High-efficiency Air Research Articles

Multi-functional nanofibrous membrane with antibacterial property for highly effective capture of PM0.3 and hydrogen sulfide

In order to reduce the possible harm caused by air pollution, including particulate matters (PM), harmful gases and airborne pathogens, high-efficiency air filtration materials are attracting more and more attention. Therefore, multifunctional materials that can filter these pollutants and kill pathogenic bacteria simultaneously are urgently desired. Herein, a copper-coordinated nanofibrous membrane, named PAN-P-Cu, was successfully prepared based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers grafted polyethyleneimine (PEI) by electrospinning and coordination assembly method. The PAN-P-Cu showed high filtration efficiency (99.9%) towards PM0.3 under an airflow velocity of 5.3 cm s−1 and high filtration efficiency (99.94%) towards PM10, respectively. Importantly, used membrane could be regenerated by a simple washing process. Moreover, PAN-P-Cu possessed removal property of 60 mg g−1 for hydrogen sulfide through the occurrence of chemical reactions. Furthermore, the PAN-P-Cu also exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (>99.99%). This work may provide new insights on designing high-performance and multi-functional air filtration materials for public health protection in complicated environments.

Optimized improvement of double-stage solar AES saline wastewater treatment system based on performance simulation and exergy analysis

Being an innovative, clean and high-efficiency double-stage solar air evaporating separation (AES) saline wastewater treatment system, it enables the full recovery of clean water and salt from saline wastewater. Nevertheless, there are still possibilities for optimized improvement in various aspects. Therefore, in this work, a well-established and accurately system simulation model is constructed, comprehensive performance is intensively analyzed, and different optimization and improvement methods are designed. Results demonstrate that among three potential improvements, “Improvement of three-stage switching operation” brings little effect, while “Improvement of distribution relationship” can effectively improve system adaptability to weather, particularly under overcast weather conditions. Moreover, “Improvement of regenerator” improves overall performance (gained output ratio (GOR), evaporation efficiency (EE) and overall system efficiency (ηsys), which are 20.11 %, 11.01 %, and 8.55 % higher than original system, respectively). Furthermore, the exergy analysis concludes that simultaneous implementation of “Improved distribution relations” and “Improved regenerators” is preferable. This improvement enhances system weather resilience and wastewater recycling capabilities in one fell swoop. This improved system can achieve an average GOR, ηsys and system exergy efficiency (ηex) of 2.588, 63.92 % and 2.849 %, respectively, throughout total summer months. Consequently, the best system improvement method is combining “Improvement of distribution relationship” with “Improvement of regenerator”.

Tri-layer gradient structured micro/nanofibrous nonwovens for high filtration efficiency and low air resistance

The coexistence of PM2.5 pollution and the ongoing pandemic poses significant risks to human health. Protective masks incorporating high-efficiency particulate air filters offer adequate protection against PM2.5 particles. Micro/nanofibrous nonwovens, including melt-blown and electrospun nonwovens, are essential filter materials. This study focuses on the filtration mechanism and geometric structure design of multi-level structured micro/nanofibrous nonwovens. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on a filter core material composed of polyacrylonitrile, a polystyrene electrospun membrane, a polypropylene (PP) melt-blown membrane, and a supporting outer layer of a PP spun-bonded membrane. The resulting nonwovens exhibited exceptional filtration efficiency of 99.98% for PM0.3 particles, with a low pressure drop of 60 Pa at 32 L/min inlet air velocity. Filtration efficiencies of 99.99% and 100% were achieved for PM1.0 and PM2.5 particles, respectively. These characteristics make the designed composite nonwovens a very promising filter material for masks. The study contributes to understanding filtration mechanisms and developing advanced high-efficiency filter materials, enhancing protection against airborne pollutants.

Virus removal by high-efficiency air (HEPA) filters and filtration capacity enhancement by nanotextiles: a pilot study.

