High-density Lipoprotein Triglycerides Research Articles

Serum Lipid Profile as an Indicator of Severity of Liver Cirrhosis

Objective: To look for the relationship of deranged lipid profile with severity of liver cirrhosis along with other sociodemographic factors at Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi.
 Study Design: Cross sectional study.
 Setting and Duration of Study: Gastroenterology department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Sep 2018 to Feb 2019.
 Methodology: Eighty patients suffering from cirrhosis admitted in the medical ward or reporting in outpatient department of Pak Emirates Military Hospital were included in this study. Diagnosis of cirrhotic liver was made based on clinical findings and relevant investigations and severity of cirrhosis was established by using the Model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were correlated with the severity of cirrhosis in the target population along with other factors.
 Results: Out of 82 patients included in the final analysis 49 (59.7%) were male and 33 (40.3%) were female. Most of the patients presented with the chronic liver disease secondary to the hepatitis C virus (HCV). 45 (54.8%) had MELD score >10 while 37 (45.2%) had MELD score <10. Analysis showed total hypo2holesterolemia and hypotrigly ceridemia emerged as strong predictors of severe cirrhotic illness (p-value <0.05).
 Conclusion: Low values of lipid parameters were strongly related to the presence of severe cirrhotic illness among the patients suffering from liver cirrhosis. Lipid profile can be used as an indicator to predict the severity of illness among cirrhotic based on our results.

A SNP in the 5’ flanking region of the SAA1 gene is associated with serum levels of serum amyloid A and cardiovascular risk factors

BackgroundElevated serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examine associations between allelic variation in the rs11024595 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5’ flanking region of the SAA1 gene and adipose tissue gene expression, serum levels of SAA and cardiovascular risk factors.MethodsDNA samples from 729 participants in the SibPair study, comprising weight discordant siblings and their biological parents, and 3542 participants (1783 patients treated with bariatric surgery and 1759 controls) from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study were used. The rs11024595 SNP was genotyped in both cohorts using Pyrosequencing or the Sequenom MassARRAY platform, respectively. Blood chemistry and anthropometry were assessed at study start. Adipose tissue SAA1 gene expression and serum levels of SAA in the SibPair study were analyzed with DNA microarray or immunoassay, respectively.ResultsIn the SibPair study, the rs11024595 SNP was associated with serum levels of SAA (P = 0.0050) where T allele carriers displayed lower levels of SAA (P = 0.0025) but no association between genotype and adipose tissue SAA1 gene expression was found. In the SOS study, the rs11024595 SNP was associated with serum levels of HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0045), triglycerides (P = 0.025) and apolipoprotein E (P = 0.026). Moreover, T allele carriers had lower levels of HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0148), but higher levels of triglycerides (P = 0.0418) and apolipoprotein E (P = 0.028) compared to C allele homozygotes. The rs11024595 SNP was also associated with plasma glucose (P = 0.044).ConclusionsThe rs11024595 SNP in the 5’ flanking region of the SAA1 gene is associated with both serum levels of SAA and other cardiovascular risk factors. Future studies are required to elucidate whether the rs11024595 SNP can affect the risk of cardiovascular events.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01479452 Registered 24 November 2011 - retrospectively registered.

Health Disparities in Cardiometabolic Traits: Genomics, Gaps, and Paradoxes

Cardiometabolic traits vary considerably across ancestry groups, creating interest in disentangling the contributing factors to minimize health disparities. While environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and lifestyle, are expected to play a large role in these differences, the contribution of genomics is less clear. This presentation will consider health disparities in cardiometabolic traits and the role of genomics can play in disentangling or exacerbating these disparities, with examples drawn from serum lipids and African ancestry populations. Serum lipids (especially HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) manifest clear differences in distribution across ancestries. While individuals of African ancestry often experience worse cardiometabolic outcomes (e.g., higher rates of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes), healthier mean serum lipid concentrations are generally observed among those of African ancestry. This lipid profile persists in those of West African ancestry across the African Diaspora, despite differences in social factors and lifestyle, lending support to genomic influences. This distribution, however, does not translate into a reduced rate of lipids‐associated cardiometabolic diseases, for reasons which are unclear, and this discrepancy has implications for use of lipid biomarkers for identifying individuals with disease risk. Well‐powered genomic studies of serum lipids in African ancestry individuals are emerging, revealing novel loci along with some evidence of gene‐lifestyle interactions and differing associations among subcontinental groups. These studies, along with increasing publications of other cardiometabolic traits in African and other non‐European ancestry individuals, are of great importance in a field plagued by underrepresentation of non‐European ancestry individuals. This underrepresentation has profound implications for the clinical utility of genomic discoveries. Without attention to this issue, genomics is poised to exacerbate health disparities in non‐EUR ancestry groups. African ancestry individuals are poorly represented in key genomic databases, yet their profound genetic diversity makes it likely to find variants among them that are not present in other populations. This imbalance can lead to clinical care that is sub‐optimal for those of African ancestry compared to better‐represented groups, a rising concern with increasing use of genomics in clinical decisions. For example, polygenic risk scores, derived from large, well‐powered GWAS, can predict disease risk for some traits of a magnitude that rivals Mendelian risk transmission, growing closer to clinical utility. Unfortunately, because of the comparatively limited representation of non‐European ancestry individuals in the underlying GWAS, these tools perform more poorly in these individuals. While these findings call for a greater number of genomic studies in diverse populations, attention also must be paid to the way individuals of non‐European ancestry are included and presented to ensure that the results facilitate the advancements their inclusion can address. Genomics has the potential to promote understanding of health disparities, but care must be given that they do not play a role in exacerbating them.

Prognostic value of triglyceride/glucose index in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Aim: New parameters are emerging to predict prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In this study we aimed to determine and compare the prognostic values of some metabolic indices in terms of predicting long-term mortality in patients with STEMI. Method: A total of 1900 nondiabetic patients who presented with STEMI and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the study. Multivariable Cox proportional regression analysis was used to determine and compare the predictive performance of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein ratio (Ty/HDL) and admission glucose. Results: In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the model based on TyG index had better predictive performance than the Ty/HDL and admission blood glucose. Conclusion: The TyG index is more informative than Ty/HDL and admission glucose level to predict long-term all-cause mortality.

Lipid Profile Changes Associated with SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome.

The introduction of sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment has shown an unexpectedly significant improvement in heart disease outcome trials. Although they have very different modes of action, a portion of the salutary cardiovascular disease improvement may be related to their impact on diabetic dyslipidemia. As discussed in this focused review, the sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors as a class show a mild increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, while triglycerides (TG) decrease inconsistently. In particular, the rise in LDL appears to be related to the less atherogenic, large buoyant LDL particles. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists show more of an impact on weight loss and improvement in the underlying low HDL and high TG dyslipidemia. The effect of sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists when used in combination remains largely unknown. Also unexplored is difference in effect of these medications among various ethnicities and metabolic syndrome.

Nutritional Intake and Biomarker Status in Strict Raw Food Eaters.

Following a strict raw food diet (primarily based on fresh fruit and raw vegetables, waiving any consumption of heated or processed food) has the risk of undersupply of energy and certain macro- and micronutrients. In this cross-sectional study, we compared 16 non-smoking strict raw food eaters (5 women and 11 men, age 44.6 ± 12.3 years, duration of following the diet 11.6 ± 10.8 years) with the non-smoking participants (32 vegans, 27 omnivores) of the “Risk and Benefits of a Vegan Diet” (RBVD) study. We investigated body composition, dietary intake from 3-day weighed food records, and relevant fasting blood and serum parameters. Food choice and dietary behavior were very heterogenic in raw food eaters. They had lower mean values of BMI and percentage of body fat than the respective RBVD participants. The same holds true for energy supply and intakes of protein, carbohydrate, calcium and iodine. Serum levels revealed lower levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, zinc, and vitamin D3. The raw food eaters with (n = 9) and without (n = 7) supplementation of vitamin B12 had median vitamin B12 levels of 399 and 152 ng/L, respectively. Accordingly, eight raw food eaters (50%) had homocysteine levels above 12 µmol/L. The study allows a close look at strict raw food eaters with respect to possible dietary deficiencies, but also provides insights into motivations and daily life.

Synergistic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

• The ω-3 and ω-6 FAs (ALA and LA) rich oils from FSO an SSO respectively, mitigated the diabetes induced by streptozotocin. • The In vitro and In vivo studies have revealed that the combination of FSO+SSO significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes like CAT, SOD, GSH, and decreased MDA levels in the pancreas and liver of streptozotocin induced rats. • The reduction was observed in the lipid profiles of TG, TC, LDL, VLDL, and increase in HDL, and also significant reduction in the hematological parameters such as AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, HbA1c and decreased blood glucose levels, while, TP, Hb and insulin levels were markedly increased in the treated rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control. • The results were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. • Combination of FSO+SSO shown more synergistic hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential compared to their individual treatments. Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids (FAs) of flaxseed oil (FSO) and sesame seed oil (SSO) that are being used in traditional foods and medicine have been investigated for their various synergistic biological potencies. However, their synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties at the world health organization (WHO) recommended ratio have not been studied. To evaluate the synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of bioactive-fatty acids from flaxseed (FS) and sesame seeds (SS) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus Wistar albino rats. The study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs at 1:5 ratio from FSO and SSO in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Fifty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups: normal control; diabetic control received streptozotocin 45 mg/kg b.w IP; diabetic groups received standard drug tolbutamide orally received 5mg/kg b.w; FSO and SSO orally administered with 250 and 350; 516 and 700 mg/kg b.w PO respectively, and FSO+SSO at 43+292 and 86+584 mg/kg b.w PO respectively. Blood glucose levels were observed on weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, biochemical factors such as the level of antioxidant enzymes, serum liver enzymes, malondialdehyde level, lipid profiles, blood parameters, and pancreas morphology were studied. Twenty-eight days of the treatment significantly increased the in vivo antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), whereas, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the pancreas and liver. A noteworthy reduction was observed in the lipid profiles of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and also significant reduction was observed in the hematological parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and decreased blood glucose levels, while, total protein (TP), hemoglobin (Hb) and insulin levels were markedly increased in the treated rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, the results were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. The study suggested that the ω-3 and ω-6 FAs from FSO and SSO, respectively, showed potential synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects that were mainly mediated by ω-3 and ω-6 FAs present in the respective seed oils. Synergistic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Body Composition Assessment by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Prediction of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)

Background:We aimed at evaluating the best body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF) cutoffs related to cardio-metabolic risk factors and comparing the discriminative power of PBF and BMI for predicting these risk factors.Methods:In this cross-sectional study in phase V (2012–2015), 1271 participants (age ≥ 20 yr; 54.3% women) were enrolled. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to estimate PBF. Joint Interim Statement criteria were used for defining metabolic syndrome (MetS). We compared PBF with BMI through logistic regression and area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Percent body fat cutoff points were > 25 in men and >35 in women.Results:Percent body fat and BMI cutoff points for predicting MetS were 25.6% and 27.2 kg/m2 in men and 36.2% and 27.5 kg/m2 in women, respectively. There were no significant differences between BMI and PBF area under the ROC curves for predicting MetS and its components, except for abdominal obesity in men and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in women in favor of BMI. Logistic regression analysis indicated that BMI in women was better for predicting MetS and its components, except for abdominal obesity. Moreover, BMI was equal or superior to PBF in men, except for low HDL and high triglyceride levels.Conclusion:Comparison of PBF with BMI showed that the use of PBF is not significantly better than BMI in predicting cardio-metabolic risks in the general population.

IDF21-0540 HbA1c as a marker of HDL cholesterol in Indian subjects with type 2 diabetes

Background: HbA1c is the gold standard means of accessing long term glycemia and for diagnosing diabetes. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). HDL‐c has been considered as a surrogate marker of CVD. Aim: In this study we aimed to find the relationship between HbA1c and HDL‐c in Odia subjects with T2DM. Method: T2DM adults, who visited Diabetic OPD were requested to participate. Subjects with type 1 diabetes, secondary diabetes, GDM, nourishing mothers, pregnant women, as well as individuals who were on lipid lowering medicines, thyroid hormone therapy, steroids, immunosupressants were excluded. Comprehensive medical and drug history were recorded. After consent, participants underwent overnight fasting for estimation of HbA1c and lipid panel measurement. Results: Mean age and duration of diabetes for the sample (n = 1352, M/F = 832/520) were 51.8 ± 10.5 and 9.8 ± 6.0 years respectively. Mean HbA1c and HDL‐c values were 8.7 ± 2.4% and 40.6 ± 8.7mg/dl in order. The prevalence of low HDL (n = 697, 51.6%) and hypertriglyceridemia (n = 689, 51.0%) were almost similar. Uncontrolled HbA1c (≥7%) was documented in two third (66.7%) of persons with low HDL. While HDL was seen to be inversely related to HbA1c values, triglyceride level was found to be proportionate to HbA1c. Discussion: The study shows that elevated HbA1c is associated with low HDL and high triglyceride levels in Odia T2DM subjects and warrants the use of statins for prevention of cardiovascular events in this resource restricted community.

Associations of Abdominal and Cardiovascular Adipose Tissue Depots With HDL Metrics in Midlife Women: the SWAN Study.

