Areas Of High Deprivation Research Articles

Caregiver Perception of Weight Status in 5-Year-Old Children From a Community of High Socioeconomic Deprivation in New Zealand.

BackgroundEarly childhood obesity is highly prevalent in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Little is known about caregiver perception of children's weight status among those living in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, particularly Māori and Pacific children.AimsTo explore caregiver perception of weight status among children starting school in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation and examine potential associations between the child's body mass index (BMI) z-score and their caregiver's perception of their child's body size or health.MethodsParticipants were 5-year-old children living in a community of high socioeconomic deprivation and their caregivers. Children had their weight and height measured. BMI z-scores were calculated according to World Health Organization standards. Caregivers were asked to assess their child's BMI and health status, and choose a silhouette that best represented their child's body size.ResultsOne hundred and six children (>75% Māori or Pacific) were included. Over half (58%) had overweight or obesity, with only 16% correctly perceived by their caregiver as overweight. These children tended to have higher BMI z-scores than those not correctly perceived as overweight. Caregivers chose larger silhouettes to represent children's body sizes as children's BMI z-scores increased. There was no discernible association between children's BMI z-scores and caregiver perception of children's health.ConclusionsCaregivers appeared to judge their child's body size in comparison to other children. The normalization of childhood obesity and infrequent caregiver recognition of this condition in children in communities with a high prevalence may impact the uptake and efficacy of intervention initiatives.

The individual and combined associations of depression and socioeconomic status with risk of major cardiovascular events: A prospective cohort study

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the individual and combined associations of depression and low socioeconomic status (SES) with risk of major cardiovascular events (MCVE), defined as first-ever fatal or non-fatal stroke or myocardial infarction, in a large prospective cohort study. MethodsWe used data from 466,238 UK Biobank participants, aged 40–69 years without cardiovascular disease, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia at baseline. We performed Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the individual and combined associations of depression and each of educational attainment, area-based deprivation and income with risk of MCVE. We assessed effect modification and explored interaction on the additive and multiplicative scale. ResultsDepression, low education, high area-based deprivation and low income were individually associated with increased risks of MCVE (adjusted HR, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.19–1.38; 1.20, 1.14–1.27; 1.17, 1.11–1.23; and 1.22, 1.16–1.29, respectively). Depression was associated with increased risks of MCVE among individuals with high and low SES. Individuals with depression and each of low education, high area-based deprivation and low income were at particularly high risk of MCVE (HR, 95% CI: 1.50, 1.38–1.63; 1.63, 1.46–1.82; 1.31, 1.23–1.40, respectively). There was interaction between depression and area-based deprivation on multiplicative and additive scales but no interaction with education or income. ConclusionDepression was associated with increased risks of MCVE among individuals with high and low SES, with particularly high risks among those living in areas of high deprivation.

Real-world practice patterns in the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic breast cancer in Washington state.

e13640 Background: Evidence-based, national guidelines for the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic breast cancer (MBC) recommend confirmation of recurrence with biopsy and reassessment of biomarker status. Real world practice patterns may demonstrate disparities in adherence to guidelines with implications for patients and health systems. Methods: We utilized the Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research (HICOR) data repository that links Washington State cancer registry data to enrollment and claims from the major insurance payers in the state. We identified women > 18 years old diagnosed with recurrent MBC between 2008 and 2017 with evidence of enrollment in a commercial plan (Premera or Regence), Medicare, or Medicaid. Recurrence in Stage I-III patients was detected through identification of ICD 9/10 codes for metastatic disease or resumption of breast cancer systemic therapy (after minimum of 4 months from completion of early breast cancer therapy). Using claims, we identified receipt of and factors associated with biopsy, biomarker re-assessment, and treatment administered at recurrence. Results: We identified 715 patients with recurrent MBC (any ER or HER2 status) with median age of 62 (range 52-73). The majority of the cohort were Caucasian (89%) with the rest comprising of Asian, Black, American Indian, and Hispanic patients. Based on the Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) classification, patients predominantly lived in metropolitan neighborhoods (97%). Approximately 13% of patients lived in areas of high deprivation (area of deprivation index, ADI, 8-10). Patients had either Commercial (53.1%), Medicaid (4.2%), Medicare (29.7%) or multiple (13.0%) insurance. Patients were primarily treated at high volume centers (70.9%), though 23% of patients were seen at low volume centers (<25 breast cancer patients/year). Of the patients with recurrent MBC, 49.5% received a biopsy to confirm metastatic diagnosis. Similarly, 48.7% of recurrent MBC patients underwent biomarker reassessment. Patients with highest co-morbidity index (>2) were more likely to undergo biopsy confirmation (20.3% vs 13.0%, p = 0.02). Biopsy was more often performed in patients receiving care at a high-volume center compared to low-volume center (74.3% vs 18.6%, p = 0.03). First line treatment selection was directly associated with receipt of biopsy and biomarker testing. Hormone therapy only was more common in patients who did not undergo biopsy (62.3% vs 37.7%, p <0.001) or biomarker reassessment (62.7% vs 37.3%, p <0.001). Conclusions: Our study shows there is variation across Washington state in biopsy and biomarker assessment in the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic breast cancer. Nearly half of cases had metastatic biopsy omitted. Our findings demonstrate downstream implications for treatment selection and support the need for quality initiatives to improve adherence to guidelines.

