High Explanatory Power Research Articles

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON PROVINCES AND REGIONS

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de iller ve bölgeler bazında insani gelişme seviyesi ölçülmektedir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda, insani gelişme endeksini Türkiye açısından yeniden ele almakta ve Türkiye özelinde yeni sonuçlar önermektedir. 
 Çalışmada hesaplanan insani gelişme endeksi, UNDP’nin yöntemini temel almaktadır. Bu yönteme göre insani gelişme, eğitim, sağlık ve gelir boyutlarına dayalı olarak dünya genelinde ve her yıl için hesaplamaktadır. Ancak bu yöntemin, Türkiye özelinde sonuçlarının daha iyi yansıtılması için sağlık endeksinin hesaplanmasında bir değişiklik yapılmıştır. Sağlık endeksinin hesaplanmasında ortalama yaşam süresi kullanılmamıştır. Bu değişkenin istatistiksel açıklama gücü düşük çıkmaktadır. Bu değişkene kıyasla, açıklama gücü daha yüksek bulunan bebek ve çocuk ölüm oranları değişkeni kullanılmıştır. 
 Sonuçlara göre 2019 yılında Türkiye’de insani gelişmenin en yüksek olduğu ilk beş il sırasıyla İstanbul, Ankara, Kocaeli, Tekirdağ ve Bilecik’tir. En düşük olduğu iller ise Ağrı, Siirt, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa ve Van illeridir. İnsani gelişmede elde edilen gelirin sağlık ve eğitim alanlarında kullanılması bir gelişme başarısı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu kritere göre, iller arasında görece en başarılı il Giresun iken en başarısız il Kırşehir’dir.

낙뢰 분포와 배전용 변압기 뇌해고장의 영향에 관한 지리가중회귀분석

Distribution transformers are known to be affected by not only direct lightning strikes but also induced lightning induced overvoltage due to their relatively low insulation strength to withstand lightning strikes. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to implement an explanatory model between the lightning strikes and the lightning failures of distribution transformers. Since spatial distributions are hard to be analyzed by the ordinary least square (OLS) method, geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis was applied to find the explanatory properties between the spatial lightning strikes and the spatial lightning failure transformers. As a result of the regression analysis, GWR analysis shows improved explanatory power compared to the OLS method and enables additional analysis to be performed by specifying points showing high explanatory power and regression coefficients in the visual analysis.

COOBoostR: An Extreme Gradient Boosting-Based Tool for Robust Tissue or Cell-of-Origin Prediction of Tumors.

We present here COOBoostR, a computational method designed for the putative prediction of the tissue- or cell-of-origin of various cancer types. COOBoostR leverages regional somatic mutation density information and chromatin mark features to be applied to an extreme gradient boosting-based machine-learning algorithm. COOBoostR ranks chromatin marks from various tissue and cell types, which best explain the somatic mutation density landscape of any sample of interest. A specific tissue or cell type matching the chromatin mark feature with highest explanatory power is designated as a potential tissue- or cell-of-origin. Through integrating either ChIP-seq based chromatin data, along with regional somatic mutation density data derived from normal cells/tissue, precancerous lesions, and cancer types, we show that COOBoostR outperforms existing random forest-based methods in prediction speed, with comparable or better tissue or cell-of-origin prediction performance (prediction accuracy-normal cells/tissue: 76.99%, precancerous lesions: 95.65%, cancer cells: 89.39%). In addition, our results suggest a dynamic somatic mutation accumulation at the normal tissue or cell stage which could be intertwined with the changes in open chromatin marks and enhancer sites. These results further represent chromatin marks shaping the somatic mutation landscape at the early stage of mutation accumulation, possibly even before the initiation of precancerous lesions or neoplasia.

The Intention of Retail Stores in Taiwan to Cooperate with the Government in the Establishment of IT Measures for Pandemic Prevention.