Portable household air purifiers are widely used devices designed to maintain a high-quality level of indoor air. Portable air purifiers equipped with the high-efficiency air (HEPA) filter served 100h in a household space occupied by two adults without any symptoms of respiratory tract infection. The main objective of the study was to determine microbial contamination on the HEPA filter and to investigate if the selected nanotextile monolayer made of polyamide 6 (PA6) nanofibers can capture potential microorganisms when installed downstream of the HEPA filter as the final filtration medium. Samples were taken from the inlet and outlet surfaces. Samples from the nanotextile were collected in the same manner as from the HEPA filter. QIAStat DX® 1.0 Analyzer using the Respiratory SARS CoV-2 Panel multiplex PCR detection system was selected for microorganism detection. Adenovirus was detected on the inlet surface of the HEPA filter. The outlet surface of the filter contained no viruses included in the Respiratory SARS CoV-2 Panel portfolio. The nanotextile monolayer was replaced twice during the 100h of operation, so three pieces were used and all contained coronavirus 229 E. Coronavirus 229 E was then detected in the nasopharynx of one of the members of the household as well. It may be assumed that the selected nanotextile is capable of capturing a virus of a small size.

Personal protection strategies for mitigating the effects of air pollution: A narrative literature review

reducing air emissions is the fundamental action necessary to mitigate the negative health effects caused by air pollution. However, increased public awareness has highlighted the need to identify protective measures that can mitigate the personal health risks associated with air pollution. examine the evidence regarding personal protection strategies capable of mitigating the health effects caused by air pollution, with a focus on healthy individuals and at-risk categories. Design: narrative review. this study examines the most effective personal protection strategies for healthy and at-risk individuals, considering children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; the examined strategies include the use of air purifiers, respiratory masks, exposure limitation, physical activity, alternative means of transportation, and environmental monitoring systems. reduction of individual exposure to air pollution, respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes, total and all-cause mortality. the evidence indicates that these measures can reduce exposure and promote well-being. For at-risk individuals, it is crucial to limit exposure during periods and in locations with high pollution levels, with an emphasis on physical activity. The use of high-efficiency air purifiers can reduce the negative effect of air pollution on individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, especially those with asthma. In healthy individuals, multiple mitigation actions have been identified, with evidence suggesting that the benefits of physical activity persist even in environments with high levels of air pollution. this narrative review provides an overview of personal strategies capable of reducing air pollution exposure and consequently mitigating its negative impact on health. These findings can support the development of recommendations and communication and prevention interventions, promoting risk reduction policies and increased awareness and engagement from both healthcare and non-healthcare networks at the local level. Although more robust systematic approaches are needed, this review serves as a useful tool for stakeholders and citizens, while also providing a simple instrument with significant communicative potential, applicable on a large scale.

Development of biodegradable nanofiber filters based on surface-modified cellulose nanofibers with graphene oxide for high removal of airborne particulate matter

Airborne particulate matter is a pressing environmental and public health concern globally. This study aimed to develop sustainable filtration materials from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) modified with graphene oxide (GO) to capture fine particulates from air effectively. CNFs were extracted from α-cellulose via mechanical grinding and modified with 0.5–1.5 wt% GO solution by ultrasonication to produce CNF-GO nanocomposites. These were freeze-dried into highly porous, lightweight aerogels for air filtration applications. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed GO incorporation through hydroxyl group interactions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed a porous 3D network with reduced porosity after GO addition due to pore blocking. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the cellulose I crystal structure was retained after modification. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements indicated increased density but decreased surface area and pore volume with GO loading. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability with GO incorporation due to oxidative reactions and a barrier effect. The particulate absorption efficiency markedly increased from 86.37 % to 99.98 % for CNFs modified with 1.5 wt% GO due to the high surface area, surface oxygen functionalities, and nanoplatelet morphology of GO. The nanofiber filters with 1.5 wt% GO exhibited a maximum absorption efficiency of 99.98 % and a quality factor of 0.0912 Pa−1. Although GO reduced biodegradability, substantial degradation occurred under soil conditions. Overall, the sustainable, high-efficiency CNF-GO air filters developed in this work demonstrate immense promise for controlling air pollution and protecting human health.

