2 extraction. The economic analysis revealed that cost-effectiveness was achievable if carried out in an industrial scale, suggesting high prospects of this integrated method for sustainable and high valuable FA production from microalgae.

ANALYSIS OF ASH CONTENT AND ACID NUMBER TEST IN WASTE COOKING OIL AFTER REFINING USING SUGAR CANE BAGASSE

Used cooking oil is a waste product containing high free fatty acids due to repeated heating, requiring purification to improve its quality. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon as an adsorbent in reducing the acid value of used cooking oil. The research employed an experimental design using a completely randomized approach, with variations in adsorbent type (raw bagasse and activated bagasse charcoal) and soaking duration (1x24 hours to 4x24 hours). The results indicated that activated bagasse charcoal was more effective than raw bagasse, achieving the lowest acid value of 0.448 mg KOH/g after a 4x24-hour soaking period. The activated carbon met SNI 06-3730-1995 standards, with an average ash content of 0.7925%, and significantly reduced the acid value of used cooking oil. This study recommends the use of sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon as an eco-friendly solution for refining used cooking oil.

Salmonella-induced SIRT1 and SIRT3 are crucial for maintaining the metabolic switch in bacteria and host for successful pathogenesis

Sirtuins are the major players in host immunometabolic regulation. However, the role of sirtuins in the modulation of the immune metabolism pertaining to salmonellosis is largely unknown. Here, our investigation focussed on the role of two important sirtuins, SIRT1 and SIRT3, shedding light on their impact on intracellular Salmonella’s metabolic switch and pathogenesis establishment. Our study indicated the ability of the live Salmonella Typhimurium to differentially regulate the levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 for maintaining the high glycolytic metabolism and low fatty acid metabolism in Salmonella. Perturbing SIRT1 or SIRT3 through knockdown or inhibition resulted in a remarkable shift in the host metabolism to low fatty acid oxidation and high glycolysis. This switch led to decreased proliferation of Salmonella in the macrophages. Further, Salmonella-induced higher levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 led to a skewed polarization state of the macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1 state toward an immunosuppressive M2, making it more conducive for the intracellular life of Salmonella. Alongside, governing immunological functions by modulating p65 NF-κB acetylation, SIRT1, and SIRT3 also skew Salmonella-induced host metabolic switch by regulating the acetylation status of HIF-1α and PDHA1. Interestingly, though knockdown of SIRT1/3 attenuated Salmonella proliferation in macrophages, in in vivo mice model of infection, inhibition or knockdown of SIRT1/3 led to more dissemination and higher organ burden, which can be attributed to enhanced ROS and IL-6 production. Our study hence reports for the first time that Salmonella modulates SIRT1/3 levels to maintain its own metabolism for successful pathogenesis.

Salmonella-induced SIRT1 and SIRT3 are crucial for maintaining the metabolic switch in bacteria and host for successful pathogenesis

Sirtuins are the major players in host immunometabolic regulation. However, the role of sirtuins in the modulation of the immune metabolism pertaining to salmonellosis is largely unknown. Here, our investigation focussed on the role of two important sirtuins, SIRT1 and SIRT3, shedding light on their impact on intracellular Salmonella’s metabolic switch and pathogenesis establishment. Our study indicated the ability of the live Salmonella Typhimurium to differentially regulate the levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 for maintaining the high glycolytic metabolism and low fatty acid metabolism in Salmonella. Perturbing SIRT1 or SIRT3 through knockdown or inhibition resulted in a remarkable shift in the host metabolism to low fatty acid oxidation and high glycolysis. This switch led to decreased proliferation of Salmonella in the macrophages. Further, Salmonella-induced higher levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 led to a skewed polarization state of the macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1 state toward an immunosuppressive M2, making it more conducive for the intracellular life of Salmonella. Alongside, governing immunological functions by modulating p65 NF-κB acetylation, SIRT1, and SIRT3 also skew Salmonella-induced host metabolic switch by regulating the acetylation status of HIF-1α and PDHA1. Interestingly, though knockdown of SIRT1/3 attenuated Salmonella proliferation in macrophages, in in vivo mice model of infection, inhibition or knockdown of SIRT1/3 led to more dissemination and higher organ burden, which can be attributed to enhanced ROS and IL-6 production. Our study hence reports for the first time that Salmonella modulates SIRT1/3 levels to maintain its own metabolism for successful pathogenesis.

