High-end Products Research Articles

Behind Vogue: Research on the Making Strategies of Gen Z Fashion Marketing

In 2022, Gen Z has become a strong potential fashion consumer group and is becoming a major player in fashion consumption. As the influential “fashion bible”, it would be valuable for Vogue to consider Gen Z as a new target group to maintain its market share and gain more advocates. In this paper, secondary data from multiple sources is used for analysis, and three problems in Vogue’s marketing were identified. It analyzes data such as Gen Z’s spending power and preferences and gives some suggestions for Vogue to target Gen Z in terms of its magazine content and promotion methods. Through the research, it is found that Vogue’s target market is a high-end luxury group that favors expensive fashion styles. It currently has an online version of magazines and a layout of online marketing channels such as Instagram. However, according to secondary data, Gen Z’s ability to consume fails to reach the high-end products, and they have a more diversified and unique pursuit of content and brand. In addition, Vogue has less brand awareness online among the Gen Z group than its competitors, such as Cosmopolitan and ELLE. Therefore, this paper proposes that Vogue focus on what Gen Z concerns in terms of content. For example, to reduce the influence of commercial ads on the content of the fashion magazine and slightly change the cover style to meet Gen Z’s tastes. Vogue can offer fashion courses on campus to increase the brand’s communication among Gen Z students in terms of marketing approach. This study is not only intended to improve the effectiveness of Vogue’s brand marketing but also to offer the marketing field a fashion industry perspective in the study of Gen Z.

Visualization analysis of microfluidics research status

Microfluidics is the science and technology to manipulate small amounts of fluids in micro/nano-scale space. Multiple modules could be integrated into microfluidic device, and due to its advantages of microminiaturization and controllability, microfluidics has drawn extensive attention since its birth. In this paper, the literature data related to microfluidics research from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2021 were obtained from Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace 5.8.R3 software was used for bibliometrics analysis, so as to explore the research progress and development trends of microfluidics research at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of 50 129 articles, it could be seen that microfluidics was a hot topic of global concern, and the United States had a certain degree of authority in this field. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University not only had a high number of publications, but also had strong influence and extensive cooperation network. Combined with ultrasonic, surface modification and sensor technology, researchers constructed paper-based microfluidic, droplet microfluidic and digital microfluidic platforms, which were applied in the field of immediate diagnosis, nucleic acid and circulating tumor cell analysis of in vitro diagnosis and organ-on-a-chip. China was one of the countries with a high level of research in the field of microfluidics, while the industrialization of high-end products needed to be improved. As people's demand for disease risk prediction and health management increased, promoting microfluidic technological innovation and achievement transformation is of great significance to safeguard people's life and health.

Vibration prediction and analysis of strip rolling mill based on XGBoost and Bayesian optimization

The stable operation of strip rolling mill is the key factor to ensure the stability of product quality. The design capability of existing domestic imported and self-developed strip rolling mills cannot be fully developed, and the frequent occurrence of mill vibration and operation instability problems seriously restrict the equipment capacity and the production of high-end strip products. The vibration prediction analysis method for hot strip mill based on eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and Bayesian optimization (BO) is proposed. First, an XGBoost prediction model is developed based on a self-built data set to construct a complex functional relationship between process parameters and rolling mill vibration. Second, the important hyperparameters and parameters of XGBoost are optimized using Bayesian optimization algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and stability of the model. Third, a comprehensive comparison is made between the prediction model in this paper and other well-known machine learning benchmark models. Finally, the prediction results of the model are interpreted using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. The proposed model outperforms existing models in terms of prediction accuracy, computational speed and stability. At the same time, the degree of influence of each feature on rolling mill vibration is also obtained.

The mind of the beholder: congruence effects in luxury product placements

This research demonstrates that viewers increase purchase intentions when they view luxury product placements in movie scenes, particularly when luxury associations are activated and when background scenes are congruent with the product’s luxury image. In Study 1, participants view a luxury handbag appearing against upscale congruent or downscale incongruent backgrounds. In Study 2, participants are primed to associate with high or low social classes before they view a luxury product placed in upscale or downscale movie scenes. In Study 3, participants read a news article that describes the placed luxury product as a genuine high-end product or as a discount brand.