Enhancing antibacterial activity and air filtration performance in electrospun hybrid air filters of chitosan (CS)/AgNPs/PVA/cellulose acetate: Effect of CS/AgNPs ratio

The increase in particulate matter (PM), especially PM2.5, has become a global threat to human health. To get rid of this severe pollutant, air filtration is forecasted as a promising, cost-effective, and effective method. This study utilized dual-spinneret electrospinning to fabricate the electrospun hybrid nanofibrous membranes (EHMs) of chitosan (CS)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cellulose acetate (CA). The effect of CS/AgNPs ratios was also investigated to obtain high-efficient air filtration membranes with outstanding antibacterial activity. Results disclosed that EHMs containing high AgNPs content improved the filtration performance and antibacterial properties while decreasing the wettability and tensile strength of EHM membranes. In addition, the EHM1 was found to be the most effective air filter membrane due to its high filtration efficiency of 99.78 % (PM2.5), low-pressure drop of 61.15 Pa, high-quality factor of 0.09 Pa−1, and enhanced inhibition zone of 100–141 %. Thus, this study suggests that the EHMs of CS/AgNPs/PVA/CA with a high AgNPs/CS ratio fabricated via a dual-electrospinning technique are expected to be a promising material choice for an air filter with efficient filtration performance and excellent antibacterial activity, resulting in a more sustainable and healthier future.

Proof of Aerobically Autoxidized Self-Charge Concept Based on Single Catechol-Enriched Carbon Cathode Material

HighlightsAn air-breathing chemical self-charge concept of oxygen-enriched carbon cathode.The oxygen-enriched carbon material with abundant catechol groups.Rapid air-oxidation chemical self-charge of catechol groups.The self-charging concept has drawn considerable attention due to its excellent ability to achieve environmental energy harvesting, conversion and storage without an external power supply. However, most self-charging designs assembled by multiple energy harvesting, conversion and storage materials increase the energy transfer loss; the environmental energy supply is generally limited by climate and meteorological conditions, hindering the potential application of these self-powered devices to be available at all times. Based on aerobic autoxidation of catechol, which is similar to the electrochemical oxidation of the catechol groups on the carbon materials under an electrical charge, we proposed an air-breathing chemical self-charge concept based on the aerobic autoxidation of catechol groups on oxygen-enriched carbon materials to ortho-quinone groups. Energy harvesting, conversion and storage functions could be integrated on a single carbon material to avoid the energy transfer loss among the different materials. Moreover, the assembled Cu/oxygen-enriched carbon battery confirmed the feasibility of the air-oxidation self-charging/electrical discharging mechanism for potential applications. This air-breathing chemical self-charge concept could facilitate the exploration of high-efficiency sustainable air self-charging devices.

Dynamic modeling and policy simulation to reduce heat-related illness risk from urban heatwaves in Seoul, South Korea

Integrated and systematic studies on heat-related illness risk from urban heatwaves are lacking. The effects and predictions of risk reduction policies for heat-related illness risk should not be limited to a particular area of study but should be calculated in a feedback process considering the budget. In this study, we performed dynamic modeling and policy simulation aimed at reducing the risk of heat-related illnesses caused by urban heatwaves in Seoul, Korea. A causal map of the urban heatwave system was created using data from 2010 to 2021, and simulations were performed up to 2040. In analyzing the effect of reducing the incidence of patients with heat-related illnesses compared to the budget invested, the number of patients with heat-related illnesses to be reduced in support policies for the vulnerable group, high-efficiency air conditioners, heatwave shelters, green areas, and eco-friendly cars would be reduced by 0.44, 0.09, 0.0046, 0.0045, and 0.0005 people/billion won in 2035, respectively. The number of heat-related illnesses decreased by 78.0% when policy simulation, which produced the maximum effect with the lowest budget, was performed. The current urban heatwave system in Seoul would not reduce the incidence of patients with heat-related illnesses in the future but, rather, would increase it. Urban heatwave policies did not contribute considerably to the reduction of patients with heat-related illnesses because the intensity of heatwaves owing to climate change outweighed the impact of heatwave policies. We suggest additional budget increases in the order of higher return on investment (ROI).

