Higher Digestibility Coefficients Research Articles

Apparent digestibility and nutritional status of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) under human care.

Studing the nutritional needs and dietary habits of primates is essential to ensure their health and well-being. This includes the understanding of the use of nutrients and its correlation with health parameters. Diet and nutritional parameters of 13 captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) were assesed. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients were evaluated. Nutritional status was established based on body condition score (BCS) and muscle mass score (MMS). High apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were observed for crude protein and ether extract, but low for minerals and crude fiber. The ADC of EE and CF were related to MMS, and the biochemical parameters did not correlate with the AD coefficients obtained in the group. The nutritional status of the animals remained inadequate in 84.6% of the individuals, suggesting a reformulation of the diet and nutritional management.

Reduced-particle size wheat bran and endoxylanase supplementation in broiler feed affect arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation with broiler age differently.

Since the caecal microbiota of young broilers are not yet able to ferment the dietary fibre (DF) fraction of the feed to a large extent, increasing the accessibility of DF substrates along the gastrointestinal tract is crucial to benefit from the health stimulating metabolic end-products (e.g. butyric acid) generated upon microbial DF fermentation. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of reduced-particle size wheat bran (RPS-WB) and endoxylanases as feed additives to stimulate arabinoxylan (AX) hydrolysis and fermentation along the hindgut of young broilers. To this end, RPS-WB and endoxylanase supplementation were evaluated in a 2×2 factorial design using a total of 256 male 1-d-old chicks (Ross 308). Broilers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: a basal wheat-based diet with (1) no feed additives (control, CTRL), (2) an endoxylanase (XYL; Econase XT 25at 0.10g/kg diet), (3) 1% wheat bran with an average reduced particle size of 297μm (RPS-WB) and (4) an endoxylanase and 1% RPS-WB (RPS-WB+XYL). Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times and on d 10 and 28, respectively, 24 and 16 broilers per treatment group were euthanised to analyse AX degradation, short-chain fatty acid production and digesta viscosity in the ileum and caecum. Broilers receiving XYL in their diet showed increased AX solubilisation and fermentation at both d 10 and 28 compared to the CTRL group (P<0.05). Adding RPS-WB to the diet stimulated wheat AX utilisation by the primary AX degraders in the caecum at 10d of age compared to the CTRL group, as observed by the high AX digestibility coefficient for the RPS-WB supplemented group at this young age (P<0.05). At 28d, RPS-WB supplementation lowered body-weight gains but increased butyric acid concentrations compared to the XYL and CTRL group (P<0.05). Although no synergistic effect for RPS-WB+XYL broilers was observed for AX hydrolysis and fermentation, these findings suggest that both additives can raise a dual benefit to the broiler as a butyrogenic effect and improved AX fermentation along the ileum and caecum were observed throughout the broiler's life.

The use of an energy feed additive in the rations of highly productive cows of Ayrshire breed

Under the conditions in the Vologda region the organization of complete feeding of cows in highly productive herds is especially difficult, since the range of harvested feed is reduced and their quality issues remain problematic. In the region many of the normalized nutrients in the rations of dairy cattle are limiting, which reduces the effi ciency of production of its products. The purpose of the work was to increase the effi ciency of milk production when using the energy additive Tirzana BSK in the rations of highly productive cows of Ayrshire breed. Studies on the eff ectiveness of the use of the energy additive Tirzana BSK were carried out in the winter-stall period of housing cows on the basis of the agricultural complex “Maysky Breeding Farm” in the Vologda region. A comprehensive research of the technology of milk production with the use of an energy additive in the rations of cows was carried out It was found that as a result of feeding the energy additive Tirzana BSK, there is an improvement in the digestibility of nutrients in rations, especially organic matter and fi ber. Higher digestibility coeffi cients in animals of experimental groups are obviously achieved due to the optimization of microbiological processes in the gastrointestinal tract due to the components of the additive, which includes propylene glycol, glycerin, polysaccharides and a complex of biologically active substances. Feeding Tirzana BSK additive has a positive eff ect on increasing milk productivity without reducing product quality. New data on the animal husbandry and economic feasibility of using the energy additive in feeding cows with a milk yield of over 8500 kg of milk per lactation have been obtained, which make it possible to identify additional reserves for increasing milk yields with rational expenditure of feed. The use of the energy additive Tirzana BSK in feeding highly productive cows of Ayrshire is economically justified, especially during periods of late dry period and the first 100 days of lactation.