This study focuses on the cooperative attitude and intention of retail stores in Taiwan to cooperate with the government's related pandemic prevention measures. The study is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The study includes factors such as perceived risk of infection, job stress, pandemic prevention IT (information technology) convenience, pandemic prevention attitude, and pandemic prevention intention. Pandemic prevention attitude is used as a mediating variable to establish the research framework. This study collected research data through a questionnaire survey. A total of 457 valid questionnaires were collected through an electronic questionnaire platform. The findings showed that perceived risk of infection and pandemic prevention IT convenience had a positive and significant effect on pandemic prevention attitude (β = 0.567; β = 0.422) and pandemic prevention intention (β = 0.424; β = 0.296). Job stress has a significant negative effect on attitude (β = -0.173). In addition, job stress influenced intention through attitudes. Finally, perceived risk, job stress, and IT convenience had high explanatory power (R2 = 0.706) on attitudes. Perceived risk, IT convenience, and attitude also had moderate explanatory power (R2 = 0.588) on prevention intention. The study also suggests practical recommendations to improve and cooperate with pandemic prevention intention.

Entropy-based financial asset pricing: Evidence from Pakistan.

Entropy is an alternative measure to calculate the risk, simplify the portfolios and equity risk premium. It has higher explanatory power than capital asset price model (CAPM) beta. The comparison of Entropy and CAPM beta provide in depth analysis about the explanatory power of the model that in turn help investor to make right investment decisions that minimizes risk. In this context, this study aims to compare Shannon and Rennyi Entropies with the CAPM beta for measuring the risk. Ordinary Least square approach has been utilized using a dataset of 67 enterprises registered in Pakistan Stock exchange. The comparative analysis of CAPM beta and entropy has been carried out with the R2 parameters. The result indicates that entropy has more explanatory power as compare to CAPM beta's explanatory power, and this turns out to be the best option to evaluate the risk performances. The result implies that an investor should make the best investment decision by choosing an enterprise that provide with good returns at minimum risk based on entropy technique.

Digital transformation using industry 4.0 technology by food and beverage companies in post COVID-19 period: from DCV and IDT perspective

PurposeThis study aims to understand the influence of digital transformation, using Industry 4.0 technology, on food and beverage companies in the post-COVID-19 period.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the aim of this study, the authors have used innovation diffusion theory (IDT), dynamic capability view (DCV) theory and relevant literature, to develop a conceptual model. For the data, we surveyed 14, different sized food and beverage companies in India and the authors took inputs from 312 respondents at those companies to validate the conceptual model using the PLS-SEM approach.FindingsThe results from this study suggest that there is a considerable appetite for food and beverage companies to use Industry 4.0 technologies, as a part of their digital transformation journey in the post-COVID-19 scenario.Practical implicationsFood and beverage companies are going through a digital transformation process, which has been accelerated after the COVID-19 pandemic. Managers and leaders of the food and beverage companies need to support activities to adopt Industry 4.0 technologies. Moreover, the leaders should sponsor various readiness and training programs so that their employees successfully adopt these modern technologies.Originality/valueThis is a primary study on food and beverage companies that are using Industry 4.0 technologies or are in the process of digital transformation. The usage of both IDT and DCV to develop the unique conceptual model is an important contribution to the body of knowledge. Moreover, the proposed model has a high explanatory power, which makes the model effective.

System quality, information quality, satisfaction and acceptance of online learning platform among college students in the context of online learning and blended learning.

The paper was based on the User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance Integration Theory (USATA). The authors analyzed the factors that affect college students' acceptance and satisfaction of online learning platform, as well as the differences in the relationship between various factors in blended learning scenario and online learning scenario. The results showed that the quality of online learning platform and information quality affect user satisfaction, and satisfaction affects usefulness and ease of use, and then affect attitude and intention. The comparison between the two groups showed that there were significant differences in the impact of information quality on information satisfaction and the impact of perceived usefulness on usage intention. In the online learning scenario, the endogenous latent variables of the model had higher explanatory power, which indicates that learners are more dependent on the quality and relevant characteristics of the learning platform in the online learning scenario.

