High Dietary Glycemic Load Research Articles

Association between dietary glycaemic load and selected demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors in a group of adult Poles in Lower Silesia - Results of the PURE Poland Study.

There is a strong association between the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and low socio-economic status (SES). It is interesting to consider whether high dietary glycaemic load (GL) is also associated with low SES or demographic factors. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between dietary GL and demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors in a selected population of Polish adults in Lower Silesia. The study group consisted of 2,025 Polish adults (aged 35-70 years), enrolled in the 1st stage of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Nutritional data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which was developed and validated for the Polish population in Lower Silesia. The overall GL of each diet was computed as a sum of GL values of consumed foods. Significantly higher GL and GL/1,000 kcal were observed in the diets of males compared to females and in the diets of rural compared to urban inhabitants. An adverse relationship between both GL and GL/1,000 kcal and level of education was found. The percentage of females, urban inhabitants, people with university education and not married decreased with quartiles of the overall dietary GL and GL/1,000 kcal. The percentage of former smokers, people who never used alcohol and people with low and moderate physical activity decreased with quartiles of GL and GL/1,000 kcal. Lower percentage of individuals aged 44-64 years was observed with quartiles of the overall dietary GL. Factors such as: male gender, rural place of residence, low level of education and smoking determine the group of people that is the most exposed on the effects of improper nutrition, according to the low quality and/or high amount of carbohydrates defined by GL and GL per 1,000 kcal.

Anti-TNF-α Agent Tamarind Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor Improves Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats Presenting Dyslipidemia and Diet-induced Obesity Regardless of PPAR-γ Induction.

The increasing prevalence of obesity and, consequently, chronic inflammation and its complications has increased the search for new treatment methods. The effect of the purified tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor (TTIp) on metabolic alterations in Wistar rats with obesity and dyslipidemia was evaluated. Three groups of animals with obesity and dyslipidemia were formed, consuming a high glycemic index and glycemic load (HGLI) diet, for 10 days: Obese/HGLI diet; Obese/standard diet; Obese/HGLI diet + TTIp (730 μg/kg); and one eutrophic group of animals was fed a standard diet. Rats were evaluated daily for food intake and weight gain. On the 11th day, animals were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood and visceral adipose tissue collection. TTIp treated animals presented significantly lower food intake than the untreated group (p = 0.0065), TG (76.20 ± 18.73 mg/dL) and VLDL-C (15.24 ± 3.75 mg/dL). Plasma concentrations and TNF-α mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue also decreased in obese animals treated with TTIp (p < 0.05 and p = 0.025, respectively) with a negative immunostaining. We conclude that TTIp presented anti-TNF-α activity and an improved lipid profile of Wistar rats with dyslipidemia and obesity induced by a high glycemic index and load diet regardless of PPAR-γ induction.

Effects of High and Low Glycemic Load of Different Nigerian Food Forms on Rats Brain and Heart Mitochondrial Integrity

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of glycemic load (GL) on brain and cardiac mitochondrial integrity. The effect of high glycemic load (HGL) and low glycemic load (LGL) diets on the generation of free radicals and its consequent effect on brain and cardiac mitochondrial were assessed. The effect of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the activities of electron transport chain (ETC) was examined. A significant decline in enzyme activities of complex I, III and IV were observed, for both brain and cardiac mitochondria ETC. Brain rotenone-sensitive complex I activities decreased by 49.20% (p>0.05) in HGL-fed rats, while antimycin-a sensitive complex III decreased by 19.80% (p>0.05). Same phenomenon was observed in potassium cyanide (KCN)-sensitive complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), which decreased by 30.17% (p>0.05). For cardiac mitochondrial complexes, Rotenone-sensitive complex I decreased by 25.45% (p>0.05) in HGL fed group, while antimycin-a sensitive complex III activity decreased by 24.78% (p>0.05). Glycemic related changes were also observed in KCN-sensitive complex IV with a decrease of 21.18% (p>0.05). Enzyme activities in both brain and cardiac mitochondrial homogenates decrease minimally in LGL fed rats, compared with the control. Thiol group content, total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) were found to be significantly elevated in rats fed with HGL diet. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activities decreased in both brain and cardiac mitochondria of rats fed with HGL diets. It can be concluded that low glycemic load diet sustains the mitochondrial integrity. Whereas, HGL diets induced oxidative stress and degenerates antioxidant enzymes activities in brain and heart mitochondria; thereby inducing loss of mitochondrial integrity.

Dietary carbohydrate quality and quantity in relation to the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older Korean adults.

This study aimed to investigate whether dietary glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI), and carbohydrate intake were prospectively associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a middle-aged and older Korean populations. Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were used. A total of 7294 Korean adults ages 40 y to 69 y and with no previous diagnosis of T2DM or cancer at baseline were followed for 10 y. Dietary GL, GI, and carbohydrate intake were estimated on the basis of participants' responses to a validated, semiquantitative, food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. T2DM was defined according to the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation criteria. During 7.7 y (56 377 person-years) of follow-up time, 1259 participants (17.3%) developed T2DM. Grain and its products (particularly refined and whole grains) were the greatest contributors to dietary GL. In the multivariable Cox models, dietary GL was differentially associated with T2DM risk by sex. Men in the highest quintile demonstrated a higher risk of T2DM incidence than did those with the lowest, energy-adjusted, dietary GL (hazard ratio for fifth vs. first quarter = 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.52; P for trend < 0.05) but no association between dietary GL and the risk of T2DM was observed in women. Similar to the findings from the main models, the effect of dietary GL on T2DM incidence according to body mass index, abdominal obesity, and physical activity levels differed substantially by sex. High GL diets may increase the risk of the development of T2DM in middle-aged and older Korean men but not in women. Nutrition education and emphasis on self-monitoring of dietary carbohydrate quality and quantity of overall diets is necessary in the middle-aged and older Korean populations.

A Low Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Diet Decreases Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 among Adults with Moderate and Severe Acne: A Short-Duration, 2-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundA high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diet may stimulate acne proliferative pathways by influencing biochemical factors associated with acne. However, few randomized controlled trials have examined this relationship, and this process is not completely understood. ObjectiveThis study examined changes in biochemical factors associated with acne among adults with moderate to severe acne after following a low GI and GL diet or usual eating plan for 2 weeks. DesignThis study utilized a parallel randomized controlled design to compare the effect of a low GI and GL diet to usual diet on biochemical factors associated with acne (glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein [IGFBP]-3) and insulin resistance after 2 weeks. ParticipantsSixty-six participants were randomly allocated to the low GI and GL diet (n=34) or usual eating plan (n=32) and included in the analyses. Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were biochemical factors of acne and insulin resistance with dietary intake as a secondary outcome. Statistical analysesIndependent sample t tests assessed changes in biochemical factors associated with acne, dietary intake, and body composition pre- and postintervention, comparing the two dietary interventions. ResultsIGF-1 concentrations decreased significantly among participants randomized to a low GI and GL diet between pre- and postintervention time points (preintervention=267.3±85.6 mg/mL, postintervention=244.5±78.7 ng/mL) (P=0.049). There were no differences in changes in glucose, insulin, or IGFBP-3 concentrations or insulin resistance between treatment groups after 2 weeks. Carbohydrate (P=0.019), available carbohydrate (P<0.001), percent energy from carbohydrate (P<0.001), GI (P<0.001), and GL (P<0.001) decreased significantly among participants following a low GI/GL diet between the pre- and postintervention time points. There were no differences in changes in body composition comparing groups. ConclusionsIn this study, a low GI and GL diet decreased IGF-1 concentrations, a well-established factor in acne pathogenesis. Further research of a longer duration should examine whether a low GI and GL diet would result in a clinically meaningful difference in IGF-1 concentrations leading to a reduction in acne. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02913001.

The DAMA trial: a diet and physical activity intervention trial to reduce mammographic breast density in postmenopausal women in Tuscany, Italy. Study protocol and baseline characteristics.

Aims and background. High mammographic breast density (MBD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer (BC). The influence of diet and physical activity (PA) on MBD has long been investigated. In an observational study of a cohort in Florence, we observed inverse associations between consumption of vegetables and olive oil and moderate leisure-time PA and MBD, while high alcohol intake and high glycemic load diets were positively associated with MBD. We set out to investigate whether dietary and PA interventions were able to reduce MBD in postmenopausal women with high MBD (>50%). Methods and study design. The DAMA (Diet, physical Activity and MAmmography) trial, a factorial randomized trial involving healthy nonsmoking postmenopausal women not using hormone replacement therapy and having MBD >50%, is aimed at evaluating the ability of a 24-month intervention based on moderate-intensity PA and/or dietary modification focused on plant foods with a low glycemic load, low in saturated fats and alcohol, and rich in antioxidants and fiber, to reduce the percent MBD. Participants have been randomized to 1 of 4 study arms (diet, PA, diet + PA, control). Dietary and PA habits and anthropometry are collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention phase together with repeated blood and urine samples. The primary outcome of the study is the absolute change in percent MBD as assessed on baseline and follow-up digital mammograms performed in the framework of the local screening program. Results. Of 728 eligible women, 234 (32.1%) agreed to participate. We did not observe any difference across study arms in the baseline distribution of variables of interest related to diet and lifestyle. Conclusions. The DAMA trial may contribute to a better understanding of MBD determinants. This will provide insight into the pathogenesis of BC and may allow the development of strategies for primary prevention focused on high-MBD groups that are easily identifiable in large-scale BC screening programs. ISRCTN28492718.

Carbohydrate, dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in China.

A carbohydrate-rich diet results in hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia; it may further induce the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. However, epidemiological evidence among Chinese population is quite limited. The aim of this study was to investigate total carbohydrate, non-fibre carbohydrate, total fibre, starch, dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in relation to colorectal cancer risk in Chinese population. A case-control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2017, recruiting 1944 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 2027 age (5-year interval) and sex frequency-matched controls. Dietary information was collected by using a validated FFQ. The OR and 95 % CI of colorectal cancer risk were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models. There was no clear association between total carbohydrate intake and colorectal cancer risk. The adjusted OR was 0·85 (95 % CI 0·70, 1·03, P trend=0·08) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. Total fibre was related to a 53 % reduction in colorectal cancer risk (adjusted ORquartile 4 v. 1 0·47; 95 % CI 0·39, 0·58). However, dietary GI was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk, with an adjusted ORquartile 4 v. 1 of 3·10 (95 % CI 2·51, 3·85). No significant association was found between the intakes of non-fibre carbohydrate, starch and dietary GL and colorectal cancer risk. This study indicated that dietary GI was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk, but no evidence supported that total carbohydrate, non-fibre carbohydrate, starch or high dietary GL intake were related to an increased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.

A greater glycemic load reduction was associated with a lower diabetes risk in pre-diabetic patients who consume a high glycemic load diet

Few prospective studies evaluating the association between dietary glycemic load (GL) and diabetes have accounted for changes in GL. However, the diet of patients could be modified in response to an awareness of pre-diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations between changes in GL and the incidence of diabetes among pre-diabetic patients. We hypothesized that subjects with low and high baseline GL would show different correlations with diabetes. A total of 493 pre-diabetic patients (142 men and 351 women) between 40 and 79 years of age were included in this study. Dietary records and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted every year. The participants were divided into low- and high-GL groups based on baseline GL. During a median 4 years of follow-up, 108 incident cases of diabetes were identified. Among participants with a high baseline GL, the incidence of diabetes increased with decreasing GL reduction, and the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 2.34 (1.27-4.29) when comparing the lowest to the highest tertiles; however, among those with a low baseline GL, no significant association was observed. Regardless of baseline GL status, the incidence of diabetes was higher in individuals with a high follow-up GL than in those with a low follow-up GL, and the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.64 (1.09-2.45). In conclusion, a greater GL reduction was associated with a lower diabetes risk in pre-diabetic patients with a high dietary GL. In patients with pre-diabetes and a low dietary GL, further reductions in GL did not show any additional effects.

Nut Consumption and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Results From CALGB 89803 (Alliance).

PurposeObservational studies have reported increased colon cancer recurrence and mortality in patients with states of hyperinsulinemia, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and high glycemic load diet. Nut intake has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. However, the effect of nut intake on colon cancer recurrence and survival is not known.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a prospective, observational study of 826 eligible patients with stage III colon cancer who reported dietary intake on food frequency questionnaires while enrolled onto a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed associations of nut intake with cancer recurrence and mortality.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 6.5 years, compared with patients who abstained from nuts, individuals who consumed two or more servings of nuts per week experienced an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.92; Ptrend = .03) and an HR for overall survival of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.74; Ptrend = .01). In subgroup analysis, the apparent benefit was confined to tree nut intake (HR for disease-free survival, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.85; Ptrend = .04; and HR for overall survival, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.82; Ptrend = .04). The association of total nut intake with improved outcomes was maintained across other known or suspected risk factors for cancer recurrence and mortality.ConclusionDiets with a higher consumption of nuts may be associated with a significantly reduced incidence of cancer recurrence and death in patients with stage III colon cancer.

Association between Dietary Glycemic Index and Knee Osteoarthritis: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012

BackgroundObesity and metabolic abnormalities are important risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Recent epidemiologic studies have found that a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diet are associated with a higher risk for metabolic complications and cardiovascular mortality. ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the association between dietary GI, dietary GL, and KOA among Korean adults. DesignThis was a cross-sectional study that analyzed data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. Participants/settingA total of 9,203 participants (5,275 women) aged ≥50 years were included. Main outcome measuresKOA was defined as the presence of radiographic features of Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2. Chronic knee pain was defined as the presence of knee pain for more than 30 days during the past 3 months. Dietary information was collected using a single 24-hour recall method. Statistical analyses performedThe association between the quintiles of dietary GI and dietary GL and knee conditions was analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, physical activity, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, serum low-density lipoprotein, and total energy intake. ResultsAmong the women, the association between dietary GI and symptomatic KOA was: quintile 1: 1.00 (reference); quintile 2: 1.29 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.92); quintile 3: 1.59 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.28); quintile 4: 1.74 (95% CI 1.21 to 2.51); and quintile 5: 1.77 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.60) (P=0.001). Chronic knee pain without KOA was associated with dietary GI; however, this association was not linear across quintiles. There was no significant association between dietary GI and asymptomatic KOA. Among the men, no significant association was found between dietary GI and any knee conditions. There was no significant association between dietary GL and KOA in both men and women. ConclusionsThere was a significant positive association between dietary GI and symptomatic KOA in women.

High Dietary Glycemic Load is Associated with Poor Functional Outcome in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction.

Background and PurposeElevated postprandial blood glucose is a critical risk factor for stroke. The dietary glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) are frequently used as markers of the postprandial blood glucose response to estimate the overall glycemic effect of diets. We hypothesized that high dietary GL, GI, or total carbohydrate intake is associated with a poor functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.MethodsWe prospectively included 263 first-ever ischemic stroke patients who completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The dietary GL, GI, and total carbohydrate intake were investigated by examining the average frequency of intake during the previous year based on reference amounts for various food items. Poor functional outcome was defined as a score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of ≥3 at 3 months after stroke.ResultsThe patients were aged 65.4±11.7 years (mean±standard deviation), and 58.2% of them were male. A multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, marital status, prestroke mRS score, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, body mass index, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, hemoglobin A1c, stroke classification, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, early neurological deterioration, and high-grade white-matter hyperintensities revealed that the dietary GL and total carbohydrate intake were associated with a poor functional outcome, with odds ratios for the top quartile relative to the bottom quartile of 28.93 (95% confidence interval=2.82–296.04) and 36.84 (95% confidence interval=2.99–453.42), respectively (p for trend=0.002 and 0.002, respectively). In contrast, high dietary GI was not associated with a poor functional outcome (p for trend=0.481).ConclusionsIncreased dietary GL and carbohydrate intake were associated with a poor short-term functional outcome after an acute ischemic stroke.

Satietogenic Protein from Tamarind Seeds Decreases Food Intake, Leptin Plasma and CCK-1r Gene Expression in Obese Wistar Rats

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of a protein, the isolated Trypsin Inhibitor (TTI) from Tamarindus indica L. seed, as a CCK secretagogue and its action upon food intake and leptin in obese Wistar rats. Methods: Three groups of obese rats were fed 10 days one of the following diets: Standard diet (Labina®) + water; High Glycemic Index and Load (HGLI) diet + water or HGLI diet + TTI. Lean animals were fed the standard diet for the 10 days. Food intake, zoometric measurements, plasma CCK, plasma leptin, relative mRNA expression of intestinal CCK-related genes, and expression of the ob gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed. Results: TTI decreased food intake but did not increase plasma CCK in obese animals. On the other hand, TTI treatment decreased CCK-1R gene expression in obese animals compared with the obese group with no treatment (p = 0.027). Obese animals treated with TTI presented lower plasma leptin than the non-treated obese animals. Conclusion: We suggest that TTI by decreasing plasma leptin may improve CCK action, regardless of its increase in plasma from obese rats, since food intake was lowest.

Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Oxidative Stress among Premenopausal Women

Diets with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress, but the limited human studies are inconsistent. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between dietary GI, GL, and carbohydrate intake and oxidative stress, as measured by F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs). Concentrations of F2-IsoP and its metabolite (15-F2t-IsoP-M) were measured in urine samples collected at enrollment from 866 premenopausal women (aged 35-54 y) participating in the Sister Study. Total carbohydrate intake and dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Urinary F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations were compared across quintiles of carbohydrate intake, GI, and GL using multivariable linear regression models. Urinary F2-IsoP concentrations were positively associated with dietary GI (P-trend = 0.023), and both F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations were positively associated with GL (F2-IsoP: P-trend < 0.001; 15-F2t-IsoP-M: P-trend < 0.001) and total carbohydrate intake (F2-IsoP: P-trend = 0.012; 15-F2t-IsoP-M: P-trend < 0.001). Stratified analyses suggested that a positive association between GI and urinary 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations was present among women with a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)] ≥30.0, but not among those with a BMI of <25.0 or 25.0-29.9 (P-interaction = 0.01). Our cross-sectional analyses in a sample of premenopausal women support hypothesized relations between high dietary GI and GL and oxidative stress, as assessed by urinary F2-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoP-M concentrations. Given potential associations between oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, our findings may have important implications for reducing chronic disease risk.

Pengaruh diet dengan pengaturan indeks glikemik dan beban glikemik terhadap kadar glukosa darah atlet sepak bola remaja

Background : Stability of blood glucose level is the important key of football match. Low Glycemic Load (GL) foods can decrease the metabolism change during postprandial time and during exercise. Objective : The purpose of this study was to know the effect of diet with arrangement Glycemic Index (GI) and GL on blood glucose level in young football athletes.Methods : Quasi experimental study on 21 male football athletes aged 14-18 years old at Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Pelajar (PPLP) Jawa Tengah. Subjects were divided into three groups : High GI with High GL diet (H-H) with GI=70 GL=47, Low GI with High GL diet (L-H) with GI=35 GL=22, and Low GI with Low GL diet (L-L) with GI=34 GL=6. Subjects fasted before intervention. Data collected were VO2max and body fat percentage, blood glucose level one hour after intervention (BGL 1), blood glucose level two hour after intervention (BGL 2), and blood glucose level after running exercised with distance 2.4 km (BGL 3). Bivariate analysis used Kruskall Wallis test.Results : All of groups have same characteristics of age, body fat precentage, and VO2max. There were significant effect of diet with arrangement GI and GL on BGL 1 and BGL 2 (p&lt;0.05), there was no effect of diet with arrangement GI and GL on BGL 3 (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion : Diets with arrangement Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load affected blood glucose level one hour and two hour after intervention. The increases of blood glucose level occured significantly in group that given low Glycemic Index and low Glycemic Load diet.

High dietary glycemic load was associated with the presence and burden of cerebral small vessel diseases in acute ischemic stroke patients

Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) are closely associated with stroke. Elevated postprandial blood glucose is also an important risk factor for stroke. Dietary glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) are frequently used as markers of postprandial blood glucose response used as an estimator of the overall glycemic effect of the diet. We hypothesized that high dietary GL or GI will be associated with presence of cerebral SVDs in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We prospectively included 263 patients who had experienced first-ever symptomatic cerebral infarction within 7 days after symptom onset and who submitted a fully filled-in semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary GL and GI values of food were constructed through an International table based on glucose. The presence and burden of high-grade white matter hyperintensities (HWMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), high-grade perivascular spaces (HPVSs) and asymptomatic lacunar infarctions (ALIs) were investigated. Mean age of the total patient population was 65.4 ± 11.7 years. After adjusting for age, sex, and variables with P < .1 in univariate analysis, high dietary GL was independently associated with an increased risk of presence of HWMHs (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) comparing the top quartile with the bottom quartile: 3.31 (1.37-7.98); P (for trend) = .006), CMBs (OR (95% CI): 3.06 (1.06-8.85); P = .032), PVSs (OR (95% CI): 3.24 (0.75-13.90); P = .039), and ALIs (OR (95% CI): 2.44 (0.97-6.13); P = .037). In conclusion, high dietary GL was associated with the presence and burden of cerebral SVDs in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Development of Reduced Glycemic Load/High Fiber Ravioli Using Bean Flour

