High-performance Energy Storage Research Articles

In-Plane Mesoporous 3D Flower-Like Mo2Ti2C3Clx MXene Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries: From Structure to Performance.

MXenes are known for their exceptional electrical conductivity and surface functionality, gaining interest as promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, conventional 2D multilayered MXenes often exhibit limited electrochemical applicability due to slow ion transport kinetics and low structural stability. Addressing these challenges, this study develops a 3D flower-type double transition metal MXene, Mo2Ti2C3Clx, with precisely engineered in-plane mesoporosity using HF-free Lewis acid-assisted molten salt method, coupled with intercalation and freeze-drying. The molar ratio of Lewis acid to eutectic salts is meticulously controlled to create the mesoporosity, which is preserved through freeze-drying. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations assess the impact of in-plane pore size on the structure and transport dynamics of electrolyte components. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that chlorine surface functional groups significantly reduce Li-ion diffusion barriers, thereby enhancing ion transport and battery performance. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that small-sized (2-5nm) mesoporous Mo2Ti2C3Clx achieves a specific capacity of 324 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and maintains 97% capacity after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g-1, outperforming larger-pored (10nm) and non-porous variants. This research highlights a scalable strategy for designing mesoporous materials that optimize ion transport and structural stability, essential for advancing next-generation high-performance energy storage solutions.

Synthesis of Polyimide-PEO Copolymers: Toward thermally stable solid polymer electrolytes for Lithium-Metal batteries

The rapid pace of technological advancement in field of electric vehicles and need in sustainable energy sources calls for new, high-performance energy storage technologies. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) based on solid polymer electrolyte represent a promising battery technology to increase energy density of conventional batteries while enhancing safety, eliminating dendrite formation, and providing mechanical flexibility. In this study, we developed novel polyimide-poly(ethylene oxide) (PI-PEO) copolymers and employed them as solid polymer electrolytes for LMBs. Copolymers with 5, 15, and 30 mol% of PEO-containing diamine were synthesized by reacting with aromatic dianhydride and diamine, using a facile and eco-friendly method in a benzoic acid melt. Chemical structures were confirmed using NMR and IR spectroscopy. Glass transition temperatures varied from 24 °C to 195 °C, increasing with a decrease in the PEO/PI moiety ratio. All copolymers demonstrated good thermal stability up to T5% > 345 °C with a two-step degradation and favorable mechanical properties below the glass transition temperature, as observed by DMA measurements. Solid polymer electrolytes with 70 wt% of LiTFSI exhibited an ionic conductivity of 1.4 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 70 °C, with a transference number of 0.7. The polymer electrolyte exhibited non-flammable properties and the potential for utilization in lithium metal batteries, indicating the promising application of these new polymers for high-safety battery systems.

Unlocking the critical roles of N, P Co-Doping in MXene for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries: Elevated d‐Band center and expanded interlayer spacing

The design and fabrication of bifunctional catalysts with high electrocatalytic activity and stability are critical for developing highly reversible Li–O2 batteries (LOBs). Herein, the N, P co-doped MXene (NP-MXene) is prepared by one-step annealing method and evaluated as bifunctional catalyst for LOBs. The results suggest that the P doping plays a crucial role in increasing interlayer distance of MXene, thereby effectively providing more active sites, fast mass transfer, and ample space for the deposition/decomposition of Li2O2. Moreover, the N doping can significantly elevate the d-band center of Ti, thereby remarkably improving the adsorption of reaction intermediates and accelerating the deposition/decomposition of Li2O2 films. Consequently, the MXene-based LOBs deliver an ultrahigh specific capacity of 13,995 mAh/g at 500 mA g−1, a discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.89 V, and a cycle life up to 523 cycles with a limited capacity of 1000 mAh/g at 500 mA g−1. Impressively, the as-fabricated flexible LOBs with NP-MXene cathode display excellent cycling stability and ability to continuously power LEDs even after bending. Our findings pave the road of heteroatom doped MXenes as next-generation electrodes for high-performance energy storage and conversion systems.