One-step fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous membranes with spider-web-like structure for high-efficiency PM0.3 capture

High-efficiency air filters are in high demand to protect human health from the threat of ultrafine particulate matters (PM). However, most commercial air filters are less effective for PM0.3 capture and/or still suffer from undesirable pressure drops. They are also typically petroleum-based. Herein, a double-jet synchronous electrospinning technology was demonstrated to fabricate spider-web-like polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous membranes (SPNM) in one step. The properties of spinning solutions were regulated to construct favorable multi-scale nanofiber and bead structures that mimicked the structural units in spider-webs. The as-prepared SPNM exhibited excellent filtration efficiency (99.87 %) and high quality factor (0.321 Pa−1) against the PM0.3, while presenting an attractively low pressure drop (19 Pa). Additionally, the filtration performance of SPNM was almost completely preserved during 10-cycle tests and the 6-month long-term tests, showing excellent function stability and durability. Benefiting from its good hydrophobicity (WCA = 143.2°), SPNM also presented a satisfactory filtration efficiency (>99.37 %) with low pressure drop (18 Pa) at an environment with humidity at 90 % against PM0.3. Furthermore, the unique structure increased the mechanical strength of SPNM, facilitating the processability for practical applications. Overall, this work may shed light on a promising approach for developing biomass-based, highly efficient filtration materials with hierarchical structures.

Wide-bandgap III-V materials for high efficiency air and underwater optical photovoltaic power transmission

High-power optical transmission (HPOT) enables the uninterrupted transfer of power in the order of hundreds of watts over several kilometers, freeing power systems from traditional wiring constraints. Its vast versatility of applications ranges from the ocean depths to outer space. In recent years, particular emphasis has been placed on the development of efficient methods to transfer substantial amounts of power from future space-based solar power stations, which intend to generate clean energy 24/7, to Earth. Despite the immense potential of HPOT, further endeavors should be undertaken in order to enhance overall system efficiency, currently hindered below 20%. A contributing factor to this unsatisfactory performance is the state-of-the-art selection of semiconductors that constitute the receivers of the monochromatic light: the optical photovoltaic converters (OPCs). Therefore, this work aims to identify the most suitable semiconductor materials for high power (∼100 Wcm−2) and beyond transmissions in terrestrial and underwater environments. In addition, the first analytical model capable of evaluating, predicting and designing OPCs and its electrical characteristics is provided. The results indicate that III-V wide-bandgap semiconductors (≈2.5 eV), such as InGaN and InAlN, could yield significant efficiency improvements in air and, especially, in subaquatic domains with respect to existing GaAs-based devices.

Exergoeconomic assessment of a high-efficiency compressed air energy storage system

Energy storage systems have a critical part in enabling greater use of intermittent energy resources. For a sustainable energy supply mix, compressed air energy storage systems offer several advantages through the integration of practical and flexible types of equipment in the overall energy system. The primary advantage of these systems is the management of the duration of the peak load of multiple generation sources in ‘islanded operation’ without connection to the electricity network. Here, research introduces and analyzes a novel multigeneration system for electrical power, cooling, heating, potable water, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen production to improve the industrial aspects of the system for more profitability and efficiency with lower environmental impacts. The system involves three main sub-systems: CAES, combined cooling, heat & power, and a desalination unit. To assess the performance of the system, technical, economic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental studies are conducted. The results regarding the energy and exergy studies reveal that the system presents great potential for reliable operation during peak demand hours. The round-trip efficiency is 74.5 % producing 1721 kW of electrical power with concurrent cooling and heating loads at 272.9 and 334.6 kW, respectively. Economically, the levelized costs of heating/cooling, clean desalinated water, and electricity are 26.4 US$/GJ, 2 US$/lit, and 4.5 cents/kWh, respectively. Finally, the outcomes of the exergoenvironmental study display that the sustainability index for the system is 1.7.