Preparation of durable multi-functional coating silk fabrics with persistent fragrance release, antibacterial, fluoride-free superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties

Multi-functional coating textiles with high value-added can be applied widely in daily life. However, the durability of multi-functional textiles is of particular interest both in academia and industrial field for years. In this work, the durable multi-functional silk fabric with persistent fragrance release, antibacterial, fluoride-free superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties was successfully fabricated via a rapid polymerization of dopamine, in-situ growth of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and coated of the barrier layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The composite coating was composed of polydopamine (PDA), essential oil microcapsules (EOM), PDMS and Ag NPs. The prepared fabric displayed persistent fragrance release properties, with the fragrance storage rate achieved 55.56 % at 50 °C for 30 d. In addition, the multi-functional silk fabric had good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus with antibacterial rates of 97.33 % and 96.95 %, respectively, but also showed fluoride-free super hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. The corresponding static contact and roll-off angles were 151° and 9°, respectively. More importantly, the produced coating exhibited robustly mechanical durability super hydrophobicity properties against 100 cycles of sandpaper rubs or 10 h of simulated water washing and washing durability antibacterial against 50 cycles of water washing. This study provides a simple and effective method for the durable multi-functional coating silk fabric, making it highly promising for high-end product.

Status and future development suggestions for China’spolyolefin industry

<p indent="0mm">In this paper, the development trends of the polyolefin industry at home and abroad are summarized, the challenges and bottlenecks encountered by China’s polyolefin industry for development are analyzed, and some proposals are made from the perspectives of technological creation and research mechanism innovation. While China’s polyolefin industry enjoys the advantage of the largest scale with facilities practicing the most varieties of process technologies for the most diversified feedstocks in the world, also some crucial issues are obvious such as weak international competitiveness and structural contradictions. The reasons are expounded. Firstly, activities in both basic research and applied research are insufficient to initiate breakthroughs in technological innovation with originality. Secondly, inadequate pilot-scale research platforms constrain the speed of translation from bench-scale achievement to industrialization. Thirdly, the technical barrier in engineering, equipment manufacturing, and industrial norms and standards restrict the autonomy and the risk control of the industrial manufacturing of high-end products. Finally, the dependency on the import of crude oil leads to the uncontrollable cost of olefin feedstocks. Some proposals are made to improve the current situation of the polyolefin industry. To achieve technological leadership in the polyolefin industry, areas of breakthrough are identified for research and innovation, which include feedstock and key monomers, high performance catalysts, advanced polymerization process and engineering, high-end product development, innovation in processing technology, product applications and recycled utilization of polyolefin waste for sustainability. To improve the mechanism for research and innovation, the seamless collaboration of “industry-university-research-application” should be encouraged and deepened to carry out fundamental and theoretical researches on polymer physics and chemistry for the advancement in key scientific and technological aspects including catalyst, reaction engineering, process intensification, processing and application. Meanwhile, it is critical to formulate the norms and standards for pilot plant test for the breakthrough of the barrier from bench-scale test to industrialization. In the end, innovation throughout the whole industrial chain is essential to the development of innovative polyolefin package technology with originality, the transformation of polyolefin products to a green future with higher performance and more functionalities and intelligent features, and the high-quality development of China’s polyolefin industry at large.

A meta-analysis of thermo-physical and chemical aspects in CFD modelling of pyrolysis of a single wood particle in the thermally thick regime