Fabricating a high-performance anode by coating a carbon layer on a yolk-shell bimetallic selenide microsphere for enhanced lithium storage.

The rational synthesis of an electrode material with a highly active and stable architecture is very critical to achieving high-performance electrochemical energy storage. Herein, N-doped carbon restricting yolk-shell CoSe2/Ni3Se4 (CoSe2/Ni3Se4@NC) flower-like microspheres were successfully synthesized from solid CoNi-glycerate microspheres using a coating technology as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The unique yolk-shell CoSe2/Ni3Se4@NC microspheres with hierarchical pores can increase the contact area with the electrolyte and provide enough transfer channels for the diffusion of Li+. The carbon layer on the surface of CoSe2/Ni3Se4@NC can not only improve the conductivity of the electrode but also provide the protective effect of active nanosheets during the process of synthesis, avoiding the overall structure collapse during the charge/discharge process of LIBs. Benefiting from the high conductivity, hollow structure, and elastic NC shell bestowed by the unique architecture, the yolk-shell CoSe2/Ni3Se4@NC anode shows excellent lithium storage performances, such as an excellent reversible specific capacity of 319 mA h g-1 at a current density of 1000 mA g-1 after 500 cycles and excellent cycling stability. This synthesis strategy provides a new way to optimize the lithium storage performance of transition metal compound electrode materials, which is helpful to the design of the next generation of high-performance LIBs.

Exploring the potential of constructing a hybrid supercapacitor with FeCoNi-LDH porous material containing oxygen vacancies for high-performance energy storage applications

Exploring the potential of constructing a hybrid supercapacitor with FeCoNi-LDH porous material containing oxygen vacancies for high-performance energy storage applications

Microwave assisted synthesis of NiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

In this work, spinel NiMn2O4 was successfully synthesized through microwave assisted co-precipitation method and followed by calcination at 500°C. The crystal structure and the presence of functional groups in NiMn2O4 were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface morphology was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE SEM). From the BET analysis surface area and average pore diameter of the mesoporous NMO nanoparticles are calculated to be 10.513 m2g-1and 8.55nm. The electrochemical performance of material as electrode material for supercapacitor applications was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The specific capacitance of the NMO electrode increased from 290.56 F/g to 751.57F/g with increase concentration from IM KOH to 6M KOH at scan rate of 5mV/s. These results indicate spinel NiMn2O4 as a promising candidate for high performance energy storage applications.

Advancing electrochemical activity: Insights from Li doped Ni-MOF synthesis and performance

This study presents the first-time synthesis of a novel Li doped Ni-MOF electrode material, achieved via a one-step hydrothermal strategy. Microstructural analysis using FESEM and HRTEM revealed hierarchical hollow spherical-like nanostructures within the Li doped Ni-MOF, providing abundant active sites for ion transport and storage. This structural feature resulted in enhanced specific capacity, exhibiting battery-like behaviors. Specifically, the Li doped Ni-MOF electrode displayed a notable specific capacity of 214.2 C/g in CV curves at 0.5 mV/s and 814 C/g in GCD curves at 1 A/g. These findings underscore the potential of the Li doped Ni-MOF as a superior electrode material for supercapacitors, indicating its promising prospects for advancing next-generation high-performance energy storage devices.

In-situ synthesis of Fe3O4@Fe3C nanoparticles with heterostructures embedded in the N-doped porous carbon for high-performance lithium ion batteries

Metal oxides (Fe3O4) have attracted immense attention as high-capacity anode materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage systems. However, the large structural change and sluggish reaction kinetics in the lithiation and delithiation reactions critically limit their practical development. Here, we design a novel composite consisting of Fe3O4@Fe3C nanoparticles embedded in N-doped porous carbon (Fe3O4@Fe3C-NPC) for lithium ion batteries. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of heterostructures, the Fe3O4@Fe3C-NPC delivers high reversible capacities (911.9 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, 319.6 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). The formed heterointerfaces can build an internal electric field, which help to improve reaction kinetics with fast ion diffusion kinetics and low charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, the Fe3O4@Fe3C-NPC//LiFePO4 full cell also displays great performance. The structural design concept and efficient synthesis method in the work can be extended to construct metal oxide/carbide heterostructures for anode materials.

