High Efficient Protocol Research Articles

Substitution of diarylphosphoryl azides with aliphatic amines catalyzed by simple rare‐earth metal salts: Efficient and novel preparation of phosphoryl amides

AbstractA novel and high efficient protocol was disclosed herein for the rare‐earth metal salt‐catalyzed substitution of phosphoryl azides with amines. In this homogeneous catalysis system, different diarylphosphoryl azides and aliphatic and aromatic amines were evaluated under the optimized reaction conditions, and a series of phosphoryl amides were generated through LaCl3 catalysis for the first time in moderate to excellent isolated yields. Different from well‐tolerated phosphoryl azide substrates, the amino nucleophiles, however, were mainly limited to primary amines; their secondary analogues or anilines were reluctant to experience desired transformations. Nevertheless, this methodology has proven to be a simple, practical, and scalable application of the promising lanthanide catalyst toward the exiting methodology library to prepare phosphoryl amides.

A simple, economical, and high efficient protocol to produce in vitro miniature rose

Due to its high commercial value, many studies on rose (Rosa hybrida L.) micropropagation have been published. However, there are a limited number of studies on rose in vitro flowering. These studies only focused on the roles of plant growth regulators in the formation and morphogenesis of flowers. In this protocol, cytokinin was confirmed to positively function in the induction of in vitro rose flowers. In fact, more than 40% of in vitro shoots were induced to flower when they were grown on a medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BA) (2 mg L−1) and IAA (0.1 mg L−1). In addition, this study showed that the growth medium supplemented with only coconut water (15 or 20% v/v) was very efficient to induce flowering of in vitro miniature rose plants (> 70%) after 60 d of subculture. In addition, the in vitro flowers were normal and almost similar to ex vitro flowers in terms of flower shape and color. Based on these results, a detailed procedure for in vitro miniature rose flower production is provided.

Green and rapid synthesis of dihydropyrimido [4,5‐b]quinolinetrione derivatives using CoFe2O4@PPA as high efficient solid acidic catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation

A new high efficient and green protocol for the preparation of dihydropyrimido[4,5‐b]quinolinetrione derivatives using magnetically solid acid catalyst was presented. High performance solid acid catalyst was prepared through a three‐step reaction. Firstly, CoFe2O4 nano particles were synthesized using co‐precipitation method. In second step, CoFe2O4 nano particles were coated with SiO2 shell through treatment with tetraethyl orthosilicate (CoFe2O4@SiO2). Finaly, CoFe2O4@SiO2 was modified with polyphosphoric acid (CoFe2O4@SiO2/PPA) in a simple manner. Green reusable catalyst was characterized in details using FTIR, VSM, TEM, FESEM, EDX and used as catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrimido[4,5‐b]quinolinetrione derivatives. Reaction was performed under ultrasonic irradiation as green, effective and mild conditions and products were achieved in high to excellent yields. Green and eco‐friendly conditions, short reaction times with high yield of products in addition to easy workup are some merits of presented method.

Efficient quantum key distribution based on hybrid degrees of freedom

Round-robin differential-phase-shift (RRDPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is a practical QKD protocol without monitoring the signal disturbance. However, how to further increase the secure key rate is still a challenge in practice. In the paper, we propose a high efficient QKD protocol based on RRDPS-QKD, where the photon-states are encoded in two degrees of freedom (DOFs), phase and polarization. The key generation rate and the security of the proposal protocol are analyzed. The simulation results show that the secure key rate is greatly improved in comparison with the original RRDPS-QKD protocol by breaking the limitation of quantum state in a single DOF. Moreover, our protocol can still maintain the high error tolerance of RRDPS-QKD protocol.

Collision-aware cooperative MAC protocol design for mobile ad-hoc networks

<p>Mobile ad hoc networks are designed to maintain communication among the independent nodes without a server or base station. High efficient MAC protocol takes a major role to maintain collision free, bandwidth efficient communication among the networked nodes. Collisions among the nodes provide considerable reduction in the performance of the network. The objective of the work is to provide collision aware cooperative MAC protocol design by modifying the backoff to a specific range. It improves the throughput and reduces delay with less collision rate. It minimizes the complexity of the problem arising in memory and processing.</p>

High efficient protocol for Callus induction and Regeneration of a medicinal plant Orthosiphon stamineus

High efficient protocol for Callus induction and Regeneration of a medicinal plant Orthosiphon stamineus

Pancreatic Endoderm-Derived From Diabetic Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generates Glucose-Responsive Insulin-Secreting Cells.

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can potentially serve as an invaluable source for cell replacement therapy and allow the creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells without the controversial use of embryos and avoids any immunological incompatibility. The generation of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells from pluripotent stem cells in vitro provides an unprecedented cell source for personal drug discovery and cell transplantation therapy in diabetes. A new five-step protocol was introduced in this study, effectively induced hiPSCs to differentiate into glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. This process mimics in vivo pancreatic organogenesis by directing cells through stages resembling definitive endoderm, primitive gut-tube endoderm, posterior foregut, pancreatic endoderm, and endocrine precursor. Each stage of differentiation were characterized by stage-specific markers. The produced cells exhibited many properties of functional β-cells, including expression of critical β-cells transcription factors, the potency to secrete C-peptide in response to high levels of glucose and the presence of mature endocrine secretory granules. This high efficient differentiation protocol, established in this study, yielded 79.18% insulin-secreting cells which were responsive to glucose five times higher than the basal level. These hiPSCs-derived glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells might provide a promising approach for the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2616-2625, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A high efficient protocol for soybean root transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and most stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis.

