Highest DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Physicochemical and functional characterization of gelatin edible film incorporated with fucoidan isolated from Sargassum tenerrimum.

Biodegradable films were created with fish gelatin and fucoidan extracted from Sargassum tenerrimum using 30% glycerol as a plasticizer. The gelatin films were incorporated with fucoidan (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), respectively. Results presented that the average thickness of films ranged from 0.12 to 0.147 mm. Tensile strength (TS) was decreased from 29.27 to 3.46 MPa by adding the fucoidan except for the gelatin/fucoidan 10% (5.35 MPa) sample. The results showed that the physical characteristics (the contact angle (Ɵ), water solubility, opacity, and moisture content) of the films significantly changed depending on different fucoidan concentrations. FTIR and SEM analysis confirmed the interaction of fucoidan with gelatin in the composite film. Furthermore, adding 10% fucoidan showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity (65%) than other treatments. Therefore, incorporation of fucoidan extracted from brown algae (Sargassum tenerrimum) with fish gelatin films improved thermal stability, anti-oxidative, and antibacterial characteristics in addition to enhanced mechanical and protective properties, to be used as a bioactive edible film in the food packaging industry.

Efek Konsumsi Kopi terhadap Kadar MDA (Malondialdehid) Tikus Terpapar Asap Rokok

Coffee is the most commonly consumed beverage beside water. In addition to its benefits as a beverage that reduces drowsiness, coffee reportedly possesses a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and antidiabetic activity. To the best of our knowledge, no scientific studies have been published on the ability of coffee to reduce the increase in MDA levels in experimental animals exposed to cigarette smoke. The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility that coffee can indeed reduce MDA levels in animals exposed to cigarette smoke. The coffee used in this study was instant robusta coffee, which had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. MDA levels were determined using the TBARS method. Results indicated that coffee could decrease MDA levels by 11.84 percent. This data indicates that coffee can mitigate the negative effects of cigarette smoke exposure.

Garlic Ecotypes Utilise Different Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms to Cope with Drought Stress.

Drought negatively affects plants by altering morphological, physiological and metabolic processes and ultimately reducing yields. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), an important member of the Alliaceae family, is also sensitive to drought and maximizing the yield of garlic bulbs is largely dependent on water availability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought stress on morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as on phenolic, sugar, inulin and free amino acid content and antioxidant activity in two Croatian garlic ecotypes, 'Istarski crveni' (IC) and Istarski bijeli (IB). Drought was induced by using polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) solution (-0.6 MPa) starting 21 days after clove planting and lasted for 20 days. Drought reduced plant height, number of leaves and plant weight, but increased root length in both ecotypes compared to the control treatment. Among the physiological parameters, significant differences were observed between the two ecotypes studied in the spectral characteristics of the leaves, namely reflection in red, green and blue, VAL, values of the vegetation indices related to the chlorophyll content (CHI, GI), and the anthocyanin content (ARI). Ecotype IC showed higher antioxidant activity in the control treatment due to higher total phenolic content (TPC), but under drought conditions higher DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined in ecotype IB and higher values of FRAP in IC. Sucrose and glucose generally decreased under drought, while inulin increased in IB but decreased in IC. Total free amino acid content increased under drought in both ecotypes. In conclusion, drought tolerance of IB might be associated with increased accumulation of inulin and higher levels of amino acids, especially those shown to contribute to drought resistance. In IC, drought tolerance is associated with an increase in some amino acid compounds and better root growth in depth, probably due to a more efficient translocation of sucrose to the underground part of the plant.

Proteases as Tools for Modulating the Antioxidant Activity and Functionality of the Spent Brewer's Yeast Proteins.

The functionality of the peptides obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of spent brewer's yeast was investigated. Hydrolysis was carried out for 4-67 h with bromelain, neutrase and trypsin. The resulting hydrolysates were characterized in terms of physical-chemical, antioxidant and techno-functional properties. The solid residues and soluble protein contents increased with the hydrolysis time, the highest values being measured in samples hydrolyzed with neutrase. Regardless of the hydrolysis time, the maximum degree of hydrolysis was measured in the sample hydrolyzed with neutrase, while the lowest was in the sample hydrolyzed with trypsin. The protein hydrolysate obtained with neutrase exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (116.9 ± 2.9 μM TE/g dw), followed by the sample hydrolyzed with trypsin (102.8 ± 2.7 μM TE/g dw). Upon ultrafiltration, the fraction of low molecular weight peptides (<3 kDa) released by bromelain presented the highest antioxidant activity (50.06 ± 0.39 μM TE/g dw). The enzymes influenced the foaming properties and the emulsions-forming ability of the hydrolysates. The trypsin ensured the obtaining of proteins hydrolysate with the highest foam overrun and stability. The emulsions based on hydrolysates obtained with neutrase exhibited the highest viscosity at a shear rate over 10 s-1. These results indicate that the investigated proteases are suitable for modulating the overall functionality of the yeast proteins.