Unveiling the electrochemical excellence of sulfur and nitrogen-enriched 3D porous carbon nanofibers in high-performance energy storage devices

Recent research has faced challenges in achieving high specific capacitance and cycle stability with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as supercapacitor electrodes. This study employs calcination/activation techniques to modify the electrochemical and structural properties of electrospun sulfur/nitrogen (S, N)-enriched CNFs. Combining the electrospinning process with these methods produces CNFs with a high energy density, enhancing non-faradaic processes. The 3D interconnected morphology of S, N-enriched CNFs possesses an appropriate surface area of 104.1 m2/g at 77 K with the high porous nature. Due to the excellent synergistic effect of nitrogen and sulfur atoms, the as-prepared porous CNFs showed excellent electrochemical performance in a three-electrode assembly. Under a neutral medium, the symmetric two-electrode cell displayed an outstanding electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 186F/g, an energy density of 25.8 Wh kg−1, a power density of 500 W kg−1 and excellent capacitance retention of 88.2 % over 3000 charge–discharge cycles. The findings strongly indicate that the as-prepared CNFs have the potential to advance significantly energy storage technology, surpassing other reported carbon materials.

Photo-assisted charging of heterostructured NiCo2S4@NiCo-LDH composite electrode with remarkable photoelectronic memory effect for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor

Rational establishment of photo-assisted supercapacitor represents a viable strategy for achieving solar energy conversion and storage. In this study, NiCo2S4@NiCo-LDH (NCS@NC-LDH) composite electrode was effectively synthesized for a highly efficient asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). Specific capacitance of NCS@NC-LDH under light condition (3286.25 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) demonstrated notable improvement in contrast to that under dark condition (2171.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1). Meanwhile, NCS@NC-LDH displayed strong photoelectronic memory, as a merely 3 % specific capacitance decreased when discharged under dark compared to that of continuous illumination. Additionally, the assembled aqueous ASC (NCS@NC-LDH//AC) exhibited substantial energy density (83.2 Wh kg−1 at 800 W kg−1) under light condition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation further demonstrated that the formed matched band facilitated efficient generation-transfer of photoinduced electrons/holes and thus improved the energy storage behavior. We anticipated that this work may offer new perspectives on developing multi-component composite electrodes tailored for high-performance solar-driven electrochemical energy storage.

High-Performance Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Conductive Hydrogels for Stretchable Elastic All-Hydrogel Supercapacitors and Flexible Self-Powered Integrated Systems.

Conductive polymer hydrogels exhibit unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties, making them highly competitive electrode materials for stretchable high-capacity energy storage devices for cutting-edge wearable electronics. However, it remains extremely challenging to simultaneously achieve large mechanical stretchability, high electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical properties in conductive polymer hydrogels because introducing soft insulating networks for improving stretchability inevitably deteriorates the connectivity of rigid conductive domain and decreases the conductivity and electrochemical activity. This work proposes a distinct confinement self-assembly and multiple crosslinking strategy to develop a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid conductive hydrogels with biphase interpenetrating cross-linked networks. The hydrogels simultaneously exhibit high conductivity (2000 S m-1), large stretchability (200%), and high electrochemical activity, outperforming existing conductive hydrogels. The inherent mechanisms for the unparalleled comprehensive performances are thoroughly investigated. Elastic all-hydrogel supercapacitors are prepared based on the hydrogels, showing high specific capacitance (212.5 mF cm-2), excellent energy density (18.89 µWh cm-2), and large deformability. Moreover, flexible self-powered luminescent integrated systems are constructed based on the supercapacitors, which can spontaneously shine anytime and anywhere without extra power. This work provides new insights and feasible avenues for developing high-performance stretchable electrode materials and energy storage devices for wearable electronics.