Using modified raw materials to fabricate electrospun, superhydrophobic poly(lactic acid) multiscale nanofibrous membranes for air-filtration applications

Nanofiber filtration materials are of considerable interest owing to their excellent interception capability for particulate matter (PM). However, numerous obstacles, such as highly complex manufacturing techniques, a short service life, low efficiency, and poor uniformity, hinder the large-scale production and utilization of these materials. In this work, multiscale modified poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous membranes (diameters: ∼49.9 and ∼223.22 nm) were fabricated by attaching long-chain alkyl groups with low surface energy to raw materials via chemical grafting and subsequently using the modified poly(lactic acid) for needleless electrospinning. This modification method facilitates the stable preparation process required for large-scale production. The membranes have small pores (∼340 nm in diameter) with a narrow pore-size distribution, superhydrophobicity (water contact angle: 155°), relatively high tensile strength (20.36 MPa), high filtration efficiency (>98.500% for PM0.3), and low resistance (<0.032% of atmospheric pressure), and they can maintain a filtration efficiency above 90.000% after 50 blowback cycles. Moreover, for particles with a diameter of <0.3 μm, the composites exhibit an initial filtration efficiency of 99.995%, which only decreases to 98.000% after 10 washing cycles. Therefore, this work presents a promising solution for the large-scale production of high-efficiency air filters.

Numerical study on thermal performance of a building design integrating two passive Trombe walls

ABSTRACT This paper deals with a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behaviour of Trombe walls. The temperature fields and velocity distributions are investigated in different components of a test room, in the climate of Lille- France, during two different seasons in order to provide a thorough comprehension of the potential of the Passive Trombe wall. The governing equations are solved by the Finite Volume Method using the CFD software scSTREAM V2020. The numerical results agree well with the available experimental data. The results indicated that the temperature values at the upper vents were always higher than those retrieved from the lower vents forming an air circulation in the space which promotes a comfortable indoor air temperature. Besides, other parameters such as the thickness of Trombe wall, vents dimensions and air gap thickness, are studied to inquire their influence on the Trombe wall’s performance. It is found that the Trombe wall should be constructed with middle thickness with smaller air gaps to enhance thermal comfort in a building. This investigation can be a good reference for Trombe wall design and a valuable insight into the development of a high-efficiency solar air heating system.

In situ one-step production of hierarchical silicon nanofilaments/polyimide nonwovens for environmentally sustainable applications

Highly architectures with roughness and low surface energy reagent are the key toward developing superwetting materials. Silicon nanofilaments (SiNFs) had been grown on polyimide (PI) nonwovens by liquid deposition, which could enhance the hydrophobicity of the nonwovens without additives. These newly prepared nonwovens with micro/nano-scale secondary rough structures demonstrate outstanding air filtration and oil/water separation abilities. The in situ hybrid nonwoven shows extremely high efficiency air filtration function (the increase in filtration efficiency for PM1.0 by 63 % with stable pressure drop), stable particulate filtering effect after storage 15 months at ambient temperature, and good thermal stability at 350 °C. The oil/water separation test showed a separation efficiency of over 98 % and a high flux (above 40,000 Lm-2h−1) for different oil/water mixtures. Additionally, nonwovens prepared in this study demonstrated exceptional durability and stability when subjected to corrosive conditions, as evidenced by the results of realistic industrial simulations. The introduction of SiNFs on nonwoven, which combines the multiple capture and wettability properties, shows promise as a potential solution for large-scale air filtration and oil/water separation.

Upcycling of Waste Fabrics into High-Efficiency Air Filters Using Flexible Polyimide Aerogel Coatings

Upcycling of Waste Fabrics into High-Efficiency Air Filters Using Flexible Polyimide Aerogel Coatings

Effective preparation of environmentally friendly polyglycolic acid (PGA) nanofibrous membrane with antibacterial property for high-efficiency and low-resistance air filtration

In recent years, the antibacterial air filters have been crucial for protecting human health. However, most commercial filters are made of non-biodegradable petroleum polymers, which poses a great challenge for environment protection of recycling after large-scale use. Hence, the air filtration membrane, biodegradable polyglycolic acid loaded with antibacterial ε-polylysine-dialdehyde microcrystalline celluloses (PGA@EPL-DAMCs), was prepared by electrospinning. The incorporation of EPL-DAMCs varied the morphology of the resultant PGA@EPL-DAMCs and endowed them with good antibacterial activity. In addition, it was found that the PGA/EPL-DAMC-24% exhibited the best filtration efficiency (99.83%) and bacterial rate (up to 99.97% and 99.99% for E.coli and S.aureus, respectively). Finally, the degradation performance of the PGA electrospun membrane was also investigated, indicating that PGA@EPL-DAMCs composite nanofiber membranes had broad prospects in biodegradable filtration material, can be applied to develop biodegradable and environmentally friendly medical protective materials with highly efficient air filtration and significant antimicrobial effects.

