Higher Employment Rates Research Articles

The employment analysis of undergraduates majoring in nutrition in a medical university

Objective To analyze the employment situation of graduates majoring in nutrition and provide employment guidance and reference for them. Methods Materials about 172 graduates of 2013 to 2015 were collected from relevant departments. The software of Excel was used for data processing and SPSS 19.0 was used for data statistics. The crosstabs with chi-square was used for statistic test. Results The overall employment rate was 66.3% (114/172), which was 82.9% (58/70), 56.9% (33/58) and 52.3% (23/44) respectively from 2013 to 2015. There was no statistical difference among different genders (χ2=1.05, P=0.30) and residence registration types (χ2=1.06, P=0.30). Graduates who are a member of the Communist Party got a statistical higher employment rate than those who are not (χ2=8.75, P=0.01). Most graduates chose to work in the medical units or to further their study with the proportion of 47.4% (54/114) and 26.3% (30/114) respectively This was especially common for the 2015 graduates. 60.9% of them chose to work in the medical units. And those who chose to work in the urban areas of the city accounted for 64.9%. Conclusion Compared with the employment rates of other majors in the same medical university, the rate of the nutrition graduates was lower. The concerted efforts are needed from the society, the university and the graduates themselves. Key words: Nutrition; Graduates; Employment rate; Employment destination

Irrigation Regimes and Bio-stimulant Application Effects on Yield and Morpho-Physiological Responses of Strawberry

In the Mediterranean region of Turkey, strawberry production is a vital part of the agricultural sector, providing high rates of employment and farm income. Optimizing water application and effective cultivation practices are of considerable importance in improving strawberry yield. In this study the response of strawberry a cultivar (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Rubygem) to irrigation regimes and bio-stimulant (seaweed extract) use were investigated, by evaluating the yield and morpho-physiological parameters under high tunnel conditions in the Mediterranean environment. The amounts of irrigation water applied were 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 times the water surface evaporation, measured by a standard Class A pan, and the corresponding regimes were denoted as Ir50, Ir75, Ir100, and Ir125, respectively. There was a significant decrease in total berry yield and number of berries in the Ir50 irrigation regime. The maximum total berry yield was attained at Ir75 in both applications (585.7 g/plant and 521.9 g/plant under bio-stimulant and control applications, respectively). However, the results of Ir75, Ir100 and Ir125 did not reveal any significant yield benefit. The bio-stimulant application provided a significant, 17% increase, in berry yield. The stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were reduced as irrigation application rates decreased. Conversely, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were statistically higher, 41 µmol·m-2·s-1 and 0.5 bar, respectively, after the use of the bio-stimulant, as it alleviated the negative effects of water stress. Bio-stimulant application also significantly increased fruit nitrogen content by approximately 14%. In conclusion, considering the irrigation regimes of strawberries grown under high tunnels in the Mediterranean environment, water use is recommended at around 274 mm (Ir75), along with bio-stimulant application for optimal yield.

Career and Technical Education, Inclusion, and Postsecondary Outcomes for Students With Learning Disabilities

We used longitudinal data from Washington State to investigate the relationships among career and technical education (CTE) enrollment, inclusion in general education, and high school and postsecondary outcomes for students with learning disabilities. We replicated earlier findings that students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in a “concentration” of CTE courses had higher rates of employment after graduation than observably similar students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in fewer CTE courses. We also found that students with learning disabilities who spent more time in general education classrooms in high school had higher rates of on-time graduation, college attendance, and employment than observably similar students with learning disabilities who spent less time in general education classrooms in these grades.

Relationship Between Self-Assessed Fidelity and Self-Reported Employment in the Individual Placement and Support Model of Supported Employment.