High-Performance Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Conductive Hydrogels for Stretchable Elastic All-Hydrogel Supercapacitors and Flexible Self-Powered Integrated Systems.

Conductive polymer hydrogels exhibit unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties, making them highly competitive electrode materials for stretchable high-capacity energy storage devices for cutting-edge wearable electronics. However, it remains extremely challenging to simultaneously achieve large mechanical stretchability, high electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical properties in conductive polymer hydrogels because introducing soft insulating networks for improving stretchability inevitably deteriorates the connectivity of rigid conductive domain and decreases the conductivity and electrochemical activity. This work proposes a distinct confinement self-assembly and multiple crosslinking strategy to develop a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid conductive hydrogels with biphase interpenetrating cross-linked networks. The hydrogels simultaneously exhibit high conductivity (2000 S m-1), large stretchability (200%), and high electrochemical activity, outperforming existing conductive hydrogels. The inherent mechanisms for the unparalleled comprehensive performances are thoroughly investigated. Elastic all-hydrogel supercapacitors are prepared based on the hydrogels, showing high specific capacitance (212.5 mF cm-2), excellent energy density (18.89 µWh cm-2), and large deformability. Moreover, flexible self-powered luminescent integrated systems are constructed based on the supercapacitors, which can spontaneously shine anytime and anywhere without extra power. This work provides new insights and feasible avenues for developing high-performance stretchable electrode materials and energy storage devices for wearable electronics.

A flexible, binder-free electrodes using nickel-cobalt sulfur modified carbon nanofibers for asymmetric supercapacitor applications

The development of high-performance energy storage devices using cost-effective sources are highly important for various applications. Herein, a simple electrodeposition route has been developed for the uniform decoration of nickel-cobalt sulfide (NiCoS) over the carbon nanofibers (CNF). The fabricated NiCoS/CNF has been used as positive electrode with Fe2O3/rGO/CNF as negative electrode to assemble asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device. The fabricated ASC device exhibited a good electrochemical performance including high specific capacitance (70 F g-1), excellent cyclic stability (86 % after 10,000 cycles), and good energy density (56.33 Wh kg-1 at 1200 W kg-1). The present simple synthesis process holds a great potential for the design of energy storage devices in various usages.

Phosphorous - Containing Activated Carbon Derived From Natural Honeydew Peel Powers Aqueous Supercapacitors.

The introduction of phosphorous (P), and oxygen (O) heteroatoms in the natural honeydew chemical structure is one of the most effective, and practical approaches to synthesizing activated carbon for possible high-performance energy storage applications. The performance metrics of supercapacitors depend on surface functional groups and high-surface-area electrodes that can play a dominant role in areas that require high-power applications. Here, we report a phosphorous and oxygen co-doped honeydew peel-derived activated carbon (HDP-AC) electrode with low surface area for supercapacitor via H3PO4 activation. This activator form phosphorylation with cellulose fibers in the HDP. The formation of heteroatoms stabilizes the cellulose structure by preventing the formation of levoglucosan (C6H10O5), a cellulose combustion product, which would otherwise offer a pathway for a substantial degradation of cellulose into volatile products. Therefore, heteroatom doping has proved effective, in improving the electrochemical properties. The improved performance is attributed to the high phosphorous doping with a hierarchical porous structure, which enables the transportation of ions at higher current rates. The high specific capacitance of 486, and 478 F/g at 0.6, and 1.3 A/g in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte with a prominent retention of 98% is observed for 2M H3PO4 having an impregnation ratio of 1:4.