High-efficiency air filter aerogel resembling blood cell with heterogeneous epitaxial growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 anchored on tunicate cellulose nanofibers for integrated air cleaning

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess highly ordered porous structures and photocatalytic capabilities, making them ideal for air cleaning and antibacterial applications. However, the crystallization kinetics of MOFs constrain their crystal structure, which limits their practical usage for air cleaning and other applications. Herein, we present a non-MOF template strategy to achieve heterogeneous epitaxial growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) on cellulose extracted from tunicate. TEMPO-oxidation tunicate cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs) have a high length-diameter ratio (>1000) and negatively charged carboxyl and hydroxyl groups that serve as suitable templates to promote heterogeneous nucleation of the ZIF-8 crystal, thereby resulting in the fabrication of a unique porous structure resembling blood cell. The ZIF-8@TOCNFs aerogel shows good porosity performance, achieving a maximum particulate matter (PM) removal efficiency of 95.80 % with a low pressure drop of 14 Pa at an air-flow velocity of 0.34 m/s. Compared to other works and commercial filters, ZIF-8@TOCNFs aerogel exhibits a higher quality factor (QF) of up to 0.197 Pa−1. Furthermore, ZIF-8@TOCNFs aerogel also demonstrates remarkable antibacterial and antiviral performance without UV photocatalysis. This unique design of ZIF-8@TOCNFs aerogel opens a new avenue for non-MOF template growth of MOF-on-MOF heterostructures and provides a novel strategy for preparing high-performance air filters with an integrated performance of low pressure drop, high removal efficiency and QF, great antibacterial and antiviral properties.

Development and Application of a System Dynamics Model to Analyze Heatwave Impacts

The purpose of this study was to develop a system dynamics model to dynamically analyze the effects of heatwaves and apply it to real-world situations. For this purpose, first, the influencing factors of heatwaves were identified through previous studies. Second, a dynamic heatwave model was developed. Third, time series data from 2009 to 2018 were constructed, and the model was applied to Seoul. In this step, scenarios based on the budget were created, and the intensity of heatwaves resulting from changes in variables were measured. The results are as follows: First, the policy factors of heatwaves were classified into the cause and effect of the heatwave group, heatwave mitigation policy group, and heatwave adaptation group, forming a feedback structure. Second, it was observed that a 20% increase in budgets starting from 2040 led to temperature reductions of 1.57°C for the eco-friendly vehicle policy, 0.29°C for the high-efficiency air conditioners policy, 0.06°C for heatwave shelters, and 0.77°C for the creation of green space policy. Third, increasing the budget for heatwave shelters was found to be highly effective in reducing the number of people with heat-related illnesses.

Effect of Healthcare Facilities on Climate Change: A Systematic Review of the Carbon Footprint of the Nigerian Healthcare Sector

Background: Climate change has continued to pose a global concern, as the resulting effect of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continues to have significant consequences on the planet and its inhabitants.&#x0D; One of the major sectors contributing to the greenhouse effect is the healthcare sector, however, it is one of the sectors that has been overlooked and under reported.&#x0D; Objective: This article aims at reviewing the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities in Nigeria and its impact on climate change, while highlighting important and effective strategies towards addressing it.&#x0D; Methods: Data was obtained through a systematic review of available research articles obtained online via PubMed and Google scholar search engines, using the key words; climate change, healthcare facilities, global warming, and carbon footprint.&#x0D; Results: Effective policy and regulatory frame works are essential towards addressing the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities; however a lot of gap still exists in curbing the effect of GHG emissions by healthcare facilities in Nigeria, as majority of healthcare facilities in Nigeria still rely significantly on the combustion of fossil fuels for generation of power due to its epileptic electrical power supply.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is great need in addressing the effect of the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities on climate change. This can be achieved through the use of renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power, as well as the use of energy conservative measures such as the use of LED lighting and High-efficiency Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems.