The neuregulins Neuregulins, a family of EGF-like signaling molecules, are involved in cell-cell crosstalk and play an important role in development, maintenance and repair of the nervous system, heart, breast and other organs. Independent studies described a ligand for the oncogene ErbB2 (neu, Her2) and factors that stimulated proliferation of Schwann cells, as well as synthesis of receptors for acetylcholine by muscle. These ligands and factors are essentially products of the same gene, referred to by Marchionni M. as neuregulin (NRG-1) [1]. Besides NRG-1 gene, there are other genes that encode related proteins, such as NRG-2 (Don-1, NTAK), NRG-3 and NRG-4. There are few studies that describe NRG-2, −3 and −4 and a complete analysis of their function remains a challenge. However, NRG-2 was recently reported as a component of stress granules (SG), microscopically visible aggregates of translationally stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes that are formed in response to direct stress conditions [2]. Furthermore, it was shown that NRG-2, secreted from astrocytes, bound to ErbB3 on neurons and promoted neuronal survival [3]. NRG-3 was shown to be associated with schizophrenia (SZ) in a Chinese population [4], with bipolar disorder (BD) [5] and with the risk and age of onset of Alzheimer disease (AD) [6]. In addition, NRG-3 has a key function in promoting early mammary morphogenesis and is involved in breast cancer (BC) [7]. NRG-4 expression was decreased in human inflammatory bowel disease samples and mouse models of colitis, suggesting that activation of ErbB4 is altered [8]. An interesting study [9] showed that NRG-4 overexpression prevents high fat diet-induced weight gain and fatty liver and reduces obesity-induced chronic inflammation. Considering the increasing interest and research focused on NRG-1 in the past years, this review summarizes what is currently known about NRG-1 and its impact on health and disease as well as its current and potential use(s) as a CNS anti-inflammatory agent against inducers of brain inflammation and injury as well as in the treatment of various neurological disorders. Neuregulin-1: Structure, function and signaling pathways: NRG-1 gene encodes 21 exons located on human chromosome 8p22–21. Alternative splicing of more than 30 exons in different parts of the NRG-1 transcript generates more than 30 isoforms that can be grouped into six types (I-VI) [10–12] (Figure 1). They are synthesized as transmembrane precursors consisting of either an immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain or cysteine-rich domain (CRD), an EGF-like domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail [13]. NRG-1 types I and II are released from the cell surface after protease-mediated proteolytic cleavage and may function as paracrine signals [14]. NRG-1 type III remains tethered to the cell membrane after cleavage and acts as a juxtacrine signal [15]. Full-length type IV spans 1.8 kb and encodes a putative protein of 590 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa [15]. Further-more, there are two major classes of NRG-1 identified as α and β isoforms. NRG-1α and NRG-1β contain related, but structurally distinct EGF-like domains composed of a common amino terminal segment followed by α or β variant sequences [16]. NRG-1β isoforms predominate in the nervous system while α isoforms are common in mesenchymal cells and are critically important for breast development [14]. Type I NRGα and β isoforms are the predominant isoforms expressed in early embryogenesis, whereas type II and type III are undetectable until the mid-gestation stage [17]. Type I or Heregulin is an acetylcholine receptor activator, type II is a Glial Growth Factor, type III is a sensory and motor neuron-derived factor and type IV is involved in neuronal activity regulation. Functions of types V and VI are not well known and their investigation remains a challenge. Types I, II and III of NRG-1 express in human peripheral blood in addition to neurons, while types IV and V express specifically in the brain [18]. Open in a separate window Figure 1: Neuregulin (NRG) and ErbB receptor structures. NRG gene products share a structural characteristic for the extracellular epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain and it differentiates this subfamily from other members of the EGF family. All EGF family members are ligands of ErbB receptors, although with varying affinities, with ErbB3 and ErbB4 being specific NRG-binding receptors. NRG-1 isoforms have been classified in types I-VI on the basis of differences in the NH2-terminal distal region [19].
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Jun 13, 2020
Chujie Li + 7
Open Access