Thermochemical conversion of larger biomass particles (thermally thick regime) toward high-end products still suffers from an unrevealed quantitative relationship between process and product parameters. The main issue relates to the influence of heating rate within the particle, critical conversion-wise but difficult to assess experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling may help, but first the model must prove its reliability to prevent error transfer to the results. This study aimed to provide an unbiased, state-of-the-art model constructed in a stepwise mode to investigate the heating rate’s distribution. Several datasets with broadly varying parameters from the literature were used for the development and validation since the reproduction of datasets would not bring novelty to solving the problem. Instead of the model’s calibration to fit to the data, the parameters for each step-model were meticulously selected to match the experimental conditions. The stepwise development showed the best accuracy when the anisotropy and the heat sink drying sub-model were implemented. Moreover, using the Ranzi-Anca-Couce (RAC) scheme led to more accurate results than the Ranzi scheme. The comprehensive model was positively validated against a broad range of production parameters (pyrolysis temperature: 500 °C − 840 °C, diameter of particles: 10 mm − 20 mm, shapes: cylinders and spheres). Investigation showed a pattern in volatiles release profiles and homogeneous heating rate distribution when particle size is below 4 mm. Despite basing the models on the literature’s data, the study includes novel and valuable insights for biomass conversion and constitutes a solid foundation for future development.

Towards high-level protein, beta-carotene, and lutein production from Chlorella sorokiniana using aminobutyric acid and pseudo seawater

Microalgae produced lipids, pigments, lutein, and valuable chemicals under stressful conditions, making them as attractive feedstock for biorefineries. However, high cell density culture of microalgae in harsh condition using seawater is still a challenge. In this study, we used aminobutyric acid (GABA) from an in vitro biotransformation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to alleviate salinity stress in Chlorella sorokiniana (Cs). Initially, Chlorophyll a/b content was suppressed under the stress of 20 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl), leading to an extreme decline in protein and pigment accumulation. While the biomass and protein of Cs cultured in 10 g/L NaCl reached 3.44 g/L and 1.14 g/L with 5 mM GABA, with 56.3% and 171% increase compared to control. The optimal conditions were 10 mM GABA and 20 g/L NaCl in modified BG11 medium, with a biomass, protein, lutein and β-carotene content of 4.56 g/L, 2.07 g/L, 24 mg/L and 27.48 mg/L, respectively. Finally, protein from Cs was used as a prebiotic for cultivating Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ZY (LGG). We provided an effective and sustainable approach for the simultaneous production of biomass and high-end products by microalgae using GABA and seawater for the first time.

Exploring the Development Strategies of Science Parks Using the Hybrid MCDM Approach

Science parks contribute to a country’s economic growth, promote industrial transformation, and meet the development needs of high-tech industries. They also play an essential role in enhancing technological development and competitiveness. Due to the impact of the fierce U.S.-China trade war on the global economy, many Taiwanese companies are considering moving their high-end product production lines back to their home country. This trend may promote the growth of the population in the surrounding areas of science parks and affect the limited infra-structure at the same time. This study explores how science parks could achieve sustainable development goals by formulating their development strategy. We summarized four evaluation aspects for constructing the driving factors for developing the science park through literature review and interviews with experts. Combined with the hybrid multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we analyzed stakeholders’ satisfaction among the four aspects of the driving factors for the development of the science parks and put forward appropriate strategy recommendations. We found that the improvement of public infrastructure (PI) can improve not only the environmental quality (EQ) but also promote the business environment (BE) and the working environment (WE). This improvement could attract domestic and foreign manufacturers, create employment opportunities, expand the park’s scale, and eventually promote industrial development. This research improves the method of collecting empirical data to establish the driving forces for developing science parks through suitable development strategies.

Phloretin ameliorates diabetes-induced endothelial injury through AMPK-dependent anti-EndMT pathway

Diabetic cardiovascular complications contribute more than half of diabetes mortality. Endothelial damage and subsequent pathological changes play a key role in this process. Phloretin, a plant-derived dihydrochalcone compound, was reported to have the activities in regulating metabolism homeostasis and anti-inflammation. However, its effects and the mechanism on early stage endothelial injury caused by diabetes are not clear yet. In our present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by high glucose or advanced glycation end products (AGEs) to induce endothelial damage, and streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetes mouse model was used for in vivo study. Our results showed that phloretin effectively reduced endothelial damage marker monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1) as well as pro-calcification factors bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, reversed the increased vimentin and decreased CD31 dose-dependently in vitro and in vivo. Phloretin had no effect on blood glucose level. However, it ameliorated endothelial injury and vascular fibrosis in diabetic mice. Further experiments revealed that phloretin could enhance AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and upregulate peroxidase proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator-lα (PGC1α) level, and inhibit the activation of TGFβ-Smad2-Snail signalling pathway which was abrogated by AMPK inhibitor, providing a rational mechanism that AMPK activation was required for the effects of phloretin on endothelial injury and endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). Our data reveal a new role of phloretin in protection of diabetic endothelial damage via AMPK-dependent anti-EndMT activation, and also provide a potential therapeutic way for diabetic endothelial damage and its subsequent cardiovascular complications.