The influence of seed oats and flax meal in the diet of Yakut horses in winter on metabolic and energy indicators

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of pasture on the growth of natural and seeded herbage and the feeding of flax meal on metabolic and energy indicators in horses of the Yakut breed in winter. It was found that the seeds of the sown herbage (winter-green mass of oats) were distinguished by a high content of nutrients and energy-intensive substances. Significant differences were found for dry matter 63.7 ± 0.13% and for protein - 9.0 ± 0.14% (P³ 0.95). The content of carotene in the winter-green mass of oats is 104.6% higher than in the natural herbage (28.4 ± 0.76%) and amounted to 133.0 ± 0.44% (P ³0.999). At the same time, the largest amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified. Thus, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oatmeal of the sown herbage (winter-green mass of oats) was 40.7%, which was 25.06% higher than the amount of fatty acids of the natural herbage (15.65 ± 0.18%). The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the winter-green mass of oats contributed to a higher digestion of dry (66.5%) and organic (66.1%) matter, crude protein (70.6%), crude fiber (65.4%), crude fat (51.5%) and nitrogen-free active substances (66.7%) than with horse breeding on from the loss of natural herbage and, accordingly, higher use of exchange energy per 1 head per day (145.4 ± 3.32 MJ) and per 100 kg of live weight (36.53 ± 2.48 MJ). The inclusion of flax meal in the winter diet of horses had a positive effect on the digestibility of feed in the horse's body, in addition, it positively affected the indicators of energy metabolism. Significantly high digestibility coefficients in horses of the experimental group were noted for crude protein - by 3.34% (70.85 ± 0.19%) (P ³0.99), for crude fat - by 14.3% (68.59 ± 0.64%) and for nitrogen-free active substances - by 3.09% (77.71 ± 1.13%) (P³0.999). The high digestibility of the main nutrients led to a high content of metabolic energy in 1 kg of dry matter when flaxseed cake was included in the diet (10.1 MJ) than in the hay-oat diet (9.5 MJ), (P³0.95). The results obtained by us indicate the need for widespread use of seeded herbage during pasture and the inclusion of linseed meal as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in winter for horses of the Yakut breed.

Brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) processing remains as ingredient for Litopenaeus vannamei feeds: Biochemical characterisation and digestibility

Processing remains of brown shrimp, Crangon crangon, account for up to 60 % of the catch while only the small muscle fraction is used for human consumption. Incorporation into aquafeeds for high-valued species would reduce waste, create by-product value and promote sustainable aquaculture development. A detailed chemical characterisation of the remains from mechanically peeled brown shrimp was made and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients in Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Brown shrimp processing remains (BSPR) contain substantial amounts of key nutrients (521 g⋅kg-1 crude protein, 74 g⋅kg-1 total lipid, 15 MJ⋅kg-1 gross energy) and valuable functional ingredients were detected (cholesterol, astaxanthin). Apparent energy (82 %) and protein (86 %) digestibility coefficients reveal good bioavailability of these nutrients. Dry matter digestibility was lower (64 %) presumably due to the high ash content (244 g⋅kg-1). The amino acid profile meets dietary requirements of penaeid shrimp with high apparent lysine and methionine digestibility coefficients. Analysis of macro- and micro minerals showed reasonable levels of required dietary minerals (phosphorus, magnesium, copper, manganese, selenium, zinc) and apparent copper digestibility was high (93 %). Contamination levels present in BSPR were below European standards acceptable for human consumption. Processing remains of brown shrimp have a high potential as alternative feed ingredient in sustainable diets for L. vannamei in recirculating aquaculture systems.