A growing body of literature demonstrates that high-fidelity implementation of the individual placement and support (IPS) model of supported employment increases the chances of achieving desired outcomes. This study examined the relationship between IPS fidelity, as self-reported by program sites, and employment outcomes and determined whether this relationship was maintained over time. A total of 78 outpatient programs in New York State provided data on self-reported IPS fidelity and employment outcomes. Pearson correlations were used to determine the relationship between fidelity scores and competitive employment rates. A mixed-effects model examined the relationship between repeated fidelity and employment measures over time. A significant positive relationship was found between better self-reported IPS fidelity and greater employment. The relationship between IPS fidelity and employment was sustained over time (up to one year). Higher-fidelity implementation of the IPS model, as self-assessed by program sites, was associated with higher employment rates, which were sustained over time.

Cultural taboos as a factor in the participation rate of Native Americans in STEM

BackgroundNative Americans are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We investigated whether having to violate cultural taboos might be a factor in the decisions of some Native Americans not to pursue STEM degrees. Many STEM faculty likely know very little about Native Americans’ historical experiences with an education system that has been used to forcibly acculturate them and so may not be aware of the threat many Native Americans perceive from curricula that claim cultural neutrality yet require Native Americans to violate strongly held cultural beliefs.ResultsWe reviewed the relevant literature, surveyed 96 students from 42 different tribes, and interviewed two STEM and two non-STEM faculty at Haskell Indian Nations University. We found that 50% of survey respondents generally observe tribal taboos, 38% would choose not to pursue a science major if they knew or suspected that doing so would require them to violate an important tribal taboo, and 67% would be more likely to take science classes if the science curriculum was more respectful of tribal taboos. The most problematic activities and animals encountered in laboratory classes include, in order of discomfort level, human dissection, human bodies, animal dissection, snakes, spiders, and lizards.ConclusionsIncreasing Native American participation in STEM requires that their cultural concerns regarding STEM curricula be acknowledged and addressed. This is important for several reasons. First, Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of all racial/ethnic groups, while STEM graduates have higher employment rates and salaries than non-STEM graduates. Second, increasing diversity in STEM supports cognitive growth and critical thinking, benefits problem solving, and contributes to increasing productivity, creativity, and global competitiveness. Third, there is a long history of exploitation of Native Americans and their lands by scientists and engineers, so it is particularly important to increase Native American participation so that their interests are represented in these professions. Many Native Americans’ concerns can be proactively and reasonably accommodated to provide a more respectful and welcoming learning and working environment and increase their participation in STEM, to everyone’s benefit.

The political economy of education and skills in South Korea: democratisation, liberalisation and education reform in comparative perspective

ABSTRACTThe success story of Korean economic development is intimately linked with the so-called developmental state; and education policy, as part of centrally orchestrated industrial policy, played a critical role in the country's rapid industrialisation, which allowed for high employment rates, relatively modest social inequality and remarkable social mobility. However, the Korean success story has started to show ‘cracks’ – with labour market dualisation, rising inequality and ‘over-education’. While acknowledging the importance of the East Asian financial crisis as external shock for the Korean political economy, we suggest more fundamental problems in the socio-economic and socio-political underpinnings of the developmental state and its education and skills formation system for understanding how Korea's economic and education miracle turned into ‘education inflation’, skills mismatch and social polarisation.

The effect of active labor market policies on crime: Incapacitation and program effects

We estimate the effects of active labor market policies on men’s crime. To do this, we exploit a local policy change in Denmark that targeted unemployed people without unemployment insurance. Our results show that crime rates decreased among treated men relative to both untreated unemployment insured and uninsured men. Lower property crime accounted for the decrease in overall crime. Increased earnings from higher employment rates cannot explain the decrease in crime. Instead, participation in the active labor market program reduced young men’s propensity to commit crime. The results suggest that active labor market programs have substantial secondary effects on criminality.

Social alienation and environmental decline in a coral reef: Challenges to coastal management in the Mexican Caribbean

Tourism is the primary economic activity on the Riviera Maya in Quintana Roo, Mexico. The area's main attractions are the fringing coral reefs along the coast and the myriad white sand beaches produced by them. Rapid growth of tourism and supporting industries generates jobs and a steady flow of immigrants, increasing demand for housing and services. It also increases pressure on coastal and marine resources through impacts such as pollution, overfishing, coastal zone modification, etc. In this context, Akumal a small tourism-support town associated to the coastal tourism center Akumal Beach, was selected to assess its level of dependence and appropriation of marine resources. A two-pronged approach included a characterization of the town's population socio-economic indicators, as well as their use and perception of easily identifiable marine resources (coral reef, fish and water quality), applying surveys with close-ended questions. And the second approach was the interview of key local business owners and tours operators to establish their vulnerability to coral reef degradation, and their disposition towards conservation efforts. The relationships between community involvement and resource appropriation, as well as, socioeconomic indicators and local perceptions about the past, present and future condition of marine resources were explored using redundancy analysis (RDA), and additionally important variables identified were tested for significance with a Chi-squared test. Surveys highlighted two socio-economic factors: its high employment rate (90%) with 80% working directly in tourism (but earning average wages 25% lower than the regional average), and the heavy out-of-state immigration. Surveys also brought up two phenomena among newcomers: deterritorialization (or social alienation), consisting in lack of involvement by the local community in decision-making processes, scarce participation in natural resources use, and shifting-baselines associated to ignorance of current resource condition. Interviews with local stakeholders found that they felt only partially vulnerable in a hypothetical situation of total reef loss, and were open to support conservation efforts as long as transparency and full cooperation from all stakeholders was ensured. The measures recommended to coastal managers, broadly applicable to the Mexican Caribbean, focus on development of local strategies addressing the root causes of social mistrust and misperceptions, leading to environmental degradation.

LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF PEDIATRIC KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION: A SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCES

(Background) Long-term care is necessary for normal growth and development of pediatric recipients of kidney transplants. We report on our experience with pediatric kidney transplantation (KTx) during the past 19 years. (Methods) We retrospectively analyzed the data from 26 recipients who received KTx between 1996 and 2014 at Niigata University Hospital (one patient underwent two consecutive KTx during the designated period). All recipients were 16 years old or younger at the time of KTx. (Results) The graft survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years after transplantation were 96%, 96%, and 88%, respectively. Three recipients lost the renal graft function due to graft thrombosis, antibody mediated rejection and steroid resistant rejection. Drug non-adherence was associated with rejection episodes, which led to the increasing of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level. In addition, renal graft function was related to the growth after KTx. Eighteen recipients graduated from high school during follow-up periods and 17 recipients obtained employment. (Conclusion) Interventions promoting adherence should be implemented among pediatric recipients and parents to optimize graft survival and growth after KTx. Successful KTx contributed the high rate of social participation and employment after pediatric KTx.

Sociodemographic correlates of urine culture test utilization in Calgary, Alberta

BackgroundMany clinical practice guidelines encourage diagnosis and empiric treatment of lower urinary tract infection without laboratory investigation; however, urine culture testing remains one of the largest volume tests in the clinical microbiology laboratory. In this study, we sought to determine if there were specific patient groups to which increased testing was directed. To do so, we combined laboratory data on testing rates with Census Canada sociodemographic data.MethodsUrine culture testing data was obtained from the Calgary Laboratory Services information system for 2011. We examined all census dissemination areas within the city of Calgary and, for each area, testing rates were determined for age and gender cohorts. We then compared these testing rates to sociodemographic factors obtained from Census Canada and used Poisson regression and generalized estimating equations to test associations between testing rates and sociodemographic variables.ResultsPer capita urine culture testing is increasing in Calgary. For 2011, 100,901 individuals (9.2% of all people) received urine cultures and were included in this analysis. The majority of cultures were received from the community (67.9%). Substantial differences in rate of testing were observed across the city. Most notably, urine culture testing was drastically lower in areas of high (≥ $100000) household income (RR = 0.07, p < 0.0001) and higher employment rate (RR = 0.36, p < 0.0001). Aboriginal – First Nations status (RR = 0.29, p = 0.0008) and Chinese visible minority (RR = 0.67, p = 0.0005) were also associated with decreased testing. Recent immigration and visible minority status of South Asian, Filipino or Black were not significant predictors of urine culture testing. Females were more likely to be tested than males (RR = 2.58, p < 0.0001) and individuals aged 15–39 were the most likely to be tested (RR = 1.69, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsConsiderable differences exist in urine culture testing across Calgary and these are associated with a number of sociodemographic factors. In particular, areas of lower socioeconomic standing had significantly increased rates of testing. These observations highlight specific groups that should be targeted to improve healthcare delivery and, in turn, enhance laboratory utilization.