보육교사의 자아존중감과 행복감의 관계에서 교수몰입의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the general trends of self-esteem, teaching flow, and happiness of childcare teachers, and to confirm the mediating effect of teaching flow in the relationship between self-esteem and happiness of childcare teachers. Methods A survey of childcare teachers in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, was conducted to measure self-esteem, teaching commitment, and happiness. Data were collected from April 1 to April 30, 2022, and 227 questionnaires were analyzed with the SPSS 25.0 program. The data analysis method was conducted with Pearson's correlation analysis, Baron and Kenny's mediating effect analysis, and Sobel test. Results It was found that the overall self-esteem, happiness, and teaching flow of childcare teachers were higher than that of the middle, and there was a positive correlation between all variables. When teaching flow was added in the explanatory power of self-esteem and happiness, it was found that teaching flow had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between self-esteem and happiness while having higher explanatory power. Conclusions The importance of self-esteem and teaching flow was confirmed to increase the happiness of childcare teachers. In order to improve the happiness of childcare teachers, it is necessary to develop and implement programs to improve self-esteem of pre-service childcare teachers and prepare measures to increase the experience of teaching flow.

The Association between Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Prostate Cancer and Environmental Factors in Mainland China.

In China, the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing. In this study, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in China and explored the potential associations of socioeconomic, ecological, and meteorologic conditions. Spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns of prostate cancer in China from 2012 to 2016. Spatial regression models and the Geodetector method were used to explore the potential associations of anthropogenic and natural factors with prostate cancer. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in China from 2012 to 2016 rapidly increased. The high incidence and mortality clusters were concentrated in the economically developed Yangtze River Delta region along the southeast coast. Among the 14 selected environmental factors, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population density, comprehensive index of environmental pollution discharge, accessibility of health care resources, urbanization rate, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) had significant positive correlations with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. GDP per capita, urbanization rate, and population density had high explanatory power. The high-concentration areas for prostate cancer are located in more economically developed cities. The index of environmental pollution discharge, NO2, and prostate cancer incidence and mortality were positively correlated. The government should advocate increasing the use of clean energy while strengthening the regulation of industrial production to reduce pollutant emissions. To inform the development of prevention and control strategies for prostate cancer in China.

The Shadow Values of Soil Hydrological Properties in the Production Potential of Climatic Regionalization of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic uses a dual system of agricultural land prices, namely the formal/official price—for tax purposes—and the market price in the case of a standard sale or purchase of farmland. This paper focuses on the construction of an econometric model to quantify the influence of soil hydrological characteristics on the production potential in a given climatic region. It also focuses on the use of this model for the determination of the official price of agricultural land, which is expressed on the basis of the code of the evaluated soil-ecological unit (ESEU) and based on defined soil characteristics. The pricing itself is based on the production potential of the land, which in practice is very important for spatial planning, as it determines the classes of agricultural land protection with regard to the possibility of setting aside agricultural land for non-productive purposes or for drawing subsidies for less favourable areas. In this context, the non-productive functions of agricultural land are also frequently discussed, especially its retention, which plays a very important role in the currently changing climatic conditions. There are a number of studies on soil retention, and numerous approaches to measuring it, but none of them address its impact on production potential and thus on the price of land. For this reason, this paper focuses on defining the influence of the retention of the main soil units (defined for the conditions of the Czech Republic) on production potential. For this definition, SUR models are used, where the endogenous variable is expressed as production potential and the exogenous variables include the basic soil characteristics such as grain size, porosity, hydrological component of the soil, and retention. The obtained outputs show both the high explanatory power of the model and the adequate parametric significance of most variables, which provides sufficient support for the use of the results in practice. In addition, the estimated models across all climatic regions are consistent with substantively logical assumptions about the link between production potential and soil hydrological properties, which secondarily demonstrates their applicability in practice, especially for state administration, but also for local government in the sense of municipalities, cities, and other organizational units.

Factors Contributing to Citizens' Participation in COVID-19 Prevention and Control in China: An Integrated Model Based on Theory of Planned Behavior, Norm Activation Model, and Political Opportunity Structure Theory.