NHS-Galleri Trial Design: Equitable study recruitment tactics for targeted population-level screening with a multi-cancer early detection (MCED) test.

TPS6606 Background: Cancer is a leading cause of premature death globally. Early detection can reduce cancer mortality by reducing the number of cancers diagnosed at a late stage. A blood-based MCED test (Galleri) was developed that can detect cancer signals and predict cancer origin with a single blood draw. The NHS-Galleri trial is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the clinical utility of this MCED test in a targeted screening population alongside current screening programs. Screening adherence is lower among certain individuals (eg, those with lower socioeconomic status), despite healthcare being free at the point of access in England. NHS-Galleri utilizes innovative strategies to optimize equity in study recruitment, with the goal of enrolling a representative sample. Methods: This pragmatic, blinded RCT is currently enrolling 140,000 asymptomatic participants by inviting ̃1.3 million residents aged 50-77 in select postcodes of England via the NHS DigiTrials service. Regions were selected to include areas of high cancer mortality, socioeconomic deprivation, and ethnic diversity; eligible participants will be identified from these regions. A variety of methods are employed to enroll a representative study population (defined as including a reasonable number of participants from all socioeconomic statuses and all major ethnic minority groups). These methods include the use of mobile phlebotomy clinics that facilitate access in economically deprived areas, monitoring of participant representativeness by postcode with dynamic adjustment of enrollment, providing interpreters and wheelchair accessibility, and targeted local campaigns. Blood will be collected at 3 annual visits (baseline, year 1, year 2) unless cancer is diagnosed. After baseline blood collection, participants will be randomized 1:1 to the intervention (blood sample analyzed by the MCED test) or control (blood sample stored for potential future MCED testing) arm. Only participants in the intervention arm with “cancer signal detected” will have results returned and be referred for investigations and possible treatment. Participants in the intervention arm without “cancer signal detected” and all in the control arm will remain blinded and return for annual visits. All participants will be reminded to continue guideline-based screening and report unusual/concerning symptoms to a doctor. The primary study objective is a significant reduction in the absolute numbers of stage III & IV cancers diagnosed in the intervention versus control arm 3.5 years after randomization. Cancer-specific mortality will be assessed during trial follow-up. Exploratory endpoints include assessing the primary objective by participant age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Clinical trial information: ISRCTN91431511.

PREDICTING THE RISK OF FALLS IN PATIENTS WITH AN INDICATION FOR ANTIHYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE STRATIFY-FALLS PREDICTION MODEL