Attaining promising efficiency through a Quasi-Solid-State symmetrical supercapacitor and Dye-Sensitized solar cell counter electrode utilizing bifunctional Nitrogen-Doped microporous activated carbon

This study addresses the imperative need for high-performance and sustainable energy storage and conversion technologies by leveraging the unique properties of nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N@WnAC) derived from the waste walnut shells (WnS). In the realm of supercapacitors, the N@WnAC demonstrates remarkable performance in a three-electrode system, showcasing a high specific capacitance value of 276.7 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1, outstanding stability (96.6 %, 5000 charge–discharge cycles) and favourable rate capability (68.8 % at 10 Ag−1). Moreover, a quasi-solid-state symmetrical supercapacitor (N@WnAC//N@WnAC) is fabricated with PVA/H2SO4 gel electrolyte, underscores outstanding performance by delivering high capacitance (126.2 Fg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1), promising rate capability (71.8 % at 5 Ag−1), favourable long-term stability (93.3 %, 5000 charge–discharge cycles), and faster charge–discharge kinetics compared to conventional counterparts. At the same time, N@WnAC//N@WnAC delivers a high energy density (42.27 Whkg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1) that was retained up to 23.96 Whkg−1 even at 5 Ag−1. Simultaneously, the study explores the potential of N@WnAC as a counter-electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The obtained results underscore that unique nitrogen doping enhances the electrocatalytic activity, leading to improved electron transfer kinetics and overall cell performance. Moreover, the N@WnAC CE-based DSSC delivers a promising overall solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 5.84 %.

Modulation of morphology and electronic structure of cobalt thiophenedicarboxylic coordination polymer via ligand exchange for high-performance oxygen evolution reaction and supercapacitor

Rationally designing metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as an ideal dual-function material for water electrolysis and supercapacitors is of great significance for energy storage and conversion. Herein, we successfully synthesized the nanoneedle-like structure CoNi-MOF by partially replacing 2, 5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (TDA) with 1, 1′-Ferrocenedicarboxylate (Fc). The exchange of Fc ligand can modulate the morphology and electronic structure of CoNi-TDA, thus exposing the abundant active sites and improving the electrical conductivity. The as-prepared CoNi-TDA/0.2Fc exhibited a low overpotential of 236 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and a low Tafel slope of 40.44 mV dec−1. Additionally, CoNi-TDA/0.2Fc demonstrated a notable specific capacitance of 1409 F g−1 at 1 A/g and excellent stability, maintaining a capacitance retention of 96.54 % after 20,000 cycles. The study proposes a new strategy to modulate the morphology and electronic structure of MOFs via the ligand exchange for high-performance energy storage and conversion device.

Enabling extreme low-temperature proton pseudocapacitor with tailored pseudocapacitive electrodes and antifreezing electrolytes engineering

A critical current challenge in the development of proton pseudocapacitors is developing antifreezing electrolytes and high-performance proton storage materials in extreme environments. Here, we design an antifreezing proton pseudocapacitor using a high-concentration phosphoric acid electrolyte and pseudocapacitive electrode materials, which delivers an outstanding rate capacity and cycle life below − 40 °C. Comprehensive physical characterization techniques and theoretical simulations demonstrate that the solvation structure of the electrolyte defines the freezing point and electrochemical stability window, which is crucial for achieving fast charge carrier mobility and avoiding side effects. The pseudocapacitive hydrated tungsten oxide anodes and Prussian blue analogue cathodes with their open crystal structures achieve fast proton transport and storage, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance from − 60 to 25 °C (1000 cycles with no capacity fading at − 40 °C). Benefiting from the synergistic effect between the electrolyte and electrode materials, the fabricated proton pseudocapacitors exhibit remarkable low-temperature electrochemical performance. It achieves a maximum energy density of 39 Wh kg−1 and a broadened electrochemical window from 1.7 V at 25 °C to 2.3 V at − 60 °C. This work provides a comprehensive strategy to develop high-performance proton energy storage devices under ultralow-temperature conditions.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of activated lignite carbons-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites symmetric supercapacitors

