High Electrochemical Performance Research Articles

Direct writing additive-free V2CTx MXene architectures enables Zn-ion hybrid capacitor with ultrahigh energy density

Constructing a Zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHMSC) configuration with excellent electrochemical performance for progressive energy storage is worldwide attractive but yet still a considerable challenge. In this study, a universal and effective strategy has been proposed and developed for 3D-writing additive-free V2CTx MXene architected ZHMSC to realize the excellent electrochemical performance. With proper designs of printable electrochemical materials and direct ink writing architectures, 3D printed ZHMSC devices with high areal capacitance and excellent areal energy density have been achieved in a limited footprint area. Benefitting from the excellent ion diffusion and highly conductive networks, the 3D printed ZHMSCs device achieves the ultrahigh specific capacitance of 3.82 F cm−2, large energy density of 1.36 mW h cm−2 and remarkable cyclic performance with the capacitance retention of 97.8 % after 12,000 cycles at 20 mA cm−2. This work not only provides new insights on direct ink writing for high-performance Zn-Ion hybrid capacitor, but also offers a facile and efficient method to construct large-scale energy storage devices with high electrochemical performance for future energy storage.

Polymer incorporated with graphene oxide composite for high electrochemical performance

In this present work the Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide composite (PANI/GO) synthesized by chemical polymerization. XRD pattern shows crystal plane (200) and (002) reveals the presence of GO in the PANI/GO composite, UV-absorption spectra exhibits three distinguished peaks at 235 nm is corresponding to the π to π* transition of C–C in GO, 354 nm and 642 nm indexed with bi-polaronic transition of PANI in red shift, surface morphology revels the PANI homogenously dispersed on the surface of GO. CV curve indicates the PANI/GO composite electrode current rate and surface area 5 fold higher than the PANI electrode, which is suggested that the PANI/GO composite electrode is highly suitable for energy storage devices. EIS spectra show the semi-circle arc, and Rct value of PANI is found to be 28.61 Ω and PANI/GO composite electrode found to be 16.15 Ω. These results represent the PANI/GO composite electrode having more storage capacitive than the PANI, it shows high electrical conductivity, and also enhances the electrochemical performance.

Interface Engineering of Fe7S8/FeS2 Heterostructure in situ Encapsulated into Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for High Power Sodium-Ion Batteries

HighlightsIron sulfide-based heterostructure in situ hybridized with nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes was prepared through a successive pyrolysis and sulfidation approach.The as-prepared Fe7S8/FeS2/NCNT electrode exhibits superior sodium storage performance in both ester and ether-based electrolytes.The structure advantages of the electrode contribute to high electrochemical performance in the ester-based electrolyte, while fast ionic diffusion and favorable capacitive behavior result in the robust sodium storage performance in the ether-based electrolyte.

A Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sense Electrode Based on Cotton Pulp for Wearable Electronics.

Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity have great potential applications in wearable electronics. However, it is still a great challenge to prepare sense electrodes with high flexibility, high sensitivity, and high electrochemical performance. Here, we propose a novel and simple method for carbonizing cotton fibers as excellent electrically conductive materials. Moreover, carbonized cotton fiber (CCF) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were assembled into a flexible sense electrode. The CCF/PDMS electrode shows a high sensitivity of 10.8 kPa-1, a wide response frequency from 0.2-2.0 Hz, and durability over 900 cycles. The combined CCF/PDMS sensors can monitor human movement and pulse vibration, showing the enormous potential for use in wearable device technology. Additionally, the CCF/PDMS can be used as electrodes with a specific capacitance of 332.5 mF cm-2 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2, thanks to their high electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity, demonstrating the promising prospect of flexible supercapacitors.