ABSTRACTBeans, an excellent source of dietary fiber and protein, have potential for lowering glycemic load. Prepared meals with high dietary fiber and low glycemic load were rare in a market survey in Baton Rouge, LA. The purpose of this research was to increase fiber and decrease glycemic load in ravioli through substitution with bean flour from pinto, navy, or black beans mixed with wheat flour. Navy bean flour mixed with wheat flour resulted in similar texture to wheat flour at up to 50% substitution level. Calculated proximate analysis of raviolis with 50% and 75% navy bean flour predicted a 14% to 21% DV increase in dietary fiber and a 7- to 10-gram decrease in glycemic load. Sensory evaluation found that the color, texture, aroma, appearance, and liking preferences were not significantly changed by 50% substitution of navy bean flour. An acceptable higher fiber, lower glycemic index ravioli was produced.

High dietary glycemic load and stroke prognosis

High dietary glycemic load and stroke prognosis

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and cancer risk: results from the EPIC-Italy study

Factors linked to glucose metabolism are involved in the etiology of several cancers. High glycemic index (GI) or high glycemic load (GL) diets, which chronically raise postprandial blood glucose, may increase cancer risk by affecting insulin-like growth factor. We prospectively investigated cancer risk and dietary GI/GL in the EPIC-Italy cohort. After a median 14.9 years, 5112 incident cancers and 2460 deaths were identified among 45,148 recruited adults. High GI was associated with increased risk of colon and bladder cancer. High GL was associated with: increased risk of colon cancer; increased risk of diabetes-related cancers; and decreased risk of rectal cancer. High intake of carbohydrate from high GI foods was significantly associated with increased risk of colon and diabetes-related cancers, but decreased risk of stomach cancer; whereas high intake of carbohydrates from low GI foods was associated with reduced colon cancer risk. In a Mediterranean population with high and varied carbohydrate intake, carbohydrates that strongly raise postprandial blood glucose may increase colon and bladder cancer risk, while the quantity of carbohydrate consumed may be involved in diabetes-related cancers. Further studies are needed to confirm the opposing effects of high dietary GL on risks of colon and rectal cancers.

Higher dietary glycemic index, but not glycemic load, is associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional study of young and middle-aged Japanese women.

Epidemiologic evidence on the associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and depressive symptoms is not only limited, particularly in Asian populations where dietary GI and GL are typically higher than in Western countries, but also inconclusive. This cross-sectional study examined these associations in Japanese women. Subjects were 3963 young (age 18-years) and 3826 middle-aged (mean age 47.8years) Japanese women. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated diet history questionnaire. Depression symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score ≥16. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 50.2% for young women and 27.3% for middle-aged women. The mean (SD) values of energy-adjusted dietary GI and GL (GI for glucose = 100) were, respectively, 64.9 (4.3) and 142.0 (27.4) for young women and 65.0 (4.1) and 142.2 (29.5) for middle-aged women. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, higher dietary GI was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. Adjusted OR (95% CI) for depressive symptoms in the highest compared to lowest quintiles of dietary GI was 0.66 (0.52, 0.82) for young women (P for trend=0.001) and 0.75 (0.60, 0.96) for middle-aged women (P for trend=0.046). Conversely, there was no association between dietary GL and depressive symptoms in either age group. Dietary GI, but not GL, was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in a group of young and middle-aged Japanese women with relatively high dietary GI and GL.

Ernährungstherapie bei Diabetes

AbstractNutritional therapy of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes is based on a healthy balanced diet that is complemented by evidenced based guidelines for nutritional counselling of comorbidities like obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Dietary recommendations are further individualized based on medication (i. e. for prevention of hypoglycemia) and according to personal preferences (e. g. regarding macronutrient composition). Avoidance of long-term complications and improvement of prognosis are main objectives of nutritional therapy in the vulnerable group of patients with diabetes. In normal weight patients with type 1 diabetes, optimal glycemic control is the major target of counselling. In patients with type 2 diabetes, reduction of cardiovascular risk is also in the focus of therapy. In contrast to non-diabetic patients the treatment of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes not only requires lowering of LDL cholesterol by limitation of saturated fat intake but also needs a strategy for reduction of triglyceride levels. Both therapeutic aims can be best achieved by a high fiber low glycemic load diet with a high proportion of oleic acid.