Ultra-fast chargeable or rechargeable symmetric carbon-based supercapacitors (SCSs) with high capacity, inexpensive, and non-flammability have attracted much attention for electronics and energy storage devices. However, improving both high redox reaction and ion transport/diffusion processes by enhancing high energy storage performance and rapid ion/electron transport SCSs electrode materials remains challenging. Herein, we presented a successful preparation of activated lignite carbons-reduced graphene oxide (ALC-rGO) nanocomposite (NCp) with the ALC:rGO ratio of 80:20 wt% by a one-pot hydrothermal for high electrochemical performance. Importantly, the matrix of ALC-rGO NCp was primary amorphous carbon with hexagonal graphitic layers and pore structures of plentiful micropores and mesopores. Remarkably, the ALC-rGO NCp electrode exhibited a maximum specific capacitance (Csc) of 152.12 F/g at 0.5 A/g. Interestingly, the SCSs-ACL-rGO device could illustrate a good performance at a potential voltage of 1.8 V with Csc of 50.90 F/g at 1 A/g and capacity retention of 96.0 % at 5 A/g after 2,000 cycles GCD test.

Electrolyte-dependent performance of SnSe nanosheets electrode for supercapacitors

Transition metal chalcogenides (TMC) are widely suggested as electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices due to their layered structure. However, the difficult synthesis limits the commercial utilization of these materials. Herein, we report a simple and effective synthesis method to obtain thin films of SnSe electrodes using the solution heating synthesis route. Having an average thickness of 45 nm, the structural and topographical confirmation of the SnSe nanosheets was revealed by XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM characterizations. The produced SnSe served as electrodes in aqueous three-electrode supercapacitor cells. When tested with KOH electrolyte, it demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 794 F/g and an areal capacitance of 155 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The LiClO4 electrolyte had a specific capacitance of 645 F/g and an areal capacitance of 103 mF/cm2 at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. Furthermore, the SnSe nanosheet electrode maintains 97 % of the maximum capacitance in the LiClO4 electrolyte for 4500 cycles, even at a high scan rate of 100 mV/s. The symmetric solid-state SnSe supercapacitor device fabrication has been carried out by using PVA-KOH and PVA-LiClO4 gel electrolytes. The highest estimated energy density from a fabricated symmetric solid-state (SSC) device is 8.88 Wh/kg at a power density of 2.7 kW/kg. Even at 3.0 kW/kg higher power density, the SSC device retained a reasonably good energy density of 4.3 Wh/kg. Finally, to check the durability of the fabricated SSC device has been carried out for long 5000 CV cycles and the specific capacitance retention was around 96 %. The easy synthesis technique for SnSe nanosheets and binder-free electrode fabrication has a promising application in the production of high-performance energy storage devices. The findings of this study hold significant implications for the advancement of supercapacitor technology, offering insights into the potential of SnSe as a high-performance electrode material and shedding light on the critical role of electrolyte selection in achieving superior supercapacitor performance.

Aqueous Electrolyte with Weak Hydrogen Bonds for Four-Electron Zinc-Iodine Battery Operates in a Wide Temperature Range.

In the pursuit of high-performance energy storage systems, four-electron zinc-iodine aqueous batteries (4eZIBs) with successive I-/I2/I+ redox couples are appealing for their potential to deliver high energy density and resource abundance. However, the susceptibility of positive valence I+ to hydrolysis and the instability of Zn plating/stripping in conventional aqueous electrolyte pose significant challenges. In response, we introduce polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) as a co-solvent in 2 m ZnCl2 aqueous solution to design a wide temperature electrolyte. Through a comprehensive investigation combining spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical simulations, we elucidate that PEG disrupts the intrinsic strong H-bonds of water by global weak PEG-H2O interaction, which strengthens the O-H covalent bond of water and intensifies the coordination with Zn2+. This synergistic effect substantially reduces water activity to restrain the I+ hydrolysis, facilitating I-/I2/I+ redox kinetics, mitigating I3 - formation, and smoothening Zn deposition. The 4eZIBs in the optimized hybrid electrolyte not only deliver superior cyclability with a low fading rate of 0.0009% per cycle over 20000 cycles and a close-to-unit coulombic efficiency, but also exhibit stable performance in a wide temperature range from 40°C to -40°C. This study offers valuable insights into the rational design of electrolytes for 4eZIBs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.