Salute e lavoro dopo procedure invasive cardiache, riabilitazione e valutazione occupazionale*

«Health and work after invasive heart procedures, rehabilitation and occupational evaluation».Background:Our previous experience with the “CardioWork” protocol (activated in 2005) demonstrated the usefulness of the interaction between occupational physician and cardiologist to facilitate work resumption after invasive heart procedures and subsequent rehabilitation, adapting the work tasks of the patients to the changed physical capabilities.Objectives:We surveyed the health conditions and employment status of the subjects previously studied, years after their completion of the protocol in order to verify its effectiveness over a long period of time.Methods:We contacted 125 patients included in the protocol from 2005 to 2011: 4 were deceased; 101 (94 males and 7 females; mean age: 49.2 years) participated in the study. We collected clinical data (from the hospital computer archive), as well as information on prescriptions compliance and occupation (by interview). Respondents were also asked to give a subjective judgment on their health, their re-employment, and the usefulness of the indications regarding job fitness.Results:In addition to the high survival rate, the survey showed maintenance of satisfactory clinical conditions (good left ventricular function, exercise tolerance, rare cardiological relapses, few sick-leave days), adherence to prescriptions, high employment rate, high level of subjective satisfaction.Conclusions:The study confirms the importance of appropriate rehabilitation after acute cardiac event, and the need for an interdisciplinary approach involving the occupational physician. By following this strategy, patients not only can return to work early, satisfactorily and with minimal risks, but they also tend to keep their work and to reach retirement age in good health.

The Quantification of Structural Reforms: Extending the Framework to Emerging Market Economies

This paper estimates and quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income for a large set of OECD and non-OECD countries. The findings suggest that the quality of institutions matters to a large extent for economic outcomes. More competition-friendly regulations, as measured by the OECDs’ Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicator improve economic outcomes. Lower barriers to foreign trade and investment help MFP. Lower barriers to entry and less pervasive state control of businesses boost the capital stock and the employment rate. No robust link between labour market regulation and MFP and capital deepening could be established. But looser labour market regulation is found to go hand in hand with higher employment rates. The paper shows that countries at different level of economic development face different policy impacts. Furthermore, PMR effects depend on the level of labour market regulations.

Uticaj relevantnih faktora na ponudu i tražnju pšenice u Republici Srbiji

The aim of the study is to conduct the wheat balances analysis, to research the supply and demand in the domestic market, and to examine the partial impact of the relevant factors on the supply and demand. The the research results of wheat production and trade flows can contribute to the increase of supply and to the structural changes in production, the strengthening of competitiveness, the increase of trade exchange, improvement in production and processing, new investments, higher employment rate, and so on. The methods used in the research are the wheat balances analysis, the functional and correlation analysis (the functional correlation analysis), the variance analysis, T-test, as well as other general methods. The results of the wheat production and consumption balances analysis indicate the existence of surplus and potential for export of an average of 805.29 thousand tons with a trend of increase after 2013. The impact of production, initial stocks, imports, and purchase prices on wheat supply is high (R = 0.99). The impact of consumption, sales prices, income, exports, and final stocks on wheat demand is high (R = 0.95). By analyzing the correlation coefficient of wheat production and supply, a coefficient of 0.96 was obtained, while for the wheat consumption and demand the obtained coefficient was 0.82, which indicates high correlation dependence. In the period 2000-2016, the export of wheat was increased 8.7 times along with the increase in price per kg and the total export value.