Effects of plant oil extracts on the digestibility, hematobiochemistry, and hematology of Clarias gariepinus

BackgroundPlant oil extract like sesame oil has high polyunsaturated fatty acids, while palm oil extracts are saturated. A serial substitution of crude sesame extract together with crude palm extract was used in novel diets of African catfish. Five types of feeds designated as feed F1 to feed F5 were made to vary in the inclusion of crude sesame extract (CSE) and crude palm extract (CPE), CSE: CPE), as follows: F1, 25:5, F2, 20:10, F3, 15:15, F4, 10:5, and F5, 5:25. Feed F6 was a commercial feed. The fish were fed to satiation for 70 days. We analyzed the digestibility of CSE, CPE, the feeds and the hematology and hematobiochemical parameters of the catfish.ResultsResults showed that the catfish had significantly higher digestibility for CSE 93.34 ± 0.22% than for CPE 78.98 ± 0.11%. Feed F1 had the highest digestibility 91.32 ± 0.07%, followed by feed F2, 82.25 ± 0.04%. The higher digestibility of feeds F1, F2, and F3 than F4 and F5 could be due to the lipids and fatty acid composition of the feed. Sesame seed is known to be high in phospholipids and triacylglycerols, and this enhances digestibility. Phospholipids are present in low quantities in palm oil. Crude sesame extract reduced blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose, while crude palm extract increased them. Conversely higher dietary inclusions of CSE (F1 > F2 > F3) in that order increased the Hb, RBC, MCH, MCHC, TWBC, and the PCV.aConclusionsCrude sesame extract should be added to the diets of African catfish for optimal digestibility and enhanced hematobiochemical and hematological indices. Crude palm extract should be added but not above 10% for optimal performances.

Treatment of Swine Wastewater Using the Domestic Microalga Halochlorella rubescens KNUA214 for Bioenergy Production and Carotenoid Extraction

The management of swine wastewater (SW) presents significant environmental challenges, requiring solutions that combine effective treatment with resource recovery. This study highlights the dual role of microalgae in wastewater remediation and bioenergy production. H. rubescens KNUA214 was cultivated in media containing varying concentrations of diluted swine wastewater (DSW; 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%). Cultivating with Blue Green-11 (BG-11) medium + 50% DSW maximized biomass growth, the chlorophyll content, and carotenoid production. Nutrient removal efficiency in 100% DSW over 8 days demonstrated reductions of 59.3% in total nitrogen, 67.7% in ammonia nitrogen, and 40.7% in total phosphorus, confirming the species’ capacity for effective wastewater treatment. The carotenoid analysis using HPLC revealed that astaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, and beta-carotene exhibited the highest levels in BG-11 + 50% DSW. Furthermore, the biomass analyses confirmed its potential for bioenergy applications, with high calorific values and significant polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations, enhancing its utility for bioenergy and biolubricant production. These findings position H. rubescens KNUA214 as an effective resource for integrating SW management with the sustainable production of high-value biochemicals, offering environmental and economic benefits.

Optimization of extraction in supercritical fluids in obtaining Pouteria lucuma seed oil by response surface methodology and artificial neuronal network coupled with a genetic algorithm

When processing lucuma (Pouteria lucuma), waste such as shells and seeds is generated, which is a source of bioactive compounds. Recently, lucuma seed (LS), especially its oily fraction, has been studied for containing phytosterols and tocopherols, powerful antioxidants with health benefits. This study proposes lucuma seed oil (LSO) extraction using supercritical fluid (SCF) to improve the quality of the extract and minimize the environmental impact. LS was previously characterized, and the extraction parameters were optimized using a Box-Behnken design, considering temperature (40–60°C), pressure (100–300 bar), and CO2 flow rate (3–7 mL/min), applying the response surface methodology (RSM) and neural networks with genetic algorithm (ANN+GA). The optimal parameters were 45°C, 300 bar, and 6 mL/min, obtaining 97.35% of the total oil content. The RSM and ANN+GA models showed R2 values of 0.9891 and 0.9999 respectively, indicating that both models exhibited a good fit to the experimental data. However, ANN+GA provided a greater proportion of the total variability, which facilitates the identification of the optimal parameters for the extraction of oil from lucuma seeds. Compared to the Soxhlet method, the LSO obtained by SCF presented better acidity (4.127 mg KOH/g), iodine (100.294 g I2/100 g), and refraction indices (1.4710), as well as to a higher content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Supercritical CO2 extraction is presented as a sustainable green alternative to Soxhlet extraction for extracting oil from lucuma seed due to its high extraction efficiency and similar fatty acid profile.