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT, ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF ARTEMISIA FRIGIDA WILLD. GROWN IN MONGOLIA

Medicinal plants have always been considered a healthy source of life for all people. In Mongolia, the use of various medicinal and food plants has a long history. In recent years, interest in plant-derived food additives has grown. This study was designed to determine essential oil chemical composition and evaluate antioxidant, cytotoxic activities of aerial parts serial fractions from Artemisia frigida Willd. grown in Mongolia. The chemical composition of essential oil from A.frigida Willd. was determined by GC-MS analysis. Among them 40 components (35.07%), 1,8-cineol (27.22%), borneol (3.01%), terpin-4-ol (4.51%), γ-cadinene (7.5%), α-terpineol (2.98%), bornylacetate (1.80%) were found to be the major ones. The ethanol crude extract of A.frigida Willd. was suspended in water and consequently fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butyl alcohol. All the fractions were examined for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities by using DPPH and MTT assays, respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 50 µg/ml by 93.17% with the IC50 value of 11.68 µg/ml. MTT results showed that water fraction demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against A549 - human alveolar basal epithelial cell line, with values of 78.69 and 60.98% (50; 10 µg/ml; at 48 h). These suggest that the fractions of A.frigida Willd. could hold a good potential for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

Changes in quality components and antioxidant activity of peony seed soy sauce during low-salt solid-state fermentation.

In this study, the fermentation conditions of peony seed soy sauce (PSSS) koji were optimized by response surface method, and the quality components and antioxidant activity of PSSS were investigated at different low-salt solid-state fermentation stages. Results of response surface method showed the optimal fermentation conditions were 460.6 g kg-1 water content, 48.6 h culture time, 31.5°C culture temperature and ratio 2.1:1 (w:w) of peony seed meal: wheat bran, with the highest neutral protease activity (2193.78 U g-1 ) of PSSS koji. PSSS had the highest amino acid nitrogen (7.69 g L-1 ), salt-free soluble solids (185.26 g L-1 ), total free amino acids (49.03 g L-1 ), essential free amino acids (19.58 g L-1 ) and umami free amino acids (16.64 g L-1 ) at 20 d of fermentation. There were the highest total phenolics of 5.414 g gallic acid equivalent L-1 and total flavonoids of 0.617 g rutin equivalent L-1 , as well as the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (86.19%) and reducing power (0.8802, A700 ) of PSSS fermented at 30 d. Sensory evaluation showed fermentation of 20 d and 25 d could produce a better taste and aroma of PSSS than 15 d and 30 d. PSSS had the highest quality components in the middle of fermentation (20 d) and the highest antioxidant activity in the late fermentation period (30 d). These results demonstrated that peony seed meal could be used to produce high quality soy sauce with high antioxidant activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Production and functional characteristics of exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus plantarum co-cultivation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are well-known biopolymers secreted by several lactic acid bacteria with combination of various strains. The aim of this study is to increase EPS production by co-culturing Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ICA-Y01 and study the changes in the functional characteristics of the EPS from both cultivations. In this study, the production and functional characteristics of EPS from co-cultivation culture of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 with S. cerevisiae ICA-Y01 were evaluated. The co-cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 with S. cerevisiae ICA-Y01was markedly increased EPS production up to 55.84% with 6.8 g/l yield after 20 hours cultivation. The pH of the co-cultivation culture was remained constantly at 5.2 until the end of cultivation. Furthermore, co-cultivation under pH 6 in the 16L bioreactor showed a higher growth rate of 0.214 h-1 and EPS production increased up to 104.44% when compared with single cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 8014. This result clearly indicates the importance of growing the cells in the controlled pH condition when cultivated with S. cerevisiae ICA-Y01 to enhance EPS production. The functional characteristics of EPS secreted from both cultivation strategies were also evaluated. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed EPS presence from both cultivations, indicating functional group of the polysaccharide with D-glucose units bound by α-(1→6). The EPS production from single cultivation showed a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (88.21%) and IC50 (19.57%) as compared to EPS produced from co-cultivation with DPPH scavenging exhibited 32.45% with no IC50 value detected. Furthermore, solubility and water uptake of EPS from single cultivation are higher in comparison to co-cultivation. In conclusion, higher efficiency in the bioactivity of EPS from the single cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 was confirmed even though the EPS yield is low as compared to EPS synthesis through inter-kingdom cultivation.

Influence of extraction techniques on the efficiency of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extracts in oxidative stability of edible oils.

In this study, the effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE) on the oxidative stability of soybean oil and ghee were investigated under heat conditions. Three extraction methods (immersion, ultrasound, and combined immersion-ultrasound) with eight solvents (hot water, cold water, absolute methanol, methanol 50%, absolute ethanol, ethanol 50%, absolute acetone, and acetone 50%) were used for the evaluation of the extracts. Ethanolic extract in maceration method significantly (p≤ .05) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (95.018%), reducing power (3.981), and total phenolic content (520 mg GAE/g) compared to the other samples. Then, the effects of PPE in various concentrations (200, 400, 600, and 800 ppm) were compared to the synthetic antioxidant (Butylated hydroxytoluene 200 ppm) in the oxidative stability of soybean oil under 65°C and ghee under 55°C for 24 days with 6-day intervals, respectively. During storage period, all treatments showed a significant decrease (p≤ .05) in peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, conjugated dienes value, polar compounds value, and acid value compared to the control. Except for the PPE 200 treatment, the other treatments exhibited superior efficiency to the synthetic antioxidant in a dose-dependent manner in accelerated stored edible oils. Based on the sensory analyses (flavor, odor, color, and overall acceptability), PPE significantly (p≤ .05) preserved the sensory features compared to the control group during the entire storage time. PPE 800 ppm was the most efficient treatment in all analyses, followed by PPE 600, 400, and 200 ppm, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that PPE can be introduced as a unique alternative to synthetic antioxidants in edible oils under heating conditions.

Chemical diversity of wild fennel essential oils (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): A source of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

This study aims to provide useful information for the evaluation of wild fennel in terms of their nutritional potential and medicinal values. It is therefore important to bio-prospect the variability of molecules production and the biological properties according to plant georaphical origin. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from leaves of 12 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. populations, growing wild in Tunisia, were analyzed by GC-MS. In addition, their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against eight pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The antioxidant potential of tested oils was evaluated by four different tests: Total antioxidant activity (TAA), DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay (RPA). In addition, relationships between studied EOs by using Hiearchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) based on Euclidean distance matrix and the multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were provided. All EOs were found to be rich in monoterpenes hydrocarbons (41.56-63.13%) and phenylpropanoids (35.87-55.29%). Moreover, Limonene (8.40-50.34%) and Methyl Chavicol (35.87%-54.28%) were the main compounds. EOs from Zaghouan displayed the best antioxidant activity (8.5±0.05 mg GAE/g DW). While, EOs from Oued Zarga exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 7.7±0.43 mg/mL), and those from Ain Ghlel and Badar regions showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 86.86±0.23 µg/mL and 87.33±0.17 µg/mL, respectively). The most important reducing power assay was found in Ain Ghlel and Charchara EOs (EC50 of 70.46±0.17 and 71.31±0.61µg/mL respectively). Results displayed the sensitivity of the tested strains to fennel EOs especially against Gram-positive strain, and EOs from Zaghouan population exhibited the highest effect against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, these results can extend our knowledge of the chemical diversity of wild fennel among geographical origin and pedoclimatic conditions indicating that Tunisian natural populations of F. vulgare had different chemotypes of EOs. In this way, the current study will provide new data and encourage the use of this plant as food. Wild fennel leaf EOs were rich in phenylpropanoids and endowed with significant antibacterial and antioxidant potential, which opens a new prospect for industrial and agronomical exploitation of this species.

Protective Effects of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Blue Light-Induced Macular Degeneration in A2E-Laden ARPE19 Cells and Retina of Balb/c Mice.

Natural products with significant antioxidant activity have been receiving attention as one of the treatment strategies to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) including oxo-N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (oxo-A2E) and singlet oxygen-induced damage, are believed to be one of the major causes of the development of AMD. To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extracts of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (MED) against blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration, alterations in the antioxidant activity, apoptosis pathway, neovascularization, inflammatory response, and retinal degeneration were analyzed in A2E-laden ARPE19 cells and Balb/c mice after exposure of BL. Seven bioactive components, including 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, ε-viniferin, asiatic acid, bergenin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and oleanolic acid, were detected in MED. MED exhibited high DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. BL-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were suppressed by MED treatment. A significant recovery of antioxidant capacity by an increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, SOD expression levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression were detected as results of MED treatment effects. The activation of the apoptosis pathway, the expression of neovascular proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated pathway, inflammasome activation, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was remarkably inhibited in the MED treated group compared to the Vehicle-treated group in the AMD cell model. Furthermore, MED displayed protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration through improvement in the thickness of the whole retina, outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and photoreceptor layer (PL) in Balb/c mice. Taken together, these results indicate that MED exhibits protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration and has the potential in the future to be developed as a treatment option for dry AMD with atrophy of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

Comparison of chemical property and in vitro digestion behavior of polysaccharides from Auricularia polytricha mycelium and fruit body

The antioxidant activity of Auricularia polytricha is associated tightly with its polysaccharide concentration, molar mass and architecture. This study aims to explore the differences in structural and physicochemical traits and oxidation resistances between the polysaccharides from fruit body (ABPs) and mycelial (IAPs) of Auricularia polytricha. The results showed that ABPs and IAPs were constituted by glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose and mannose. However, the molecular weight distribution of IAPs (3.22 × 104 Da (52.73%) and 1.95 × 106 Da (24.71%)) was wider than that of ABPs (5.4 × 106 Da (95.77%)). The shear-thinning performance and viscoelastic behavior of both IAPs and ABPs are representative. IAPs are scattered in sheets, with folds and holes, and have a triple helix structure. ABPs are compact in structure and clear in texture. The main functional groups and thermal stability of both polysaccharides were similar. Concerning the in-vitro oxidation resistance, both of the studied polysaccharides exhibited the potent potential to scavenge hydroxyl radicals (IC50 = 3.37 ± 0.32 and 6.56 ± 0.54 mg/mL, respectively) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (IC50 = 0.89 ± 0.22 and 1.48 ± 0.63 mg/mL, respectively), as well as the moderate reduction power. In addition, IAPs and ABPs were both completely undigested in simulated contexts of saliva, small intestine and stomach, and the two polysaccharide types maintained high DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. DDPH scavenging rate during digestion was positively correlated with uronic acid content. To conclude, this study suggests the potential of IAPs as an equivalent alternative to ABPs.

Synthesis, Spectral and Theoretical Characterization and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies of Some Transition Metal Complexes of 4-[(2E)-2-Benzylidenehydrazinyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine

Present work describes the synthesis and characterization of complexes of 4-[(2E)-2-benzylidenehydrazinyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II). The results of the elemental and spectroscopic analyses suggest a 1:2 metal-ligand ratio, [ML2]. The electronic spectra and magnetic moments of the metal(II) complexes suggest that Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes are in an octahedral geometry, while Pd(II) in a square planar ligand geometry. In contrast, the Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) are in tetrahedral geometry. The conductance measurements in nitrobenzene suggest the non-electrolytic nature of all the metal-coordination compounds. The tested biological species viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer exhibited the moderate to strong antimicrobial activity. At 10 mg/mL concentration in nitrobenzene, cobalt(II) complex is observed to be a more promising antimicrobial than any other metal(II) complexes synthesized. The antioxidant potential of the synthesized metal(II) compounds was also evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and shows the high DPPH radical scavenging activity. The nickel complex had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the other metal(II) complexes.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles.

Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Extraction, identification and anti-photoaging activity evaluation of collagen peptides from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin

Biologically active peptides are particularly important for anti-photoaging studies. In this study, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin collagen polypeptide (SCSCP) with collagenase inhibition activity was obtained by optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and liquid-liquid mass spectrometry were used to analyze the secondary structure, molecular weight distribution and characteristics of peptides, respectively. The effects of SCSCP on the proliferation of mouse fibroblasts (L929) and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) after UVB irradiation were also detected. Process-optimized SCSCP inhibited collagenase activity up to 54.47%. In SCSCP, α-helical and β-folded structures accounted for 17.70% and 22.65%, respectively. The relative molecular weights of SCSCP were more widely distributed below 1600 Da, with higher response values at 665.93 and 980.95 Da. The molecular weights of the characteristic peptides were 358.68–863.89 Da, and the peptide sequences with anti-photoaging activity were GPPGPPGTPGPQ, SGLPGPIGPPGPR, and GLPGPIGPPGPR. SCSCP at 10 mg/mL concentration had high DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, while 0.1 mg/mL SCSCP significantly restored UVB-induced L929 cell viability and inhibited MMP-1 secretion in L929 cells after UVB irradiation. These results indicate that SCSCP achieves anti-photoaging effects by scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibiting MMP-1 secretion.