A 55% transformation efficiency was obtained by our optimized protocol; and we showed that GmELF1 - β and GmELF1 - α are the most stable reference genes for expression analyses under this specific condition. Gene functional analyses are essential to the validation of results obtained from in silico and/or gene-prospecting studies. Genetic transformation methods that yield tissues of transient expression quickly have been of considerable interest to researchers. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation methods, which are employed to generate plants with transformed roots, have proven useful for the study of stress caused by root phytopathogens via gene overexpression and/or silencing. While some protocols have been adapted to soybean plants, transformation efficiencies remain limited; thus, few viable plants are available for performing bioassays. Furthermore, mRNA analyses that employ reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR) require the use of reference genes with stable expression levels across different organs, development steps and treatments. In the present study, an A. rhizogenes-mediated soybean root transformation approach was optimized. The method delivers significantly higher transformation efficiency levels and rates of transformed plant recovery, thus enhancing studies of soybean abiotic conditions or interactions between phytopathogens, such as nematodes. A 55% transformation efficiency was obtained following the addition of an acclimation step that involves hydroponics and different selection processes. The present study also validated the reference genes GmELF1-β and GmELF1-α as the most stable to be used in RT-qPCR analysis in composite plants, mainly under nematode infection.

An Efficient Name Resolving Mechanism for Inter-domain Policy in Content-Centric Networks

The information-centric network has been proposed for years. It received much attention in the research community until that the content-centric networking (CCN) became one of the fundamental components of Future Internet Architecture (FIA). Meanwhile, current CCN faces enormous technical challenges and one of the key issues is to properly design and evaluate the adaptive forwarding strategies. This paper aims to propose a high efficient routing protocol (ELRP) for the name resolving in CCN. The ELRP incorporates the merits of hierarchical structure, channel and rendezvous network. The demands of path latency are loosen in the proposed routing design, and other metrics, e.g. communication cost, load balancing and resource consumption, are also taken into the consideration. A collection of simulation experiments are carried out and the results show that ELRP can provide improved network performances in terms of these evaluation metrics. Such research outcome implies that a more comprehensive service can be deployed with improved network performance.

English

  Gynura bicolor DC. is a perennial vegetable and medicinal plant. It is an important source of anthocyanins. The effects of different growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration were evaluated. The best SFC index (8.6) of plant regeneration was obtained in combination of 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/l and BA at 0.5 mg/l, and the frequency of regenerating explants was 78.3%. The highest number of shoots per explant was 11. The genetic stability of the regenerants was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and flow cytometry. The results indicated that no somaclonal variation was detected among the regenerants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of somatic clone study in G. bicolor. The high efficient and reproducible protocol will be advanced for the further studies on secondary metabolic products, transformations and breeding of this potential medicinal plant.   Key words: Flow cytometry analysis, genetic stability, Gynura bicolor, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), regeneration.

HCR: A Hybrid Mac Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks Using Channel Reservation

Underwater sensor networks (UWSN) for long-term ocean monitoring become hot spots in recent research, but the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channel bring challenges in medium access control (MAC) protocol design. Most existing approaches are simplex and cannot suit well for all network load cases. We propose HCR, a high efficient MAC protocol for UWSN, which combines the excellences of competition-based and scheme-based protocols, and can suit for all traffic load cases. HCR is a hybrid of TDMA and a random access protocol, and protocols switch dynamically due to the change of traffic load. It is load adaptive, energy efficient and has high network throughput. Some trade-offs and optimization problems are also discussed. Finally, detailed simulations are made to validate the capability and efficiency of HCR.

Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic cell suspensions of Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA) via a liquid co-cultivation system

A high efficient protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA), a major banana variety of the South East Asia region, was developed in this study. Male-flower-derived embryogenic cell suspensions (ECS) were co-cultivated in liquid medium with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 harboring a binary vector pCAMBIA2301 carrying nptII and gusA gene in the T-DNA. Depending upon conditions and duration of co-cultivation in liquid medium, 0-490 transgenic plants per 0.5 ml packed cell volume (PCV) of ECS were obtained. The optimum duration of inoculation was 2 h, and the highest transformation frequency was achieved when infected ECS were co-cultivated in liquid medium first for 12 h at 40 rpm and then for 156 h at 100 rpm on a rotary shaker. Co-cultivation for a shorter duration (72 h) or shaking constantly at 100 rpm at the same duration gave 1.6 and 1.8 folds lower transformation efficiency, respectively. No transgenic plants were obtained in parallel experiments carried on semi-solid media. Histochemical GUS assay and molecular analysis in several tissues of the transgenic plants demonstrated that foreign genes were stably integrated into the banana genome. Compared to semi-solid co-cultivation transformation in other banana species, it is remarkable that liquid co-cultivation was much more efficient for transformation of the Mas cultivar, and was at least 1 month faster for regenerating transgenic plants.