Sulfonated Block Ionomers Enable Transparent, Fire-Resistant, Tough yet Strong Polycarbonate

• Multifunctional ionomer (sSEBS-Ce) is rationally designed and synthesized. • 1.5 wt% of sSEBS-Ce obviously increases the fire resistance and toughness of PC. • The tensile strength and transparency of PC/sSEBS-Ce are well-preserved. • Structure-composition-property correlation of sSEBS-Ce in PC is revealed. Polycarbonate (PC) features high transparency and balanced mechanical properties, and thus is being growingly used for producing many high-end products, e.g. , construction facades, sensors and 5G equipment. For these applications, PC is required to combine satisfactory fire retardancy and great toughness while retain its mechanical strength and optical transparency. However, existing either fire retardants or toughening agents fail to enable PC to achieve such a required performance portfolio due to their improper molecular designs. To overcome this challenge, we, herein, rationally design a series of sulfonated ionomeric fire retardants (sSEBS-M, M = Na + , Zn 2+ , Ce 3+ ) by sulfonating and neutralizing styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). The sSEBS-M can be well-dispersed within the PC matrix with phase domain sizes less than 500 nm. Chemical structures of sSEBS-M and their dispersion within the polymer matrix strongly correlate to their comprehensive performances in PC. Among three sSEBS-M ionomers, sSEBS-Ce endows PC with better comprehensive performances. With 1.5 wt% of sSEBS-Ce, the final PC achieves a high limiting oxygen index of 33.5% and a desired UL-94 V-0 rating, in addition to a 53% reduction in peak heat release rate and a comparable transparency to virgin PC. Moreover, its impact toughness and ductility are enhanced by 40% and 116% with tensile strength well-preserved. The integrated performance portfolios are superior to previous counterparts. This work offers a novel strategy for the design of multifunctional ionomer-based fire retardants for creating high-performance PC and reveals its structure-composition-property relationship in PC, which will enable PC to realize its practical applications in above-mentioned industries.

Deep Learning-Based Robot Vision: High-End Tools for Smart Manufacturing

With the development of smart manufacturing technology, manufacturers all over the world have begun using automated processing and unmanned factories. China already has many high-end production lines that use intelligent robots, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robot vision play a critical role in facilitating robot-driven production. This paper provides a review of the state-of-the-art in Deep Learning (DL) techniques and the applications of DL-based robot vision in smart manufacturing, with an emphasis on the contributions made by China. We conclude by summarizing challenges and prospects in the area.

Product distribution strategy in response to the platform retailer's marketplace introduction

An increasing number of online retailers (e.g., Amazon.com and JD.com) who are established as pure resellers are providing marketplace services allowing suppliers to directly sell products to consumers. These platforms’ hybrid roles of resellers and marketplaces make it possible for suppliers to distribute vertically differentiated products through the reselling or the marketplace channel. However, the suppliers’ product distribution choices are affected by the platforms’ marketplace introduction decisions, which is largely neglected in previous research. To investigate such interactions, this paper develops a game model where a supplier sells low- and high-end products through a platform retailer. The supplier makes the product distribution decision in response to the retailer's marketplace introduction choice. Our analysis shows that the game equilibrium is affected by the product differentiation level and the order-fulfillment fee charged by the retailer. First, the retailer prefers to offer the marketplace service when the order-fulfillment fee is relatively high. Second, we derive conditions under which each of the four distribution modes (pure reselling, pure marketplace, and two hybrid selling modes with different products selling in different channels) emerges in equilibrium. We disclose that the pricing right and the strategic use of the double marginalization from reselling play critical roles in the equilibrium results. Our main results highlight the importance for platform-based retailers to consider suppliers’ strategic product distribution responses when opening their platforms.