Objective: Falls are one of the most common side effects associated with antihypertensive medication. In patients at high risk of falls, the additional risk of harm from medication may outweigh the potential benefits in terms of cardiovascular risk reduction. However, it is currently unclear which patients are at high risk of falls. This study aimed to develop and validate a clinical prediction model for risk of hospitalisation or death from falls in adults eligible for antihypertensive treatment. Design and method: Eligible patients were aged 40 and above, with at least one blood pressure measurement between 130–179 mm Hg. The outcome was a fall resulting in hospitalisation or death within 10 years of entering the study. Model development was conducted in data from CPRD GOLD using a Fine-Gray approach, accounting for the competing risk of death from other causes, with subsequent recalibration at specific time-points using pseudo-values. External validation was conducted using data from CPRD Aurum, with performance assessed through calibration curves, the Observed/Expected (O/E) ratio, C-statistic, and D-statistic, each pooled across GP practices. Results: Analysis included 1,773,224 patients (62,691 events) for model development, and 3,805,322 (206,956 events) for external validation. Conditional on other variables, increasing age, being female, of white ethnicity, being a heavy drinker and living in an area of high social deprivation were associated with an increased risk of falls. Upon external validation, the re-calibrated model showed good discrimination, with pooled C-statistics of 0.843 (95%CI: 0.841 to 0.844) and 0.833 (95%CI: 0.831 to 0.835) at 5 and 10 years respectively. Original model calibration was poor on visual inspection and whilst this improved with re-calibration, under-prediction of risk remained (Observed/Expected ratio 1.839 at 10 years, 95%CI: 1.811 to 1.865) (Figure 1) Conclusions: STRATIFY-Falls uses commonly recorded clinical characteristics and shows good discrimination on external validation, accurately distinguishing between patients at high and low risk of falls in the next 5–10 years. This model may be used in routine clinical practice to help identify those at high risk of falls, for whom the benefits of antihypertensive medication may be outweighed by the harms.

0733 Elucidating Sleep-Related Health Disparities across The Socioeconomic Spectrum Leveraging a Large-Scale Sleep Registry

Abstract Introduction Sleep disparities have been implicated as a contributor to overall health disparities in socially disadvantaged groups. Despite epidemiological studies reporting sleep deprivation and poorer sleep quality among those with low socioeconomic status and group minorities, little is known about the extent to which sleep disorders such as sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), varies across the socioeconomic spectrum. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing data from the Cleveland Clinic Sleep Laboratory Registry. All adults who underwent diagnostic or split (baseline diagnostic) polysomnogram (PSG) or home sleep apnea test (HSAT) were included in the study. Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a biomarker of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, was calculated by national rank, i.e. 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles; higher quartiles reflect greater deprivation. Generalized linear models adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index(kg/m2) and primary payer were used to investigate association of ADI with SDB breathing measures (apnea hypopnea index, (AHI) and sleep-related hypoxemia (percentage of total sleep time <90%SaO2, [TST<90]). Results The analytic sample included 81,212 sleep studies; 60,013(74%) were PSG and 21,199(26%) HSAT with age: 52.0[41.0, 62.3], 49% females, 19% black race, with BMI=34.5±8.5 kg/m2, 44% with Medicaid and Medicare. Median ADI National Rank 59.0[39.0, 81.0] with higher 4th quartiles in PSG versus HSAT:29.1% vs 16.3%,p<0.001. In the PSG group, ADI was associated with hypoxia measures: TST<90(coefficient p<0.0001), model R2=0.171; mean SaO2(p<0.0001), R2=0.189; minimum SaO2(p<0.0001), R2=0.169; all measures were higher with higher ADI quartiles. In the HSAT group, ADI was associated with mean SaO2(p<0.0001), R2=0.188 and minimum SaO2(p<0.0001), R2=0.181 with all measures being higher with higher ADI quartiles. AHI was associated with ADI(p=0.0032), R2=0.239; but least squares mean AHI did not differ among ADI quartiles in PSG and HSAT groups. Interactions were observed between ADI and age, BMI and male sex (p<0.05), but not race. Conclusion Sleep-related hypoxia was greater among patients living in areas of higher deprivation when considering rankings of neighborhoods by socioeconomic disadvantage. Further understanding of the reason for this sleep disorder-related disparity is needed, i.e. further characterizing theoretical domains and social and geographic determinants of income, education, employment, and housing quality with the overarching goal to improve disparities in health. Support (If Any)

Mechanisms of Inequity: The Impact of Instrumental Biases in the Child Protection System

The structural risk perspective conceptualizes the causes of inequities in child protection system contact as unequal exposure to the structural causes of child abuse risk, combined with biases in the responses of child welfare workers and reporters. This conceptual article proposes a third mechanism of inequity: instrumental biases. It is proposed that instrumental biases operate as a third group of mechanisms that inequitably increase the involvement of some groups and not others. Instrumental biases operate through institutional structures, interpretive concepts and risk proxies that affect how risk is coded and becomes attached to particular people. Against the background of the notify-investigate model that creates poor conditions for decision making, and shapes institutional structures, instrumental biases include the miscalibration of the demand and supply of services (an institutional cause); family-specific surveillance bias and a reliance on prior case histories (a risk proxy cause); widening legal definitions of serious harm (an interpretive concept cause); and complex responses to intimate partner violence that minimize theories of IPV and the social context it occurs within (concept and risk proxy causes). It is argued that within the decision-making context of the child protection system, how services are structured and risk becomes codified has disproportionate impacts on some communities compared to others. Examples from Aotearoa New Zealand, with reference to Māori and people living in high-deprivation areas, are used to illustrate these concepts.

Area deprivation and respiratory morbidities in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Infants and children diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD) have a higher likelihood of recurrent hospitalizations and asthma-like symptoms. Socio-environmental factors that influence the frequency and severity of pulmonary symptoms in these children during the preschool age are poorly understood. In this study, we used the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) to evaluate the relationship between the socio-environmental exposures in children with BPD and respiratory outcomes during the first few years of life. A registry of subjects recruited from outpatient BPD clinics at Johns Hopkins University (n = 909) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (n = 125) between January 2008 and October 2021 was used. Subjects were separated into tertiles by ADI scores aggregated to ZIP codes. Caregiver questionnaires were used to assess the frequency of respiratory morbidities and acute care usage for respiratory symptoms. The mean gestational age of subjects was 26.8 ± 2.6 weeks with a mean birthweight of 909 ± 404 g. The highest tertile (most deprived) of ADI was significantly associated with emergency department visits (aOR 1.72; p = 0.009), hospital readmissions (aOR 1.66; p = 0.030), and activity limitations (aOR 1.55; p = 0.048) compared to the lowest tertile. No association was seen with steroid, antibiotic or rescue medication use, trouble breathing, or nighttime symptoms. In this study, children with BPD who lived in areas of higher deprivation were more likely to be rehospitalized and have ED visits for respiratory reasons. Identifying socio-environmental factors that contribute to adverse pulmonary outcomes in children with BPD may provide opportunities for earlier interventions to improve long-term pulmonary outcomes.

Sport-for-development, critical pedagogy and marginalised youth: engagement, co-creation and community consciousness

ABSTRACT The principles of critical pedagogy proposed by Paolo Freire have been widely cited as presenting the necessary intellectual tools to underpin sport-based programmes that are targeted towards marginalised groups. Yet, despite the widespread advocacy for Freire’s educational philosophy, to date there have been few attempts to present theoretical articulations of how these pedagogical principles might be more precisely understood within the context of sport-for-development (SfD). One example, proposed by [Spaaij, R., & Jeanes, R. (2013). Education for social change? A Freirean critique of sport for development and peace. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(4), 442–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.690378], offers a framework for ‘critical SfD education’ and emphasises the necessity for programmes that are co-created, inclusive and directive. However, there are an absence of studies that apply this framework directly to examine SfD programmes. This article seeks to offer some form of corrective in this respect by providing empirical insights which illustrate the utility of the principles outlined by Spaaij and Jeanes within the context of programmes that employ sport as a vehicle for individual development. The article draws upon the qualitative elements of two evaluations of sport-based programmes, both of which were concerned with providing support and vocational training for young people residing in areas of high deprivation in the United Kingdom. Findings reveal how the pedagogical methods employed within both programmes highlighted a co-created, inclusive and directive ethos, to demonstrate the benefits of adopting an educational approach that is community conscious and designed in concert with the themes and conditions of participant lives. Further studies are required to substantiate the suitability of Spaaij and Jeanes’s framework within SfD practice, and there is a clear necessity to develop and empirically test further theoretical frameworks that are infused by the tenets of critical pedagogy but are more specific to the realm of SfD.

People living in disadvantaged areas faced greater challenges in staying active and using recreational facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aimed to understand the perceived effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, recreation walking, and use of recreational facilities; and if the COVID-19 pandemic amplified disparities in physical activity, recreational walking, and use of recreational facilities related to the levels of neighborhood disadvantage. Recreational walking and the use of neighborhood streets and green spaces significantly decreased in high deprivation areas but not in low deprivation areas during the pandemic. While COVID-19 has negatively affected overall recreational activities, the inequitable impact on recreational walking and use of outdoor recreational facilities has been more evident in disadvantaged neighborhoods with greater deprivation.

Health-Care Disparities in the Use of Diabetes Technologies in the UK

Health inequalities have been a longstanding challenge for decades with widening disparities in recent years. Much focus is rightly placed on inequalities based on race/ethnicity, but it is clear that racial disparities and socioeconomic deprivation are interlinked. The connection between systematic and personal bias against individuals from the most deprived groups, irrespective of ethnicity, clearly exists. Socioeconomic deprivation appears to be an influential factor driving health disparities, with implicit bias directed against individuals living in poverty. This is reflected in access to diabetes technologies such as insulin pump therapy, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and automated insulin delivery where those from ethnic minority backgrounds and those in areas of highest deprivation are least able to access or benefit from such technological advancements. Inequalities are further reinforced by government cuts in spending. Between 2009 and 2020, net expenditure per person in local authorities in the 10% most deprived areas fell by 31% compared with a 16% decrease in the least deprived areas. These regressive cuts included a failure of health-care spending to rise in accord with historical patterns. Compounding the challenges were cuts to public health funding and reductions in welfare payments to families most in need. These widening health inequalities are unacceptable and unfair within a national health system where all individuals are entitled to the same level of care. Improved access to specialist diabetes care teams and to life-enhancing technologies could improve the health of all people with diabetes and reduce its human and financial cost.

'It All Kind of Links Really': Young People's Perspectives on the Relationship between Socioeconomic Circumstances and Health.

Meaningful inclusion of young people’s perceptions and experiences of inequalities is argued to be critical in the development of pro-equity policies. Our study explored young people’s perceptions of what influences their opportunities to be healthy within their local area and their understandings of health inequalities. Three interlinked qualitative focus group discussions, each lasting 90 to 100 min, with the same six groups of young people (n = 42) aged 13–21, were conducted between February and June 2021. Participants were recruited from six youth groups in areas of high deprivation across three geographical locations in England (South Yorkshire, the North East and London). Our study demonstrates that young people understand that health inequalities are generated by social determinants of health, which in turn influence behaviours. They highlight a complex interweaving of pathways between social determinants and health outcomes. However, they do not tend to think in terms of the social determinants and their distribution as resulting from the power and influence of those who create and benefit from health and social inequalities. An informed understanding of the causes of health inequalities, influenced by their own unique generational experiences, is important to help young people contribute to the development of pro-equity policies of the future.

Predictors of social participation: evidence from repeated cross-sectional population surveys in England.

Social participation is linked to better health and well-being. However, there is limited research on the individual and area-level predictors of participation. This study aims to determine the characteristics associated with participation, particularly the impact of community asset availability. We used data from 34 582 adult respondents to the nationally representative Community Life Survey from 2013 to 2018. We measured social participation by reported participation in 15 types of groups. We used probit and negative binomial regression models and included a wide range of individual, household and area characteristics, and availability of 14 types of community assets. The following characteristics were associated with higher levels of participation: being female (+3.0 percentage points (p.p.) (95% CI 1.8 to 4.1p.p.), Black, Asian or Minority Ethnicity (+3.7p.p. (1.9 to 5.5p.p.)), homeownership (+4.1 p.p. (2.7 to 5.6p.p.)) and living in a rural area (+2.1p.p. (0.5 to 3.6p.p)). Respondents from the most deprived areas were less likely to participate than those in average deprivation areas (-3.9p.p. (-5.9 to -1.99p.p.)). Higher availability of community assets was associated with increased participation in groups. The effect of availability on participation varied by type of asset. Improving community assets infrastructure in high deprivation and urban areas would encourage more social participation in these areas.

Investigating the moderators and mediators of an effective sleep intervention in the Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) randomized controlled trial: Exploratory analyses.