Impact of alginate coating combined with free and nanoencapsulated Carum copticum essential oil on rainbow trout burgers.

Carum copticum essential oil (CEO) is known as a valuable active food and pharmaceutical ingredient with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Solid lipid nanoparticles incorporated with CEO can overcome their limitations, namely low physicochemical stability and water solubility. In the current study, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of free and nanoencapsulated CEO were measured. The results revealed that although the nanoparticles of CEO had higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to free CEO, the antimicrobial activity of free CEO toward Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was higher than nanoparticles. Fish burger samples coated with free and nanoencapsulated CEO and stored for 12 days at 4°C. Alginate coating without CEO was considered as a control sample. The mean zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) of nanoparticles were 19.18 ± 0.9mV, 286.5± 18.2nm, and 0.32 ± 0.01, respectively. The results revealed that lipid oxidation, microbial growth, and production of total volatile basic nitrogen in fish burger samples coated with alginate enriched with nanoencapsulated CEO were lower than free CEO. The main volatile compounds of CEO were para-cymene, γ-terpinene, and thymol, which were responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of CEO. The data obtained by the current study suggest the application of alginate coating with CEO in form of nanoparticle to enhance fish burgers' shelf life stored at 4°C.

Physical properties, antioxidant capacity, and starch digestibility of cookies enriched with steam-exploded wheat bran.

Wheat bran-based food is rich in bioactive compounds, and steam explosion enhances the nutritional properties of wheat bran. This study examined the potential utilization of steam-exploded wheat bran (SWB) in cookie formulation. The influence of steam explosion on the chemical compounds in wheat bran and the effects of SWB on the physical properties, antioxidant capacity, and starch digestibility of cookies were investigated. The results showed that steam explosion facilitated the release of reducing sugar, flavonoids, phenolic substances, and amino acid nitrogen in wheat bran, thereby improving its nutritional properties. The reduction of sugar, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and amino acid nitrogen contents of wheat bran after steam explosion increased by 34.22, 183.02, 284.09, and 93.39%, respectively, compared with those of native wheat bran. Substitution of SWB for wheat flour mainly induced higher water, sodium carbonate, and sucrose solvent retention capacities, which were positively related to the spread ratio and hardness of cookies. The cookies with more SWB substitution (30-50%) expressed a higher spread ratio and harder texture than the others. The substitution of SWB caused changes in the antioxidant properties of cookies, which were related to the phenolic content. The cookies with SWB showed a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (16.30-30.93%) than that of the control (14.74%). SWB might form a matrix barrier to hinder starch digestion, thus reducing the digestibility of cookies. The cookies enriched with 30-50% of the SWB exhibited greater physical properties and antioxidant capacity but lower starch digestibility than those of other cookies. The results will contribute to expanding the application range and improving the quality of bran-rich flour products.

Exogenous melatonin treatment reduces postharvest senescence and maintains the quality of papaya fruit during cold storage.

Exogenous melatonin (EMT) application has been used to reduce postharvest senescence and improve the quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of papaya fruits during cold storage. The effects of exogenous melatonin application (1. 5 mM) were investigated on papaya fruits during cold storage (10°C ± 2°C) for 28 days in the present study. The EMT treatment delayed postharvest senescence significantly with lower maturing status compared with untreated papaya fruits (control). In addition, EMT treatment maintained substantially higher titratable acidity values and ascorbic acid content but significantly lower soluble solids content and lower weight loss compared with the untreated fruits. Concerning the antioxidant capacity, the EMT-treated papaya fruit exhibited markedly higher total phenolic content and, consequently, higher DPPH-radical scavenging activity than the control group. The EMT treatment not only kept a higher enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase but also significantly inhibited the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with satisfying sensory attributes. The findings of this study indicated that EMT application could be commercially used as an eco-friendly strategy to reduce postharvest senescence and maintain the fresh-like quality traits of papaya fruit during cold storage.