Application analysis of nanomaterials in energy storage and sand treatment

In view of the problems of nanomaterials in the field of energy storage and pollution removal, energy storage composite nanomaterials were proposed in the study, including Fe3O4 Fe3O4@C (MFC), Fe3O4@PANI, Fe3O4@C @PANI core–shell nanomaterials. The experimental design includes the preparation of electrode in energy storage, characterization of electrode materials, electrode cyclic voltammetry test, electrode charge discharge test, and the preparation of catalyst, catalyst characterization, and factors affecting the removal effect in the soil pollutant removal experiment. The preparation process of catalyst for pollution removal was given, including nano ferric oxide and Pd loaded composite. The energy storage performance analysis shows that the four Fe3O4 nanocomposites all contain Fe3O4, and the corresponding diffraction peaks appear at six positions of 30.2°, 35.5°, 43.1°, 53.8°, 57.3° and 62.9° respectively. The electrochemical test results show that Fe3O4 Fe3O4@C (MFC), Fe3O4@PANI, Fe3O4@C @PANI has high electrochemical performance basis and high capacitance. The removal effect analysis shows that the optimal value of the reaction rate constant is 2.1635, the optimal current value is 40 mA, and the optimal pH value is 3.0. The experimental results verify that the composite nano materials with FeCl3.6H2O as the iron source can be used as better capacitor materials and have excellent application prospects. At the same time, the pollution removal results show that Pd-Fe3O4 has incomparable advantages compared with other materials, and has high reliability and effectiveness.

Ultrafine nanoparticles of tin-cobalt-sulfide decorated over 2D MXene sheets as a cathode material for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor

The design of electrode materials for improved electrochemical properties and stable geometric configuration is known as effective research in developing the electrochemical capability of supercapacitors (SCs). However, there is a difficulty in designing innovative composite material with excellent electrical conductivity and superior specific capacity by way of low cost and easy synthesis process. Herein, for the first time, a stable Sn-Co-S/MXene hybrid material is fabricated through the electrochemical assembly by combining positively charged ultrafine Sn-Co-S nanoparticles (NPs) and negatively charged 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) sheets due to electrostatic interaction. The Sn-Co-S/MXene hybrid material has displayed excellent electrochemical performance with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 305.71 mA h gm−1 at 1 A g−1 and capacity retention of 94.8% after 10, 000 charge–discharge cycles. The Sn-Co-S/MXene hybrid material of high electrochemical performance has improved charge transfer kinetics during the charge–discharge process, due to the synergistic coupling effect between ultrafine Sn-Co-S nanoparticles and MXene sheets. Furthermore, the Sn-Co-S/MXene//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device has been configured with the assistance of Sn-Co-S/MXene as cathode and AC as anode materials. The Sn-Co-S/MXene//AC ASC device exhibits a stable potential window of 1.7 V, a high specific capacitance of 108.50F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and an energy density of 43.55Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.83 kW kg−1. This study validates the design and application of highly electroactive Sn-Co-S/MXene hybrid electrode material for ultrastable asymmetric supercapacitors.

Revealing and Optimizing the Dialectical Relationship Between NOR and OER: Cation Vacancy Engineering Enables RuO2 With Unanticipated High Electrochemical Nitrogen Oxidation Performance

AbstractThe electrochemical N2 oxidation reaction (NOR) using water and atmospheric N2 represents a sustainable approach to nitric acid production; while, the parasitic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) usually results in poor conversion selectivity of N2 oxidation. Although the side‐reaction can be partially suppressed by using OER‐inactive catalysts or substrates, the optimized performance is usually obtained at the cost of low yield. Revealing the internal relationship between NOR and OER, providing an effective pathway to optimize the dialectical relationship between OER and NOR is desirable and of socio‐economic significance. Herein, RuO2, the well‐known OER electrocatalyst, is defectively engineered to enhance the cooperation rather than competition between NOR and OER; a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 6.70% at 1.36 V and a maximum yield of 767.92 µg h−1 mgcat−1 at 1.44 V are obtained on D‐RuO2 in acid electrolyte, superior to all the previously reported works. Experiments and DFT calculations suggest that the OER intermediates play a crucial role and the real rate‐determining step during nitrogen oxidation is the transition from *O to *OOH involved in the formation of *NN(OH). The outstanding NOR activity is ascribed to the enhanced stabilization of *OH and the promotion of OO bond breakage in the rate determining step of *NN(OH) formation.

Screen-printed water-based conductive ink on stretchable fabric for wearable micro-supercapacitor

Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have received a lot of attention with the rapid development of wearable, highly integrated, and flexible electronics due to their high power density and long cycle life. Among the preparation methods, screen printing is widely used due to its simplicity, low cost, integratability, and ease of industrial production. However, the conductivity, rheology, and printability of the ink are still required to be further optimized in order to improve the resolution and electrochemical properties of the printed patterns. And combining a high energy capacity and wearability of MSCs is also a big challenge. Therefore, a green and environmentally friendly water-based conductive ink is prepared herein to develop a CO-CNT-MnO2-based micro-electrode on stretchable cotton/spandex fabric by screen printing. The CO-CNT-MnO2/F-based MSCs with a forked finger structure are further assembled combined with PVA/LiCl, and high electrochemical performance of the assembled device due to the synergy of double layer capacitance and pseudocapacitor capacitance storage could be achieved as an area capacitance of 8.479 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s and reach maximum energy density of 0.132 mWh/cm2 at power density of 0.176 mW/cm2. In addition, the assembled MSCs still have high capacitance retention under stretching/folding/bending/friction conditions. This work highlights the great potential of the new water-based conductive ink for the application of stretchable MSCs based on screen printing.

Durable dual-methylpiperidinium crosslinked poly(binaphthyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes with high ion transport and electrochemical performance

A series of novel crosslinked poly(binaphthyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium)s (QBNTPs) based on various dual-piperidinium crosslinkers are designed and prepared as anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis. The excellent alkaline stability of the dual-piperidinium crosslinker with methyl substituent on the C4-position of the piperidinium ring is first confirmed. The as-prepared dual-methylpiperidinium crosslinked poly(binaphthyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium) (QBNTP-MP11) AEM shows an exceptional OH− conductivity (181.2 mS cm−1) and a suppressed swelling ratio (19.7%) at 90 °C. QBNTP-MP11 also exhibits a superior toughness (6.08 MJ m−3) and a marked storage modulus (6.52 × 106 Pa). Additionally, having less than 5% OH− conductivity deterioration after being treated in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 1560 h, QBNTP-MP11 demonstrates an outstanding durability. Notably, QBNTP-MP11 can achieve a high peak powder density of 1.41 W cm−2 in a single cell test and an excellent current density of 2.7 A cm−2 at 2.0 V in alkaline water electrolysis. Meanwhile, QBNTP-MP11 demonstrates a desirable durability in a single cell operation and water electrolysis. All those results validate that the durable and robust QBNTP-MP11 has a good application perspective. The work is anticipated to provide a valuable guidance for the design of new stable and high-performance AEMs.

Electrolyte-Wettability Issues and Challenges of Electrode Materials in Electrochemical Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Beyond.

The electrolyte-wettability of electrode materials in liquid electrolytes plays a crucial role in electrochemical energy storage, conversion systems, and beyond relied on interface electrochemical process. However, most electrode materials do not have satisfactory electrolyte-wettability for possibly electrochemical reaction. In the last 30 years, there are a lot of literature have directed at exploiting methods to improve electrolyte-wettability of electrodes, understanding basic electrolyte-wettability mechanisms of electrode materials, exploring the effect of electrolyte-wettability on its electrochemical energy storage, conversion, and beyond performance. This review systematically and comprehensively evaluates the effect of electrolyte-wettability on electrochemical energy storage performance of the electrode materials used in supercapacitors, metal ion batteries, and metal-based batteries, electrochemical energy conversion performance of the electrode materials used in fuel cells and electrochemical water splitting systems, as well as capacitive deionization performance of the electrode materials used in capacitive deionization systems. Finally, the challenges in approaches for improving electrolyte-wettability of electrode materials, characterization techniques of electrolyte-wettability, as well as electrolyte-wettability of electrode materials applied in special environment and other electrochemical systems with electrodes and liquid electrolytes, which gives future possible directions for constructing interesting electrolyte-wettability to meet the demand of high electrochemical performance, are also discussed.

High electrochemical performance of MnCo2O4.5 nanoneedles/NiCo LDH nanosheets as advanced electrodes of supercapacitor

MnCo2O4.5@NiCo layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are synthesized on nickel foam (NF) using the hydrothermal-calcination-hydrothermal method. It retains MnCo2O4.5 nanoneedles and NiCo LDH nanosheets structures, improving its electrochemical performance. The composite has an excellent specific capacity (1266 C g−1 when current density is 2 A g−1) and deliver an outstanding initial capacity retention (96.8% when current density is 20 A g−1). Moreover, the self-assembled MnCo2O4.5@NiCo LDH/NF//AC (actived carbon) asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) provides the highest energy density of 33.3 W h kg−1 when the power density is 798 W kg−1 and has a long cycle life of 81% at 5 A g−1 after 7000 cycles. The above results provide a useful strategy for new-generation energy storage devices with excellent properties.

N-doped/oxygen-deficient Fe2O3−x @PEDOT cruciform nanosheet arrays: Boosting the performance of all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors

As an ideal Faradaic anode material, Fe2O3 is expected to achieve high electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. However, the application of Fe2O3 in supercapacitors is limited by poor conductivity. In this study, first, we synthesized Fe2O3@Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (Fe2O3@PEDOT) composite cruciform nanosheet arrays via a one-step Fe3+-induced growth strategy. Fe2O3 nanoparticles were uniformly confined in ultrathin PEDOT sheets to enhance the dispersibility and conductivity of Fe2O3. Then, oxygen vacancies and nitrogen doping were introduced in Fe2O3 nanoparticles by plasma treatment (N-Fe2O3−x@PEDOT), which further enhanced the conductivity of Fe2O3 and increased the number of active sites. The engineered N-Fe2O3−x@PEDOT composites exhibited a high area capacitance of approximately 751 mF cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and approximately 103 mF cm−2 at 5 mV s−1 for a corresponding symmetric solid-state flexible supercapacitor with a capacitance retention of ∼60% after 5000 cycles.

Addressing Transport Issues in Non-Aqueous Li–air Batteries to Achieving High Electrochemical Performance

Addressing Transport Issues in Non-Aqueous Li–air Batteries to Achieving High Electrochemical Performance

Point-cavity-like carbon layer coated SnS nanotubes with improved energy storage capacity for lithium/sodium ion batteries

Tin monosulfide (SnS) is known as a prospective anode material for lithium/sodium ion batteries due to its high capacity, low cost, and easy preparation. Carbon coating is a powerful strategy to improve poor electronic conductivity and alleviate the large volume expansion of the SnS, thus achieving high electrochemical performances. However, the commonly used carbon coatings strategies usually generate interstices between the SnS and carbonaceous material, interrupting electron and ion transfer and unsatisfied accommodation of volume expansion. Herein, point-cavity-like carbon coated SnS nanotubes (CN/SnS) were synthesized by a close-knit mechanism using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as carbon sources. The carbonyl group in PVP can form hexahydroxylated stannyl compound with Sn2+, and the amine group can generate CN bond with the g-C3N4 template in an aqueous solution, respectively. The unique construction of CN/SnS can successfully reinforce the electron and ion transfer capability and accommodate volume expansion. The reformative effectivity dramatically improves the energy storage properties of SnS electrode for LIBs/SIBs. The CN/SnS electrode can deliver high specific capacities of 547.7 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 300 cycles for lithium-ion batteries and 298.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles for sodium-ion batteries, respectively. The structure design is practical and feasible, which could be used to develop high-performance transition metal sulfide/carbon composite anodes for LIBs and SIBs.