SummaryThe Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) sleep intervention halved obesity risk at 2 years of age. However, the intervention mechanisms are unclear. Consequently, the objective of the current work was to use exploratory analyses to investigate potential moderators and mediators of the sleep intervention on obesity outcomes at age 2 years. Data were collected between 2009 and 2012. The effect of demographic and study design variables on body mass index z‐score (BMI z‐score) and obesity was compared in moderator subgroups at 2 years of age (n = 683, 85%). Mediating effects of child and parent–household variables assessed whether the sleep intervention resulted in meaningful changes in the mediating variable (defined as changes which were statistically significant [p < .05] or where the effect size was ≥0.15 SD), followed by assessing relationships with obesity outcomes. The sleep intervention appeared most effective in children in higher deprivation areas (effect on BMI z‐score −0.25 [−0.53, 0.04], effect on obesity odds ratio [OR] 0.43 [0.16, 1.13]), and with mothers of non‐European, non‐Māori ethnicity (effect on BMI z‐score −0.27 [−0.73, 0.20], effect on obesity OR 0.13 [95% confidence interval 0.01, 1.11]). This suggested moderation by deprivation and ethnicity. Aspects of sleep improved meaningfully in children after intervention but did not significantly relate to obesity outcomes, and other outcomes were not meaningfully affected by the sleep intervention. Thus, mediation was not indicated. Overall, the POI sleep intervention improved obesity outcomes at 2 years, and the current work identified some potential moderators, but no mediators.

Incidence, morbidity, mortality and disparities in dementia: A population linked electronic health records study of 4.3 million individuals.

We report dementia incidence, comorbidities, reasons for health-care visits, mortality, causes of death, and examined dementia patterns by relative deprivation in the UK. A longitudinal cohort analysis of linked electronic health records from 4.3 million people in the UK was conducted to investigate dementia incidence and mortality. Reasons for hospitalization and causes of death were compared in individuals with and without dementia. From 1998 to 2016 we observed 145,319 (3.1%) individuals with incident dementia. Repeated hospitalizations among senior adults for infection, unknown morbidity, and multiple primary care visits for chronic pain were observed prior to dementia diagnosis. Multiple long-term conditions are present in half of the individuals at the time of diagnosis. Individuals living in high deprivation areas had higher dementia incidence and high fatality. There is a considerable disparity of dementia that informs priorities of prevention and provision of patient care.

The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on 30 and 90-Day Readmission Rates After Spine Surgery.

Since its 2012 inception, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) has espoused cost-effective health-care delivery by financially penalizing hospitals with excessive 30-day readmission rates. In this study, we hypothesized that socioeconomic factors impact readmission rates of patients undergoing spine surgery. In this study, 2,830 patients who underwent a spine surgical procedure between 2012 and 2018 were identified retrospectively from our institutional database, with readmission (postoperative day [POD] 0 to 30 and POD 31 to 90) as the outcome of interest. Patients were linked to U.S. Census Tracts and ZIP codes using the Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS) mapping program. Social determinants of health (SDOH) were obtained from publicly available databases. Patient income was estimated at the Public Use Microdata Area level based on U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey data. Univariate and multivariable stepwise regression analyses were conducted. Significance was defined as p < 0.05, with Bonferroni corrections as appropriate. Race had a significant effect on readmission only among patients whose estimated incomes were <$31,650 (χ2 = 13.4, p < 0.001). Based on a multivariable stepwise regression, patients with estimated incomes of <$31,000 experienced greater odds of readmission by POD 30 compared with patients with incomes of >$62,000; the odds ratio (OR) was 11.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.35 to 15.57). There were higher odds of 30-day readmission for patients living in neighborhoods with higher diabetes prevalence (OR, 3.02 [95% CI, 1.60 to 5.49]) and patients living in neighborhoods with limited access to primary care providers (OR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.70]). Lastly, each decile increase in the Area Deprivation Index of a patient's Census Tract was associated with higher odds of 30-day readmission (OR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.30 to 1.51]). Socioeconomically disadvantaged patients and patients from areas of high social deprivation have a higher risk of readmission following a spine surgical procedure. Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Exploring the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Male Mental Health Emergencies Attended by Ambulances During the First National “Lockdown” in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated mitigation strategies such as “lockdown” are having widespread adverse psychological effects, including increased levels of anxiety and depression. Most research using self-reported data highlights the pandemic’s impact on the psychological well-being of females, whereas data for mental health emergency presentations may reflect the impact on male mental health more accurately. We analyzed records of male mental health emergencies occurring in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom during the first national “lockdown.” We computed two binary logistic regression models to (a) compare male mental health emergencies occurring during “lockdown,” 2020 (5,779) with those occurring in the same period in 2019 (N = 4,744) and (b) compare male (N = 5,779) and female (N = 7,695) mental health emergencies occurring during “lockdown.” Comparisons considered the characteristics of mental health emergencies recorded by ambulance clinicians (Primary Impressions), and the socioeconomic characteristics of communities where emergencies use the Index of Multiple Deprivation. We found that during “lockdown,” male emergencies were more likely to involve acute anxiety (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42) and less likely to involve intentional drug overdose (OR: 0.86) or attempted suicide (OR: 0.71) compared with 2019. Compared with females, male emergencies were more likely to involve acute behavioral disturbance (OR: 1.99) and less likely to involve anxiety (OR: 0.67), attempted suicide (OR: 0.83), or intentional drug overdose (OR: 0.76). Compared with 2019, and compared with females, males experiencing mental health emergencies during “lockdown” were more likely to present in areas of high deprivation. Understanding the presentation of male mental health emergencies could inform improved patient care pathways.