Recent advances of interphases in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) have excellent properties such as light weight, high strength, high modulus and high temperature resistance, and have wide application prospect in the fields of national defense, aerospace and high-end civilian products. Various methods have been exploited to modify the CF to increase the surface activity, roughness and wettability , so that the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix could be improved for better mechanical properties, which is helpful to meet the needs of more fields for high-performance CFRP. In this review, the recent progress of CF surface modification methods and their reinforcing effects on composites are mainly summarized. Finally, some issues of CFRP are discussed and the future trends of interfacial reinforcement research are prospected.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MINIMISING MIDDLE-INCOME HOUSING MISMATCH

The housing demand of the middle-income group cannot be ignored as they are the majority of the population in Malaysia which is about 40% out of the population. However, there is a mismatch between the supply and middle-income housing demand. The developer has always been eager to develop high-end products instead of affordable housing. This circumstance leads to the insufficient supply of middle-income housing. The mismatch is not only in terms of housing price, but also does not meet their housing preferences towards other housing attributes. Accordingly, this paper attempts to develop a conceptual framework for minimising middle-income housing mismatch. Thus, this paper reviewed the existing literature on the housing mismatch occurrences and the strategies to overcome this situation through government intervention. Almost all evidences from the studies indicate government, developer behaviour and buyer preferences have contributed to the middle-income housing mismatch occurrences. The findings were compiled through the creation of a conceptual model. Government intervention, developer behaviour and buyer preferences are included in the model as aspects that cause the housing mismatch occurrences. Significantly all these three aspects should interrelate with each other so that the potential of housing mismatch occurrences is low.

Developing a Marketing Strategy to Improve the Market Activities of Agricultural and Processing Enterprises, Using the Policy of “Goodvalley” as an Example

In the national economies of many countries, especially developing ones, agriculture represents a significant share of GDP. The relevance of the issue stated in the study is due to the fact that the marketing strategy of agricultural enterprises is the most important element of their management system, which contributes to the sustainable development of agriculture and provision of the population with better quality food products. The need to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises among similar ones also contributes to the development of agricultural technologies for obtaining high quality and environmentally friendly products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of a modern agricultural company’s marketing strategy. The leading method for investigating this issue is the empirical method, namely examining the practice of marketing strategy in agriculture. As a result of the study, it has been established that a marketing strategy in the agricultural sector should make an enterprise stand out from its competitors through non-price methods. This is primarily due to the peculiarity of agricultural products – they are quite homogeneous, standardised and subject to state regulation not only in terms of safety, but also in terms of conformity with their name. It has been revealed that due to current trends in modern society regarding the need for environmentally friendly production and healthy lifestyles, it is desirable to include these elements in an agricultural company’s marketing strategy. Serious work needs to be done to improve the brand image and the image of the producer. These marketing techniques enable an agricultural company to stand out from its competitors and keep prices and demand at the required level. The results of this marketing strategy make it possible to turn a standardised, uniform product from an agricultural producer into an exclusive, special, high-end product

Multicolor Light Mixing in Optofluidic Concave Interfaces for Anticounterfeiting with Deep Learning Authentication.

Anticounterfeiting technology has received tremendous interest for its significance in daily necessities, medical industry, and high-end products. Confidential tags based on photoluminescence are one of the most widely used approaches for their vivid visualization and high throughput. However, the complexity of confidential tags is generally limited to the accessibility of inks and their spatial location; generating an infinite combination of emission colors is therefore a challenging task. Here, we demonstrate a concept to create complex color light mixing in a confined space formed by microscale optofluidic concave interfaces. Infinite color combination and capacity were generated through chaotic behavior of light mixing and interaction in an ininkjet-printed skydome structure. Through the chaotic mixing of emission intensity, wavelength, and light propagation trajectories, the visionary patterns serve as a highly unclonable label. Finally, a deep learning-based machine vision system was built for the authentication process. The developed anticounterfeiting system may provide inspiration for utilizing space color mixing in optical security and communication applications.