The role of dietary supplements in the meat productivity of rabbits with a dry type of feeding

The role of vitamin-mineral premix and nanocrystalline iron in the meat productivity of young rabbits was studied by classical methods in the scientific and economic experience in the departments of fur farming and Rabbit Breeding of the V. A. Afanasyev Research Institute of Fur Farming and Rabbit Breeding. From 180 heads of young rabbits at the age of 45 days, 3 groups of 60 heads each were formed according to the principle of analogues: the 1-st-control group received a typical full-fledged granulated mixed feed (FGMF) with a vitamin-mineral premix P 90-2T, in the (FGMF) of the 2-nd and 3-rd experimental groups, the premix was absent, but nanocrystalline iron was included in the (FGMF) of the 3-rd group. Control slaughter of rabbits to assess meat productivity was carried out at the age of 90 days. During the experiment, it was found that the feed in all groups was identical in gross caloric content, but slightly different in the ratio of nutrients. In the mixed feed of the experimental groups, there were more nutrients with the highest digestibility coefficient (fat and soluble carbohydrates) and almost 2 times less fiber, which is slightly digested in young rabbits, only by 3-10%. Rabbits of all groups had no significant differences in live weight and average daily gain. But during the fattening period, the rabbits of the experimental groups consumed less feed when feeding freely than in the control group. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the mass of the carcass and the slaughter yield between the groups. But the feed conversion rate in the experimental groups was 1.32 and 1.28 lower than in the control group, which is economically advantageous. Based on the results of the experiment, it can be assumed that the inclusion of biologically active additives in the form of vitamin-mineral premix and nanocrystalline iron in the full-fledged granular feed for young rabbits does not make much sense, since it does not contribute to increasing meat productivity. In the cost of mixed feed, the vitamin and mineral premix accounts for 10%. Optimizing the ratio of nutrients in the diet plays a crucial role in reducing the feed conversion rate.

ENERGY AND PROTEIN INGREDIENTS FOR USE IN PIAPARA (&lt;i&gt;Megaleporinus obtusidens&lt;/i&gt;) DIETS: NUTRITIVE VALUE AND INTESTINAL MORPHOMETRY

The apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein (ADCCP), dry matter (ADCDM), and gross energy (ADCGE) of ingredients were determined for piapara (Megaleporinus obtusidens). Test diets were formulated to contain 69.5% of reference diet, 0.5% of chromium oxide, and 30% of test ingredients. The protein ingredients evaluated were tilapia processing residue meal (TPRM), feather and poultry blood meal (FPBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), cottonseed meal (CM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and soybean meal (SM); the energy ingredients tested were corn (C), corn germ meal (CGRM), rice meal (RM), wheat bran (WB), and sorghum (S). Groups of 30 piaparas were fed twice daily during five days with test diets. Intestinal morphometry of fish were also evaluated. Digestibility coefficients of protein and energy ingredients were highest for soybean meal (ADCDM = 85.8%; ADCCP = 95.2%; and ADCGE = 87.2%) and corn (ADCDM = 94.5%; ADCCP = 76.2%; and ADCGE = 89.3%), respectively. Of the energy test ingredients analyzed, corn had the highest digestibility coefficients and induced beneficial changes on intestinal morphology compared to sorghum and corn germ meal. All protein ingredients showed potential for use in piapara diets, except meat and bone meal .

The Effect of Three Levels of Concentrate and Grain Processing on Feeding Behavior, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Fecal pH Of Turkmen Horses

The aim of this study was to investigate, the effect of different levels of concentrates and grain processing on feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, fecal pH and blood metabolites in the horse. Sixteen 5 to 11 years old Turkmen horses with an initial body weight 433±50 kg were used in this experiment based on completely randomized design. Four treatments were studied, in three treatments were used 20, 25 and 30% of concentrate containing processed grains (A20, A25 and A30, respectively), and in one treatment was used 25% of concentrate containing whole grain (B25). The amount of feed intake, chewing and swallowing rate and total intake for forage and concentrate were not affected by experimental treatments (P> .05). By increasing the concentrate level up to 30%, the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ash-free neutral detergent fiber, ash-free acid detergent fiber and digestible energy increased. The highest digestibility coefficients were observed in A30 treatment (P< 0.05). The digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, ash-free neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy in A25 treatment significantly increased compared to B25 (P< 0.05). The concentration of total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were not affected by experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The concentration of glucose increased with increasing concentrate for treatment A30 (P< 0.05). In conclusion, comparing the two levels of 25% concentrate showed that the use of processed grains compared to unprocessed grains had no effect on feeding behavior, fecal pH and blood parameters. The use of 30% concentrate containing processed grains improved digestion without adversely affecting feeding behavior and fecal pH.

Agronomic and In Vitro Quality Evaluation of Dual-Purpose Cereals Clipped at Variable Ages and Their Utilization in Rabbit Feeding

The present study included two experiments; the first one investigated the forage productivity and in vitro quality of a single cut taken at different plant ages (45, 60, and 75 days after sowing—DAS) from four prominent cereal crops, namely, barley, oat, triticale, and ryegrass, grown during two successive winter seasons in Northern Egypt. In addition, the effect of plant age at forage removal on the crop’s regrowth ability and final grain yield was quantified. The second experiment studied the biological in vivo effects of the four crops’ hay cut at the optimum plant age on growth performance, feed utilization, and apparent nutrients’ digestibility of growing rabbits. Despite the progressive increase in the fresh and dry matter yields produced from the four crops with later forage removal and the relatively high quality of the forage removed at 45 DAS, 1st experiment concluded that forage removal at 60 DAS produced a reasonable amount of fresh and dry matter yields with appropriate in vitro quality. Meanwhile, the gain in forage yield, when forage was removed at 60 DAS, was enough to compensate for the consequent reduction in grain yield of the four evaluated crops. The inclusion of variable percentages (0, 10, and 20%) of the four tested crops’ hay, when cut at 60 DAS, in the rabbit’s diet (2nd experiment), resulted in non-significant variations in the rabbit’s final body weight. Meanwhile, regardless of the percentage, the rabbits that were fed on diets including ryegrass hay and barley hay had the highest significant daily weight gain. The best feed conversion ratios were obtained by the rabbits that were fed on diets containing 10 and 20% ryegrass hay as well as 20% triticale hay. The highest dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility coefficients were obtained by both groups of rabbits that were fed on diets containing 20% ryegrass hay and barley hay. The inclusion of any of the four crops’ hay in the rabbits’ diet resulted in significantly higher digestibility coefficients for all nutrients compared to the control rabbits except for ether extract digestibility. Among the four evaluated crops’ hay, ryegrass hay was found to have an outstanding impact on the productive performance and digestibility of growing rabbits. In growing dual-purpose cereals, it is recommended to cut the crops at 60 DAS to achieve the optimum balance between forage yield and quality on the one hand and final grain yield on the other hand. Moreover, when cut at 60 DAS, the evaluated hay of the four crops was adequate to be included in the rabbits’ diet up to 20% substitution of the commercial fiber sources.

Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae oil as meal supplementation in diets for red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Black soldier fly prepupae are a potential lipid source for aquaculture feed with high content of lipid (38.5%). In this study, the effects of black soldier fly prepupae oil (BSO) on growth performances, digestibility, fatty acid composition and hematological parameters of tilapia were investigated. Five experimental diets were formulated with Fish oil (FO) and with partial or complete (25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% BSO, respectively) replacement. The fish were fed with the diets at 5% of their body weight per day for 100 days. At the end of the experiment, tilapia from each experimental diet was individually weighed after fasting for 24 h. The results showed that FO can be successfully replaced with 25%BSO in tilapia diets without affecting fish growth performances. The highest growth (2.27%) and the lowest food conversion ratio FCR (1.39) were obtained in the fish fed with the 25%BSO diet. The BSO contained major lauric acid (35.2/100 g), palmitic acid (25.1/100 g), and oleic acid (19.6/100 g), which can be effectively utilized by tilapia. The prove that freshwater fish like tilapia can convert omega-6 to omega-3 has been shown in fish fed with BSO were higher in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with (6.1–7.3/100 g) than fish fed with 100% fish FO (5.7/100 g). Fish oil replacement up to 50% showed a high apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) lipid value (90.54–95.72%). There was no palatability problem detected in this study. The values obtained for hematological parameters were within the normal ranged for tilapia. The combination of FO and 25%BSO in the diets had positive effects on red hybrid tilapia.

Apparent digestibility in marine mutton snapper juveniles and digestive activity of enzymes

The marine species of snapper, Lutjanus analis, has carnivorous eating habits and with potential for cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (CDA) of mutton snapper, and to evaluate its enzymatic profile after feeding with vegetable and animal protein sources. CDA was the indirect method of fecal collection, using chromic oxide as a biological marker. Eight hundred fish, with an average weight of 28.0 ± 2.58 g, were acclimated for 15 days in a net tank (2 m³), ​​and installed in the same collection environment. The acclimatization of 54 fish was carried out in digestibility aquariums (200 L), and the collection of feces started. For mutton snapper, the supply of octopus flour improves (P &lt;0.05) the digestibility of dry matter (CDAMS, 67.17%), crude protein (CDAPB, 90.9%) and crude energy (CDAGE, 78, 8%). Regarding the digestibility of lipids (CDAL), anchovy flour has more (P &lt;0.05) digestible lipids (78.1%), followed by the tested ingredients, fish meal (72.4%) and flour octopus (69.7%). Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy were low (P &lt;0.05) for shrimp meal and soybean meal. Mutton snapper fed with octopus flour has higher digestibility coefficients, suggesting this ingredient for species. All diets caused low amylase activity in juveniles, and lipase and alkaline protease activities were higher with the inclusion of broadband anchovy flour and octopus flour, respectively.

Intake, digestibility and recovery of grains from feces of steers fed different oilseeds

ABSTRACT Oilseed grains are used as a protein and energy source, increasing the energy density of the feed. The goal of the present study was to determine the nutritional profile of canola, crambe and soybean grains recovered from feces, and to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle receiving whole grains of oilseeds. Three steers, 350 ± 23.5 kg body weight were distributed in a not contemporary, 3 × 3 double Latin square, and fed oilseed grains. Inclusion of crambe grain reduced dry matter intake by 21.02%, with a higher digestibility coefficient for EE and NDF. The crude protein content of canola and crambe grains recovered were similar, but the EE content was higher for the crambe grain (26.46%). Soybean showed the lowest values of chemical composition for grains recovered from feces. The highest dry matter intake (7.86 kg/day), and the lowest NDF digestibility (0.203g/kg), were found for animals fed soybean. The inclusion of crambe grains reduced the rumen ammonia content (10.97 mg/dL); however, the ruminal pH was not altered by the inclusion of grains in the diet. Canola and soybean grains can be included in the cattle diet without altering dry matter intake; while the inclusion of crambe grains reduces the dry matter intake and the ruminal ammonia content of the animals. Crambe grain showed the highest recovery of dry matter and ether extract from feces.

Short Communication: Effect of different feed combination on the growth development of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in captivity

Abstract. Kayadoe M, Rochana A, Tanuwiria AH, Sinaga S. 2019. Short Communication: Effect of different feed combination on the growth development of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in captivity. Biodiversitas 20: 526-531. One of the problems in maintaining cuscus in captivity was feed factor. Farmers had given various combinations of feed for cuscus, and several studies had been conducted on cuscus feed. For cuscus feed, it mostly used more than two types of feed, and the most dominant was banana. Inefficiency occurred fresh feed was prepared with more than two types. It can be costly, time-consuming and has more digestibility problem. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct an assessment by limiting the number of feed in two types to see the benefits of the ration (70% carbohydrate feed sources Musa paradisiaca var. mas and 30% from Pometia pinnata leaves, Pongamia pinnata leaves, Ipomoea aquatica, Brassica rapa var. parachinensis and Gryllus spp. The research was conducted for 36 days consisting of 2 periods, namely the adaptation period (5 days) and the data collection period (7 days), 3 times replications. The amount of feeding was limited based on 90% of adequacy of dry matter (preliminary research). The weighting of the initial body weight of cuscus and the final weight was carried out at the beginning and end of the period of data collection. Faecal was collected every day during the period of data collection. Each type of feed and fecal was analyzed for the dry matter. The results showed no significant effect (P&gt;0.01) on dry matter consumption, but significantly affected the digestibility coefficients of dry matter. The preferred ration was 100% M. paradisiaca var. mas, which 49.99g/day, then a combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas with I. aquatica 48.187 g/day and M. paradisiaca var. mas combination with Averrhoa carambola (48.06 g/day), while the less preferred combination was M. paradisiaca var. mas with leaves from forest plants and combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas and animal protein feed sources i.e. Gryllus spp. However, the highest digestibility coefficient was achieved in 100% M. paradisiaca var. mas and M. paradisiaca var. mas combine with Gryllus spp. Furthermore, the relationship between digestibility coefficient and body weight gain showed that the combination of M. paradisiaca var. mas and Gryllus spp. had higher body weight gain compared to 100% Musa paradisiacal var. mas. Based on this study it was concluded that cuscus required a combination of carbohydrate feed sources and animal protein feed sources obtained from M. paradisiaca var. mas and Glyllus spp.

COEFICIENTE DE DIGESTIBILIDADE APARENTE DE ALIMENTOS UTILIZADOS EM DIETAS DE TAMBAQUI

A qualidade da dieta pode ser avaliada quantificando a habilidade dos peixes para digerir os alimentos. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) para proteí­­na bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e energia bruta (EB) de nove ingredientes proteicos e sete ingredientes energéticos mais comumente usados em dietas comerciais para tambaqui. No total, 510 juvenis de tambaqui foram alimentados com dietas-teste contendo uma dieta de referência suplementada com um marcador de digestibilidade inerte (Cr2O3). As análises de digestibilidade mostraram que o glúten de milho apresentou o CDAPB(98,09%) e CDAEB (96,91%) mais alto, enquanto que a levedura de álcool apresentou o menor CDAPB (63,17%) e CDAEB (46,24%). Os ingredientes proteicos foram revelados como excelentes fontes de lipí­­dios (CDAEE &gt; 85,0%), com exceção do glúten de trigo (CDAEE: 63,73%). O milho (94,5%) e o farelo de trigo (86,08%) apresentaram o CDAPB mais alto de todos os ingredientes energéticos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no CDAEE dos ingredientes energéticos testados. Dos ingredientes energéticos testados, o óleo de milho (95,7%), óleo de peixe (93,61%), o óleo de soja (93,31%) e o milho (88,70%) apresentaram o CDAEB mais alto. O uso de ingredientes proteicos e energéticos com altos coeficientes de digestibilidade, como os relatados, pode orientar a formulação de dietas de alta qualidade para tambaqui.

Evaluation of Two "in vitro" Digestibility Tests with the "in vivo" Test of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Feeding

The purpose of the present study was to compare two types of "in vitro" digestibility assays by using commercial enzymes and guinea pig cecalliquor with the in vivo assay, to identify the assay that most resembles the in vivo response. The alfalfa was used in two cutting times of 30 and 45 days. The "in vivo" digestibility of alfalfa was analyzed, obtaining that after 30 days of cutting the digestibility was 53.64% and at 45 days it was 47.72%, while for the digestibility "in vitro", the DaisyII®-Ankom Technology with cecal liquor and commercial pepsin; for the cecal liquor a value of 55.46% and 49.90% was obtained, for the alfalfa in the two cutting times, while the digestibility with enzymes was 71.01% and 66.34% respectively. It was determined that the method with more relation to the in vivo test corresponds to the trial with cecal liquor, because it presents a lower statistical difference (p &lt;0.05) for both cut-off times. At the same time, it is identified that the protein is the nutrient that has a higher digestibility coefficient, becoming an indicator of the nutritional quality of the food.

Direct and correlated responses to selection in two lines of rabbits selected for feed efficiency under ad libitum and restricted feeding: III. Digestion and excretion of nitrogen and minerals.

Two rabbit lines have been created to result in better feed efficiency: the ConsoResidual line was selected for a lower residual feed intake under ad libitum feeding, and the ADGrestrict line was selected for higher ADG under restricted feeding (-20% of ad libitum). The present study aimed to analyze the digestion and excretion of N and minerals from 29 to 63 d of age of these 2 lines compared with an unselected control line (G0) under 2 feeding levels (ad libitum or restricted). The ADGrestrict line had greater digestibility compared with G0 (+1.3% for OM and N; < 0.05), and the ConsoResidual line had intermediate values. There was no genetic line effect on the digestibility of N and P and on minerals concentrations (P, Zn, and Cu) in the feces and in the urine. The N balance was improved for the 2 selected lines (+5%; < 0.05), leading to a reduced N output through the feces (0.06 g/d compared with G0; < 0.001) and the urine (-0.07 g/d; < 0.05) and to an improved N retention ratio (+3% compared with G0). Over the whole fattening period (d 29-63), significant differences were observed among lines only when fed ad libitum, with 13% greater DM fecal output and 5% greater N fecal output for G0. The N excretion in urine was 2 g less in the 2 selected lines, leading to a reduction of total N release of 4.4 g (compared with G0). The P excretion in feces (12 g) or urine (0.1 g) did not differ among the 3 lines. Over the whole fattening period and for ad libitum-fed rabbits, the 5% improvement in feed efficiency ( < 0.01) for the 2 selected lines corresponded to 400 g less feed intake (-8%) and to 20 g less N intake. The fecal excretion of the ADGrestrict and ConsoResidual lines were reduced by 200 g DM ( < 0.01), corresponding to 417 g fresh matter and 5 g of N. The excretion in minerals (P, Zn, and Cu) was not affected by the line. The feeding level strongly reduced the fecal and urine outputs (-50 and -60%, respectively; < 0.001). Higher digestibility coefficients ( < 0.001) were found in restricted-fed rabbits for OM (+6%), N (+8%), and P (+11%). The N balance was substantially improved by the restriction, with 40% less total (feces + urine) N excretion ( < 0.001). The P balance was improved by the restriction (0.469 vs. 0.360). Over the fattening period, the P fecal output was 37% less (-6 g) with 24% less feed intake and the Zn and Cu outputs were reduced by 27 (-130 mg) and 29% (-30 mg), respectively.

Amino acid digestibility of animal protein ingredients for bullfrogs in different phases of post-metamorphic development

The development of diets that economically and ecologically meet the requirements of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) is important for frog farming. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids of eight animal feed ingredients (poultry byproduct meal, meat and bone meal, salmon byproduct meal, tilapia byproduct meal, spray-dried blood meal, powered red blood cells, feather meal and sardine meal) used in the diets of bullfrogs. Additionally, the limiting digestible amino acids were determined for each ingredient. Bullfrogs in different phases of post-metamorphic development were used: 810 animals in the early phase (mean weight: 40 ± 10 g), 405 animals in the growing phase (95 ± 15 g) and 243 animals in the finishing phase (175 ± 25 g). Poultry byproduct meal, salmon byproduct meal and blood meal exhibited the largest number of high apparent digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids (>70%) in the early, growing and finishing phases, respectively. The animal protein ingredients were well digested by the bullfrogs and could be used in practical diets for this species, respecting the limits of inclusion and digestibility values for each developmental phase.

&lt;b&gt;Tilapia by-product hydrolysate powder in diets for Nile tilapia larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility of tilapia by-product protein hydrolysate powder (TBHP) from tilapia filleting by-product, and its inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia larvae. In order to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients, two diets were formulated, the reference diet and the test diet (20% of TBHP) and, to evaluate the inclusion, six diets were formulated, which were with 0.0, 2.0; 4.0; 6.0, and 8.0% of TBHP. The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and gross energy were 89.5 and 98.3%, respectively. At levels above 4.0% of inclusion of TBHP, the weight, final length and weight gain were impaired, however, survival rate was higher (p &lt; 0.05). The TBHP can be used in diets for tilapia due to the high digestibility coefficients for crude protein and gross energy. The inclusion of up to 4.0% of TBHP does not affect the reproductive performance and survival rate of Nile tilapia larvae.