Enhanced grain connection and ionic conductivity of Na3.3La0.3Zr1.7Si2PO12 ceramic electrolyte by adding Na2B4O7

NASICON-type Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP) is supposed to be one of the greatest feasible solid electrolytes due to its high electrochemical performance and safety. Herein, Na2B4O7 (NBO) additive is proposed to enhance the grain connection and ionic conductivities, and reduce the sintering temperature. The grain boundary microstructure of Na3.3La0.3Zr1.7Si2PO12 (NLZSP) is adjusted via introducing NBO additive to facilitate the densification sintering at 950 °C. NLZSP with 3 wt% NBO (NZSP(NBO3)) demonstrates an optimized total ionic conductivity (σt) of 1.81 mS cm−1 at 25 °C and low activation energy (Ea) of 0.22 eV. EIS and SEM analysis reveals that NBO additive promotes more intimate contact between NLZSP grains and extensively reduces the grain-boundary resistance (Rgb) from 135 Ω cm2 for NLZSP to 8 Ω cm2 for NLZSP(NBO3). Besides, wide electrochemical stability window of 5 V vs Na+/Na and galvanostatic sodium stripping-plating up to 400 h reconfirms the super stability of NLZSP(NBO3)/Na interface, while small contact angle of 82° will bring better wettability and interface contact of NLZSP(NBO3)/Na. Solid-state sodium metal batteries (SMBs) based reduced graphene oxide wrapped NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP@rGO) 3D conductive cathode and NLZSP(NBO3) ceramic electrolyte shown excellent rate performance and cycle stability (91.4% of capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1C). Hence, NLZSP(NBO) ceramic electrolyte exhibits a significant advantage in enhancing grain connection, regulating ionic conductivity and reducing sintering temperature, and is anticipated to be used in all solid-state sodium ions batteries (ASSSIBs).

Boosting Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Achieving High-Safety Separator Chemically Bonded with Nano TiN Particles for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Currently, the commercial separator (Celgard2500) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffers from poor electrolyte affinity, mechanical property and thermal stability, which seriously affect the electrochemical performances and safety of LIBs. Here, the composite separators named PVDF-HFP/TiN for high-safety LIBs are synthesized. The integration of PVDF-HFP and TiN forms porous structure with a uniform and rich organic framework. TiN significantly improves the adsorption between PVDF-HFP and electrolyte, causing a higher electrolyte absorption rate (192%). Meanwhile, XPS results further demonstrate the tight link between PVDF-HFP and TiN due to the existence of TiF bond in PVDF-HFP/TiN, resulting in a strong impediment for the puncture of lithium dendrites as a result of the improved mechanical strengths. And PVDF-HFP/TiN can effectively suppress the growth of lithium dendrites by means of uniform lithium flux. In addition, the excellent heat resistance of TiN improves the thermal stability of PVDF-HFP/TiN. As a result, the LiFePO4 ||Li cells assembled PVDF-HFP/TiN-12 exhibit excellent specific capacity, rate performance, and capacity retention rate. Even the high specific capacity of 153 mAh g-1 can be obtained at the high temperature of 80°C. Meaningfully, a reliable modification strategy for the preparation of separators with high safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs is provided.

"Salting out" in Hofmeister Effect Enhancing Mechanical and Electrochemical Performance of Amide-based Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zinc-Ion Battery.

With the development of flexible and wearable electronic devices, it is a new challenge for polymer hydrogel electrolytes to combine high mechanical flexibility and electrochemical performance into one membrane. In general, the high content of water in hydrogel electrolyte membranes always leads to poor mechanical strength, and limits their applications in flexible energy storage devices. In this work, based on the "salting out" phenomenon in Hofmeister effect, a kind of gelatin-based hydrogel electrolyte membrane is fabricated with high mechanical strength and ionic conductivity by soaking pre-gelated gelatin hydrogel in 2m ZnSO4 aqueous. Among various gelatin-based electrolyte membranes, the gelatin-ZnSO4 electrolyte membrane delivers the "salting out" property of Hofmeister effect, which improves both the mechanical strength and electrochemical performance of gelatin-based electrolyte membranes. The breaking strength reaches 1.5MPa. When applied to supercapacitors and zinc-ion batteries, it can sustain over 7500 and 9300 cycles for repeated charging and discharging processes. This study provides a very simple and universal method to prepare polymer hydrogel electrolytes with high strength, toughness, and stability, and its applications in flexible energy storage devices provide a new idea for the construction of secure and stable flexible and wearable electronic devices.