Change in health, wellbeing and physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort of parkrun participants in the United Kingdom.

SummaryLockdown restrictions imposed across the UK in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a profound impact on many people’s health and wellbeing. People were encouraged to be active, but population surveys suggest some groups found this easier than others. We explored the changes in health, wellbeing and physical activity levels among a sample in the UK who experienced the sudden loss of a weekly community-based physical activity opportunity, parkrun. A sample of UK parkrun participants responded to two surveys: pre-COVID-19 in January/February 2019 and during the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020. Outcomes were happiness, life satisfaction, connections with others, physical health, mental health and physical activity. The sample was stratified by gender, age, deprivation status, physical activity and number of parkruns completed. Demographics were reported using descriptive statistics; distributions between sub-groups were compared using Chi-square tests while differences in outcomes were determined using the Mann–Whitney U test. Open text responses were also analysed. Happiness, life satisfaction, connections with others, physical health and mental health of 450 parkrun participants were negatively impacted for all sub-groups, although the impact was not experienced equally. Physical activity fell by 6% while happiness and life satisfaction fell by 12%. People experienced the worst negative impact on their connections with others. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the wellbeing of a greater proportion of females, younger adults, inactive people, those from higher deprivation areas, and those who had completed fewer parkruns. There is evidence that the wellbeing of those who were more active, and those more involved in a community-based physical activity initiative pre-pandemic, was less negatively affected during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Assessing the Impact of a New Urban Greenway Using Mobile, Wearable Technology-Elicited Walk- and Bike-Along Interviews

Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, causing an estimated 3.3 million deaths worldwide. Characteristics of the built environment, including buildings, public spaces, pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, transportation networks, parks, trails and green spaces can facilitate or constrain physical activity. However, objective study of built environment interventions on physical activity remains challenging due to methodological limitations and research gaps. Existing methods such as direct observations or surveys are time and labour intensive, and only provide a static, cross-sectional view of physical activity at a specific point in time. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for objectively and inexpensively assessing how built environment changes may influence physical activity. We used a novel, unobtrusive method to capture real-time, in situ data from a convenience sample of 25 adults along a newly constructed urban greenway in an area of high deprivation in Belfast, UK. Walk/bike-along interviews were conducted with participants using a body-worn or bicycle-mounted portable digital video camera (GoPro HERO 3+ camera) to record their self-determined journeys along the greenway. This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable sensors to capture participants’ responses to the built environment in real-time during their walking and cycling journeys. These findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of real-world environmental interventions on physical activity and the importance of precise, accurate and objective measurements of environments where the activity occurs.

Patterns of healthcare utilisation in children and young people: a retrospective cohort study using routinely collected healthcare data in Northwest London

ObjectivesWith a growing role for health services in managing population health, there is a need for early identification of populations with high need. Segmentation approaches partition the population based on...