Comparing Three Varieties of Labisia pumila (Primulaceae): Phytochemicals and Antioxidation

Labisia pumila is a traditional medicinal herb that is widely used by women to firm the uterus after childbirth. Recent scientific studies have also proven its pharmacological importance. However, the comparison of phytochemicals in the different varieties of the herb is very limited in literature. Therefore, 3 common varieties of L. pumila leaves were extracted in a reflux system, and consequently the crude extract was fractionated using reversed phase solid phase extraction (SPE) into individual fractions according to solvent polarity. L. pumila var. alata (LPA) showed the highest yield of crude extract and total phenolics content which was also in line with high DPPH radical scavenging activity. While, L. pumila var. pumila with red leaves (LPPR) exhibited higher total flavonoids and triterpenoids than its green leaves counterpart (LPPG). Higher antioxidant capacity was possibly due to the presence of plant co-pigments in LPPR. Glycosylated flavones including orientin were putatively detected in the intermediate polar fraction of LPA based on mass fragments. However, 0 % methanol (polar) and 100 % methanol (less polar) fractions notably contained compounds competing oxygen with nitric oxide radicals from the formation of nitrite ions. Proton NMR spectral analysis proposed N-[1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(morpholin-4-yl)propan-2-yl]decanamide and 4-[({1,3-bis[(2-ethylpenta-3,4-dien-1-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl}oxy)methyl]hexa-1,2-diene in the 0 % methanol and 100 % methanol fractions, respectively. This study concluded that the plant variety of alata was more antioxidative than pumila. The detection of orientin and its derivatives are first time reported in LPA. Glycosylated flavones are more likely to be hydrogen atom and/or electron donors contributing to the major antioxidant property of the herb. HIGHLIGHTS pumila var. alata (LPA) and L. pumila var. pumila (LPP) are two commonly used varieties LPA showed to have higher phenolics, but LPP had higher flavonoids and terpenoids content LPA exhibited higher antioxidant capacity because of higher phenolics content Many glycosylated flavones, especially orientin found in 50 % methanol fraction of LPA HPLC, tandem mass spectrometry and proton NMR discovered new phytochemicals in LPA GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antioxidant Properties, Total Phenolic Content and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Mentha Pulegium, Lepidium Draba and Centaurea Solstitialis

The Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea solstitialis have traditionally been used in different cultures for the treatment of various diseases. We investigated the total phenolic content analysis, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts such as acetone, methanol and n-hexane obtained from the aerial parts of Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea. The amount of total phenolic substance was determined as gallic acid equivalent determine. Also, the LC-MS/MS technique was used to determine the phenolic profiles of each extract. Finally, antioxidant activities of three extracts were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. The highest total phenolic content for acetone, n-hexane and methanol extracts was found as 99 507, 46 305, and 18 227 μg GAE mL-1 in Centaurea solstitialis plant, respectively. While the major component rosmarinic acid amount in the acetone extract of Mentha pulegium was 128 195 μg analyte g-1 extract, this amount was determined as 780 383 μg analyte g-1 extract in the methanolic extract. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the acetone and methanolic extracts of Mentha pulegium as 77% and 79%, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also found to be 98% and 94% for Mentha pulegium in acetone and methanol extracts, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts is related to the total amount of phenolic substances.

Isolation of prebiotics from wild vegetables: In vitro characterization by antioxidant assays and human adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29)

Wild vegetables are recognized for their antioxidants, fibres, other bioactive components and consumed as a rich prebiotic source along with probiotics. Crude prebiotics were isolated from wild vegetables and extracts were treated with digestive enzymes to enrich non-digestible prebiotics. The prebiotics were used to prepare different synbiotic formulations with Lactobacillus plantarum strains, L. bulgaricus and L. lactis whereas inulin served as a positive control. These formulations were evaluated for antioxidant activities viz. lipopolysaccharide-induced cell survival assessment and microbial cell adhesion using the HT-29 cell line. All formulations showed significant antioxidant activity. L. plantarum, L. plantarum (LB-VII) and L. bulgaricus with prebiotic Emblica officinalis showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (≈85%). ABTS radical scavenging activity was maximum for L. plantarum (LB-VII) with E. officinalis (57%). L. bulgaricus with E. officinalis showed highest FRAP activity (≈515 μM). Cell survival was restored in presence of prebiotics and maximum was observed in L. plantarum (LB-VII) with E. officinalis (77.8%) and the highest microbial cell adhesion was 76% of L. bulgaricus with E. officinalis. Microscopic cell adhesion assay showed successful adhesion to mucus secreted by HT-29 cells. This study underlines and provides evidence for the usage of wild vegetables as a source of prebiotics.