Boosting electrochemical CO2 directly electrolysis by tuning the surface oxygen defect of perovskite

The insufficient CO2 adsorption ability on the cathode hinders the development of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Regulating the surface oxygen defect of the cathode is an efficient strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of CO2 electrolysis. Herein, we design oxygen-defect perovskite (La0.5Sr0.5)1-xFe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ oxide by introducing A-site cation deficiency. The effect of A-site deficiency on surface oxygen vacancy and electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction is systematically investigated. The relaxation time distribution (DRT) results demonstrate that the enhanced surface oxygen vacancy concentration significantly improves the CO2 adsorption ability, leading to high electrochemical performance for CO2 electrolysis. The single cell with (La0.5Sr0.5)0.9Fe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ cathode attains a current density of 1.1 A cm−2 at 1.6 V and 800 °C. The polarization resistance decreases from 0.6 for (La0.5Sr0.5) Fe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ to 0.25 Ω cm2 for (La0.5Sr0.5)0.9Fe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ cathode at 1.2 V. This work shows that oxygen-defect (La0.5Sr0.5)0.9Fe0.9Mn0.1O3-δ is a potential cathode material for CO2 directly electrolysis.

Fabrication and performance evaluation of graphene-supported PtRu electrocatalyst for high-temperature electrochemical hydrogen purification

The main aim of this study is to investigate the high-temperature electrochemical hydrogen purification (HT-ECHP) performances of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) support material decorated with platinum (Pt) and platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) nanoparticles prepared by microwave irradiation technique. Prepared catalysts coupled to the phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane for HT-ECHP application. The structural and electrochemical properties of the catalysts were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transition electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses. The characterization results indicate that the catalysts provided the necessary properties for HT-ECHP application. The HT-ECHP performances are investigated with reformate gas mixture containing hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the range of 140–180 °C. The results show that the electrochemical purification performances of the catalysts increase with increasing operating temperature. The highest H2 purification performance is obtained with PtRu/GNP catalyst. The high electrochemical H2 purification performance of the PtRu/GNP catalyst can be attributed to the strong synergistic interactions between Pt and Ru particles decorated on the GNP. These results advocate that the PtRu/GNP catalyst is a hopeful catalyst for HT-ECHP application.

Microenvironment Engineering to Promote Selective Ammonia Electrosynthesis from Nitrate over a PdCu Hollow Catalyst.

The electrosynthesis of recyclable ammonia (NH3 ) from nitrate under ambient conditions is of great importance but still full of challenges for practical application. Herein, an efficient catalyst design strategy is developed that can engineer the surface microenvironment of a PdCu hollow (PdCu-H) catalyst to confine the intermediates and thus promote selective NH3 electrosynthesis from nitrate. The hollow nanoparticles are synthesized by in situ reduction and nucleation of PdCu nanocrystals along a self-assembled micelle of a well-designed surfactant. The PdCu-H catalyst shows a structure-dependent selectivity toward the NH3 product during the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 - RR) electrocatalysis, enabling a high NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 87.3% and a remarkable NH3 yield rate of 0.551mmol h-1 mg-1 at -0.30V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode). Moreover, this PdCu-H catalyst delivers high electrochemical performance in the rechargeable zinc-NO3 - battery. These results provide a promising design strategy to tune catalytic selectivity for efficient electrosynthesis of renewable NH3 and feedstocks.