Hispanics in the U.S. Labor Market: A Tale of Three Generations

Immigrants’ descendants typically assimilate toward mainstream social and economic outcomes across generations. Hispanics in the United States are a possible exception to this pattern. Although there is a growing literature on intergenerational progress, or lack thereof, in education and earnings among Hispanics, there is little research on employment differences across immigrant generations. Using data from 1996 to 2017, this study reveals considerable differences in Hispanics’ employment rates across immigrant generations. Hispanic immigrant men tend to have higher employment rates than non-Hispanic whites and second- and third-plus generation Hispanics. Hispanic immigrant women have much lower employment rates, but employment rates rise considerably in the second generation. Nonetheless, U.S.-born Hispanic women are less likely than non-Hispanic white women to work. The evidence thus suggests segmented assimilation, in which the descendants of Hispanic immigrants have worse outcomes across generations. While relatively low education levels do not appear to hamper Hispanic immigrants’ employment, they play a key role in explaining low levels of employment among Hispanic immigrants’ descendants. Race and selective ethnic attrition may also contribute to some of the patterns uncovered here.

Research on the Reform of the Ability-oriented Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education System for the Design Major

The research on the reform of the ability-oriented innovation and entrepreneurship education system is of great significance to promote the quality and entrepreneurship of graduates in product design major of the application-oriented colleges and universities. Aiming to foster students' innovation and entrepreneurship abilities and serve the local economy, the five-in-one education mode integrates with weekly cultivation plan, theoretical teaching, practical teaching, graduation project, and innovation and entrepreneurship program, which is available to deepen the education reform of the product design major, accelerate the application-oriented transformation, and achieve high employment and entrepreneurship rate of graduates.

The labor market in Finland, 2000–2016

Finland’s population is aging rapidly by international comparison. The shrinking working-age population means that the burden of increasing pension and health care expenditures is placed on a smaller group of employed workers, while the scope for economic growth through increased labor input diminishes. Fiscal sustainability of the welfare state calls for a high employment rate among people of working age. Recent increases in employment among older groups contribute favorably to public finances, but high overall unemployment and a large share of the long-term unemployed are serious concerns.

Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants

Immigrants often have lower employment rates and earnings than natives. Our empirical analysis relies on two reforms generating exogenous variation in the waiting time for citizenship. We find that faster access to citizenship improves the economic situation of immigrant women, especially their labour market attachment with higher employment rates, longer working hours and more stable jobs. Immigrants also invest more in host country‐specific skills like language and vocational training. Faster access to citizenship seems a powerful policy instrument to boost economic integration in countries with traditionally restrictive citizenship policies.

Which factors effects patients belief and attitudes about influenza vaccination?