Perspectives of cybersecurity for ameliorative Industry 4.0 era: a review-based framework

PurposeIndustry 4.0 refers to the interconnection of cyber-physical systems, which connects the physical and digital worlds by collecting digital data from physical objects/processes, and using this data to drive automation and optimisation. Digital technologies used in this revolution gather and handle massive volumes of high-velocity streams while automating field operations and supply chain activities. Cybersecurity is a complicated process that helps sort out various hacking issues of Industry 4.0. This purpose of this paper is to provide an overview on cybersecurity and its major applications for Industry 4.0.Design/methodology/approachThe rise of Industry 4.0 technologies is changing how machines and associated information are obtained to evaluate the data contained within them. This paper undertakes a comprehensive literature-based study. Here, relevant research papers related to cybersecurity for Industry 4.0 are identified and discussed. Cybersecurity results in high-end products, with faster and better goods manufactured at a lesser cost.FindingsArtificial intelligence, cloud computing, internet of things, robots and cybersecurity are being introduced to improve the Industry 4.0 environment. In the starting, this paper provides an overview of cybersecurity and its advantages. Then, this study discusses technologies used to enhance the cybersecurity process. Enablers, progressive features and steps for creating a cybersecurity culture for Industry 4.0 are discussed briefly. Also, the research identified the major cybersecurity applications for Industry 4.0 and discussed them. Cybersecurity is vital for better data protection in many businesses and industrial control systems. Manufacturing is getting more digitised as the sector embraces automation to a more significant level than ever before.Originality/valueThis paper states about Industry 4.0 and the safety of multiple business process systems through cybersecurity. A significant issue for Industry 4.0 devices, platforms and frameworks is undertaken by cybersecurity. Digital transformation in the Industry 4.0 era will increase industrial competitiveness and improve their capacity to make optimum decisions. Thus, this study would give an overview of the role of cybersecurity in the effective implementation of Industry 4.0.

Cooperation in Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS): Implication and Lesson Learned for Indonesia’s Industrial Development

The progress of Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) is presumed to pose challenges and implications for Indonesia. This study has the aim to investigate the impact of the recent development of sub-regional cooperation and cross-border economic development within GMS on Indonesia’s industrial development. Using qualitative methods, this study analyzed some variables, i.e., the background of GMS cooperation, infrastructure and investment progress, and Indonesia’s related economic policies and development. Data and information were collected from many sources (i.e., statistical databases, articles, newspapers, websites, un- and published documents, etc.) and presented qualitatively. This study found that GMS economic cooperation and development have lessons learned and implications for the industrial development in Indonesia. The efficiency of the service sector within GMS was contributed by the successful implementation of policies on infrastructure development since the beginning of the 1990s. The flying geese behavior and industrial fragmentation within GMS were contributed by a different stage of industrial development, different comparative advantage, and improvement of the service sector. The implication of GMS cooperation for Indonesia is the importance of public policy stability, more attractive investment of high-end products in GMS than Indonesia, and potential diminishing of Indonesia’s export.

Retrofitting for Lathe Machines

Old machines often breakdown unpredictably increasing your expenses through maintenance costs and lost production. In the present era various modern technologies are been emerging in the field of manufacturing which are proven to be disruptive. For the established industries and their machine tools sometimes it is difficult to cope up with current scenario. Hence retrofitting is an emerging term where improvisation of the old setups of machines can be done. Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems. Machine Tool Technologies recondition worn machine tools that have taken a beating in the course of production. The main objective is to study low cost automation technique for old machine as well as to study different parameters of retrofitting of old machine. In retrofitting attempt is made to equip the machines with digital intelligent system in order to get the more accurate dimensions and precise shape of high end products. So it is required to convert this conventional lathe into semi- automatic lathe by retrofitting. The paper emphasis on how a lathe can be converted to upgraded version by retrofitting. Also it includes the flow chart of retrofitting. Key Words: Retrofitting, Reconditioning, CNC, Lathe Machines, Low Cost Automation