Chinese citizens' participation in COVID-19 prevention and control has made great contributions to the successful fight against the pandemic. The factors that have impacted citizens' participation have rarely been reported based on both social-psychological and political environmental theories. This paper presented a study to explore the determinants of Chinese citizens' participation in COVID-19 prevention and control based on a combined model of the theory of planned behavior, the norm activation model, and political opportunity structure theory. A dataset involving 463 respondents from Harbin in northeast China was acquired and analyzed. The results showed that the comprehensive model explained 62.9% of the total variance in citizens' participation behavior. The openness to public participation not only significantly directly influenced citizens' participation but also indirectly affected participation behaviors through attitude and perceived behavioral control, both of which were important mediators and had the greatest overall impacts. The awareness of consequences and subjective norms were crucial antecedents to the activation of other influencing factors. Personal norms indirectly affected participation behavior through the mediation of attitude. The empirical results showed the comprehensiveness, effectiveness, and high explanatory power of the postulated model. The study also provides both new theoretical perspectives for explaining public participation and useful practical implications for future policy development in promoting citizens' participation in public health emergency management.

Design, calibration, and testing of a mobile sensor system for air pollution and built environment data collection: The urban scanner platform

This paper describes a mobile air pollution sampling system, the Urban Scanner, which aims at gathering dense spatiotemporal air quality data to support urban air quality and exposure science. Urban Scanner comprises custom vehicle-mounted sensors for air pollution, meteorology, and built environment data collection (low-cost sensors, wind anemometer, 360 deg camera, LIDAR, GPS) as well as a server to store, process, and map all gathered geo-referenced sensory information. Two levels of sensor calibration were implemented, both in a chamber and in the field, against reference instrumentation. Chamber tests and a set of mathematical tools were developed to correct for sensor noise (wavelet denoising), misalignment (linear and nonlinear), and hysteresis removal. Models based on chamber testing were further refined based on field co-location. While field co-location captures natural changes in air pollution and meteorology, chamber tests allow for simulating fast transitions in these variables, like the transitions experienced by a mobile sensor in an urban environment. The best suite of models achieved an R2 higher than 0.9 between sensor output and reference station observations and an RMSE of 2.88 ppb for nitrogen dioxide and 4.03 ppb for ozone. A mobile sampling campaign was conducted in the city of Toronto, Canada, to further test Urban Scanner. We observe that the platform adequately captures spatial and temporal variability in urban air pollution, leading to the development of land-use regression models with high explanatory power.

Bi-dimensional values and attitudes toward online fast food-buying intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of VAB model.

The purpose of the study is to determine the factors of online fast food-buying intention among Bangladeshi Millennials during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study adopted the Value-Attitude-Behavior (VAB) model and designed it as a higher-order constructs model to predict buying intention. Using a quantitative method (i.e., cross-sectional survey), data was collected from 325 respondents via a structured questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS software. The findings of the study revealed that convenience and food quality generate utilitarian values, while subjective norms and novelty-seeking form hedonic values. Also, utilitarian and hedonic values significantly affect cognitive and affective attitudes. As opposed to food quality, the cognitive attitude, affective attitude, self-identity, and subjective norms were observed to affect behavioral intention, with affective attitude producing the strongest association, albeit with the high explanatory power of the model. Consequently, this study offers a number of theoretical and policy implications to design better interventions that address public health regarding fast food consumption.

Self-regulation profiles reflecting distinct levels of eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology in the adult population: A latent profile analysis.