Despite its proven efficacy, vaccination rates with influenza vaccine are considerably low. This study aimed to investigate the vaccination rates with influenza-vaccine and the factors affecting attitude toward vaccination. A questionnaire was applied to patients presenting to outpatient clinic between October 2011-January 2012. Of these 1251 (671 F, 580 M) patients with a mean age of 47.7 ± 15.1, 61.9% had an indication for influenza-vaccination. The rate of vaccination was 33.4%. Among the vaccinated patients, the ratio of patients with an educational level of high-school or above (60.6%) was greater than that of patients with a lower educational level (39.4%) (p= 0.01). The vaccination rates were greater among those with chronic lung disease (43.6%), heart disease (21.2%), and diabetes (19.3%) (p< 0.001, p= 0.02, and p= 0.03, respectively). A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the independent variables associated with vaccination were considering the vaccine protective (OR, 2.13; CI, 1.85-4.24, p= 0.03), getting vaccinated to protect oneself (OR, 6.31; CI, 3.25-12.63, p< 0.001), getting vaccinated to protect one's family against influenza (OR, 5.42; CI, 3.11-9.54, p= 0.02), the vaccine being recommended by a physician (OR, 4.15; CI, 2.03-7.45, p< 0.001), being regularly-vaccinated (OR, 5.32; CI, 3.24-6.35, p< 0.001), and suffering from chronic lung disease (OR, 2.21; CI, 1.64-4.32, p< 0.001). The reasons of not getting vaccinated were considering the vaccine useless (OR, 2.46; CI, 0.77-3.98; p= 0.01),having concerns about side-effects (OR, 2.14; CI, 0.16-3.25; p= 0.02),and having inadequate knowledge (OR, 7.12; CI, 4.23-12.56; p< 0.001). Men, as compared to women, had a significantly greater rate of considering the vaccine useful (p< 0.001), getting vaccinated during campaigns held by workplaces (p= 0.002), and obtaining information through bills, brochures, or bulletins (p= 0.003). Patients vaccinated with the influenza-vaccine significantly more commonly consider the pneumococcal-vaccine useful (p= 0.02), and they had a significantly greater rateofvaccination with pneumococcal-vaccine (p< 0.001). The vaccination rate remains low. Opinions about the vaccine that had favourable effect on vaccination rate were that the vaccine was beneficial and that it would protect one's family against the disease. The unvaccinated patients had inadequate knowledge of the vaccine. Obtaining information from a physician boosts vaccination rate. Men having a greater rate of vaccination through campaigns of workplaces as well as a greater rate of being informed can be explained by a higher employment rate in men.

The health of single mothers and fathers in Germany.

In every fifth family in Germany, one parent lives alone with children in the household. Life as a single parent is often marked by challenges that include adopting sole responsibility for the child's education and care, alongside employment commitments, and the difficulties of reconciling work and family life. Moreover, despite comparatively high employment rates, single parents - and their children - are greatly affected by poverty. This paper compares the health of single parents and parents living in partnership and analyses the extent to which single parents' health varies according to their socio-economic and employment status, and social support. The analysis was conducted using data from the German Health Update (GEDA) study in 2009, 2010 and 2012 on fair or poor self-rated general health, as well as depression, back pain, obesity, smoking, sporting inactivity and the non-utilization of dental check-ups. The analyses are based on data from 9,806 women and 6,279 men living in a household with at least one child under the age of 18. The study identified a significantly higher prevalence for all health indicators (apart from obesity) among single mothers compared to mothers living with a partner. In the case of single fathers, higher prevalences were found for depression, smoking and the non-utilization of dental check-ups. On average, the lower socio-economic status of women can explain a certain proportion of the health impairment of single parents, but not for men. However, a lower socio-economic status or social support do not account for the health impairments of single parents. Therefore, the higher prevalence of health impairments among single parents cannot simply be attributed to differences in employment status or to lower levels of social support; rather, certain health indicators show a cumulative effect between single-parents status and the social factors mentioned above. The results presented here provide a differentiated view of the relationship between the health and social situation of single parents. Improving the financial position of one-parent families and making it easier to reconcile work and family life are important steps that would help improve the health of single parents.

Post-graduate medical education in public health: the case of Italy and a call for action

SummaryPublic health technical expertise is of crucial importance to inform decision makers’ action in the field of health and its broader determinants. Improving education and training of public health professionals for both practice and research is the starting point to strengthen the role of public health so that current health challenges can be efficiently tackled. At the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER) Deans’ & Directors’ 2017 Annual Retreat, we presented the structure and management of public health training system in Italy, and we reported recent data on Italian public health specialists’ educational experience, employment opportunities and job satisfaction. Public health training in Italy is implemented in the context of the post-graduate medical education residency programme in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, delivered by 34 University-based Schools of Public Health. We report relatively high employment rates across the county and wide spectrum of career opportunities for young public health specialists. However, job security is low and training expectations only partially met. We call upon other Schools of Public Health to scale up the survey within the broad ASPHER community in a shared and coordinated action of systematically collecting useful data that can inform the development of public health education and training models, their implementation and fruitful interaction with population health, health systems and services.