Digestibility of nutrients for use in diet supplements riznyhselenovmisnyh bulls

The results of studies on the productive performance of bulls and digestibility of feed for selenovmisnyh using different additives in their diet. Found that different drugs selenovmistni essentially no effect on feed intake bullocks research groups. Each head control group spent on average for dobu618 g of digestible protein abo100 grams per fodder unit. And 1 and 2 and the experimental group comprised those costs 617 – 619 g per 1 head abotezh100 g of 1 fodder unit. This average daily animal 1 st and 2 research groups prevailed over control respectively 67 grams, or 8.7% (P &lt; 0.05); 82 g, or 10.8% (P &lt; 0.001). It is noted that the increase of selenium in the diet positively affected the digestibility coefficients of nutrients in animal research groups: dry matter intake in the control group peretravlyuvalasya bulls at 67.8%, while the animal 1–2 th research groups 71.3 –72% which is 5.1% more than –6.1; digestibility of crude oil bulls in control 56.2% in research on 9,3–10,2% (P &lt; 0.05) more. At the highest digestibility coefficients of crude oil recorded in bychkiv2 nd experimental group that received a diet supplement selenovmisnu «Devivit». MAR digestibility compared to control animals of the 1st experimental group difference was 5.5; 2nd pilot – 6.5%. In general, better digestibility of nutrients obtained in a group of animals fed a diet drug selenovmisnyy "Devivit."

Digestibility of diets with flour fish silage for the growing of arawana (Osteoglossum bicirrhossum)

ABSTRACT Objective. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the digestibility of different nutritional and energy components of artificial diets containing flour fishsilage used in growing of arawana fingerlings (O. bicirrhossum). Materials and methods. 240 fingerlings distributed in 12 tanks with 20 fish per experimental unit were handled, in a completely randomized design made up of 4 treatments with three replicates, each with inclusions of 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20(20ESH) and 30% flour fish silage (30ESH) of treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively; fromflour fish silagein order to formulate isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets in the different treatments to avoid sources of miscalculation of the experimental variables. Results. High digestibility coefficients were observed in treatments T1 (10ESH) and T3 (30ESH). The protein, lipid and energy utilization ratios were greater than 60%, which shows the importance of including flour fish silage as a source of protein to improve the various growth parameters. Significant differences between treatments were found in the increase of length (p≤0.05), showing that the T1 was the best treatment with an average of 1.21±0.29 cm. Conclusions. According to the coefficients of digestibility, length increase and benefit – cost ratio, the best treatment was T1 (10ESH) used to feed arawana (O. bicirrhossum), during the growing period, demonstrating the economic and ecological advantages for utilization of this source of protein in aquaculture. RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la digestibilidad de los diferentes componentes nutricionales y energéticos en dietas balanceadas con niveles de harina de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama en el alevinaje de arawana (O. bicirrhossum). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 240 alevinos, distribuidos en 12 acuarios a razón de 1 animal/5 L. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, conformado por cuatro tratamientos con tres réplicas cada uno, con inclusiones de 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20 (20ESH) y 30% de extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama (30ESH) para los tratamientos T0, T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente; para evitar fuentes de error en el cálculo de las variables experimentales, se formularon dietas isoenergéticas e isonitrogenadas. Resultados. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el incremento de longitud (p≤0.05), indicando que el T1 (10ESH) es el mejor tratamiento con un promedio de talla de 1.21 ±0.29 cm, además, se obtuvieron coeficientes de digestibilidad superiores al 60% en los tratamientos T1 (10ESH) y T3 (30ESH) en lo referente a proteína, lípidos y Coeficientes de Utilización Energética (CUE); demostrando la importancia de incluir el extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama, en las dietas de los peces para mejorar las distintas variables zootécnicas, teniendo en cuenta la importancia acuariofílica de la especie. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los coeficientes de digestibilidad, incrementos de longitud y la relación beneficio – costo el mejor tratamiento fue el T1 (10 ESH) en dietas de levante para O. bicirrhossum; demostrando las ventajas económicas y ecológicas de la incorporación de esta materia prima en la alimentación acuícola.