Previous research showed that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) can be subtyped by their levels of psychopathology and self-regulation abilities. However, nothing is known about whether self-regulation abilities are solely suited to depict the heterogeneity in ED and comorbid psychopathology in nonclinical samples. Therefore, this study sought to explore self-regulation profiles and their ability to discriminate ED, depression and anxiety disorders, and personality dysfunction in the adult population. Within a German representative sample, N=2391 adults (18-92 years) were examined using latent profile analysis to identify profiles based on established cognitive and emotional self-regulation scales including attention control, cognitive reappraisal, and difficulties in identifying feelings. Profiles were validated with ED, depression, anxiety, and personality dysfunction measures. The final solution selected as best balancing goodness of fit and interpretability included four profiles-High-Functioning, Moderate-Functioning, Dysregulated, and Alexithymic-with high explanatory power of R2 =.99. Profiles were characterized primarily by differences in difficulties in identifying feelings followed by differences in attention control and differed significantly regarding ED, depression and anxiety disorders, and personality dysfunction, with the Dysregulated profile showing the most unfavorable correlates. This study uniquely revealed that low cognitive and emotional self-regulation were indicators for ED, depression, anxiety, and personality dysfunction in the adult population. Future research should investigate whether the identified profiles predict the development of ED and comorbid psychopathology longitudinally. Individuals with eating disorders present with difficulties in cognitive and emotional self-regulation, likely maintaining their symptoms. This representative study in the German adult population sought to build profiles based on cognitive and emotional self-regulation that differed in eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology. We discuss the potential to detect individuals with elevated eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology based on the identified profiles in nonclinical settings.

Understanding the road rage behavior and implications: A textual approach using legal cases in Korea

This study aims at exploring the road rage behavior using extreme legal cases of Korea. This study uses a topic modeling algorithm with a text embedding technique to classify the road rage by characteristics (i.e., type, behavior, damage, punishment, and context). We collected 39 representative cases of the road rage from precedent data in Korea. We used nominalizing keywords and a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm of topic modeling among text mining techniques to analyze each case’s criminal facts and punishment. After preprocessing by indexing with a coherence score, we set the appropriate number of topics. Through the study, it was confirmed that the model has the highest explanatory power with five topics. We further analyze the five topics for occurrence and subsequent road rage, method of realizing road rage, psychological state of the offenders during road rage, method of collecting evidence of road rage, and type and extent of the damage. By categorizing the keywords, we derive the road rage cases by type. Through this study, precedents dealing with criminal cases of road rage were analyzed to derive the types and causes of retaliatory driving. This result is expected to be used as basic data for the enactment of road rage policies and laws in the future.

How School Climate Affects Student Performance: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on the Perspective of Education System

School climate’s dynamic effect on student is widely explored in the study in different subjects; however, quietly, a few types of research concentrate on comparing different dimensions of school climate’s effect on student and the influence path in different countries. To analyze and compare the school climate’s mechanism in different countries’ basic education system, this article used a comparative method to explore the explanation of school climate on school students’ performance. With the application of 73 countries’ panel data from the PISA database, the author calculated the different school climate combinations’ consistency and coverage in relation to school students’ performance by fs-QCA. The author found that the punctuality of students and the classroom discipline can explain the good performance of students. It also found that the combination of multidimensional school climate has a higher explanatory power than a single factor. Finally, this study ends with countermeasures and suggestions which include improving the school climate of the regional education system and improving the utility of school climate through the appropriate mix of school climate.

Relationship between the gaze point movement and spatial brightness

This study aims to verify the relationship between the spatial brightness evaluation and average luminance on a moving gaze point tracking by targeting offices with different luminance distributions. Subjects wearing eye-tracking devices evaluate the spatial brightness of the various light environments displayed on a large screen display. In the results, the tendency for gazing at the window is found to be high as compared to the other parts. The average luminance is calculated by integrating the time on the path of the moving gaze point. Furthermore, we analyse the relationship between the average luminance of each part of the light environment on the display and the brightness evaluation value. The average luminance considering the movement of the gaze point at the time of brightness evaluation has higher explanatory power,0.305, for the spatial brightness than the average luminance,0.259, in the entire visual field area. In contrast, the explanatory power of brightness evaluation was not improved drastically, even considering the gazing time and luminance. In future, the relationship between the evaluation of the spatial brightness and the gaze point/gaze time can be analysed by considering the absolute value of the luminance of the window surface and the luminance ratio with the surroundings.

Estimating municipal economic activity: An alternative data-based approach

Remote sensing techniques permit characterizing urban landscapes through urban spectral indices that distinguish built from unbuilt areas. These indices are considered a good proxy for economic activity as they reflect the development of the country, state, or municipality. However, urban spectral indices easily confuse built-up areas with bare land, compromising economic estimates. This confusion is associated with the resolution of the satellite image, the spectral index, and the threshold value that classifies pixels as built-up or unbuilt areas. This research introduces the Constrained Double-threshold method that allows for the reduction of this confusion. The method allows constraining the confusion between built and unbuilt areas to a certain percentage (e.g., 10%), reducing this error by 2.9 times and the overall error by 7%. The paper results show that the capacity of the spectral index to estimate economic activity depends more on the confusion between built-up and non-built-up areas than on the overall classification error. The two best-performing spectral indexes showed high explanatory power (R = 0.88; R = 0.86) and prediction (R2 = 90; R2 = 0.62) of the economic activity of the municipalities. The estimated growth in economic activity between 2018 and 2019 obtained from satellite images of 7.2% is consistent with official data for civil construction of 6.9%.

An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Intention to Install Residential Firefighting Systems Using Binary Logit Model: Focused on Gangwon-do

In this study, two models were constructed using the binary logit model to analyze the factors affecting the intention to install residential firefighting systems. Model 1 can help decide whether to install a residential firefighting system and Model 2, whether to install it in the future. Using these two models, the factors affecting the intention of the respondents to not install a residential firefighting system and to not install it in the future, respectively, were analyzed. The factors with a significant effect on the two models, when arranged in the order of their highest explanatory power (based on the Wald statistic), were found to exhibit the following order: recognition path, occupant type, housing type, income, job, fire extinguisher, and fire evacuation experience. The results of this study can serve as reference data to determine the topics of focus for improving the installation rate of residential firefighting systems in the future.

Social Distancing, Hand Washing and Handshaking Behaviour During and Beyond Coronavirus Pandemic: A Social Marketing Perspective

Background SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) has spread to almost every area globally, infecting millions and killing millions. Several measures have been instituted across the globe to reduce the spread of the pandemic. However, the traditional strategies employed by governments and other stakeholders to tackle COVIT-19 pandemic have not been effective in changing behaviour. Focus The study sought to investigate the influence of social marketing on eliciting voluntary adoption of Covid-19 safety behaviours during and beyond the coronavirus pandemic by integrating two behavioural change theories. Key Hypotheses the study tested the following key hypotheses: perceived susceptibility of the Covid-19 pandemic will have significant influence on motivation to engage in safety behaviour, perceived severity to the Covid-19 pandemic will have significant impact on motivation to perform the Covid-19 safety behaviours, perceived benefits for engaging in the Covid-19 safety behaviours will significantly influence motivation to engage in the safety behaviours, perceived efficacy of the safety measures to prevent Covid-19 will have positive and significant impact on motivation to engage in the safety behaviours, there is a positive association between confidence in ability to perform the safety behaviours (self-efficacy) and motivation to perform the safety behaviours, there is a positive connection between cues to action and motivation to perform the Covid-19 safety behaviours and there is a negative relationship between perceived barriers and motivation to engage in the Covid-19 safety behaviours and Motivation to perform the Covid-19 safety behaviours will result in the actual performance of behaviour to wash hand frequently, avoid handshaking, social distance, and wear a facemask. Methods The data was collected from 540 respondents in Ghana and the hypothesised relationships analysed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results The study found a strong positive and significant relationship between motivation to engage in the safety behaviours and actual performance of the behaviour. The result further shows severity, perceived benefit, response efficacy, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy as antecedents for motivation to engage in the safety behaviours during and after the pandemic. There was however, an insignificant relationship between perceived susceptibility and motivation to engage in the safety behaviours. Importance to Social Marketing Field The contribution of this research among others to the field of social marketing constitutes an extension of previous theories that will expand generalisations or fine-tune the theoretical propositions. It is worth mentioning that although the health belief model has been empirically proven for its predictive ability to explain a significant amount of variance in health-related behaviours, integrating response efficacy and motivation from the protection-motivation theory in our model provides a high explanatory power of the model. The study, thus, contributes to the theory-building effort in social marketing. Limitations Since this study only concentrated on residents in Accra, we do not assume that the findings reflect the views of the general Ghanaian population. This may limit the generalisability of the results. Future research may consider collecting data from the general Ghanaian population.