The menopause transition is accompanied by declines in the atheroprotective features of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which are linked to deleterious cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. This work aimed to assess the relationship between abdominal and CV visceral adipose tissues (VAT) with future HDL metrics in midlife women, and the role of insulin resistance (IR) on these associations. Temporal associations compared abdominal and CV fat with later measures of HDL metrics. This community-based cohort comprised 299 women, baseline mean age 51.1 years (SD: 2.8 years), 67% White, 33% Black, from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) HDL ancillary study. Exposures included volumes of abdominal VAT, epicardial AT (EAT), paracardial AT (PAT), or perivascular AT (PVAT). Main outcomes included HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (HDL-CEC); HDL phospholipids (HDL-PL), triglycerides (HDL-Tgs), and cholesterol (HDL-C); apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), and HDL particles (HDL-P) and size. In multivariable models, higher abdominal VAT was associated with lower HDL-CEC, HDL-PL, HDL-C, and large HDL-P and smaller HDL size. Higher PAT was associated with lower HDL-PL, HDL-C, and large HDL-P and smaller HDL size. Higher EAT was associated with higher small HDL-P. Higher PVAT volume was associated with lower HDL-CEC. The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance partially mediated the associations between abdominal AT depots with HDL-CEC, HDL-C, large HDL-P, and HDL size; between PVAT with HDL-CEC; and PAT with HDL-C, large HDL-P, and HDL size. In midlife women, higher VAT volumes predict HDL metrics 2 years later in life, possibly linking them to future CV disease. Managing IR may preclude the unfavorable effect of visceral fat on HDL metrics.

Dietary patterns and the risk of abnormal blood lipids among young adults: A prospective cohort study

Background and aimsThe extent to which dietary patterns influence the risk of abnormal blood lipids throughout young adulthood remains unclear. The aim was to investigate whether early young adulthood dietary patterns predict the risk of abnormal blood lipids during later young adulthood. Methods and resultsWe used data from a long running birth cohort study in Australia. Western dietary pattern rich in meats, processed foods and high-fat dairy products and prudent pattern rich in fruit, vegetables, fish, nuts, whole grains and low-fat dairy products were derived using principal component analysis at the 21-year follow-up from dietary data obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. After 9-years, fasting blood samples of all participants were collected and their total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Abnormal blood lipids were based on clinical cut-offs for total, LDL and HDL cholesterols, and TG and relative distributions for total:HDL and TG:HDL cholesterols ratios. Log-binomial models were used to estimate risk of each outcome in relation to dietary patterns. Greater adherence to the Western pattern predicted increased risks of high LDL (RR: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.06, 2.03) and TG (1.90; 1.25, 2.86), and high ratios of total:HDL (1.48; 1.00, 2.19) and TG:HDL (1.78; 1.18, 2.70) cholesterols in fully adjusted models. Conversely, a prudent pattern predicted reduced risks of low HDL (0.58; 0.42, 0.78) and high TG (0.66; 0.47, 0.92) and high total:HDL (0.71; 0.51, 0.98) and TG:HDL (0.61; 0.45, 0.84) cholesterols ratios. ConclusionThis is the first prospective study to show greater adherence to unhealthy Western diet predicted increased risks of abnormal blood lipids, whereas healthy prudent diet predicted lower such risks in young adults. Addressing diets in early course may improve cardiovascular health of young adults.

Associations of Triglycerides/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio With Insulin Resistance, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Diabetes in American Adults at Different Vitamin D3 Levels.

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that vitamin D3 (VD3) may be a protective factor for diabetes mellitus (DM), while triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) may be a risk factor for diabetes. However, no existing study has elucidated the interaction between TG/HDL and VD3. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the relationships of TG/HDL with insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and DM at different VD3 levels.MethodsWith the use of the data from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles, a total of 2,929 males and 3,031 females were divided into 4 groups according to their VD3 levels. Logistic regression was performed to observe the associations of TG/HDL ratio with IR, IGT, and DM in different groups.ResultsThe relationships of TG/HDL with IR, IGT, and DM showed a threshold effect, with the cutoff values of 1.094, 1.51, and 1.11, respectively. On both sides of the cutoff values, the correlation was first weakened and then enhanced with the increase in VD3 levels.ConclusionTG/HDL is a risk factor for IR, IGT, and DM. Both too low and too high levels of VD3 can strengthen this association, whereas keeping VD3 at a reasonable level helps to reduce the associations of TG/HDL with IR, IGT, and DM.

Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Weight and Lipid Profile

This review article aimed to study the effects of a ketogenic diet on obesity-related measures, and lipid profiles. Total 22 articles were included in the review. Anthropometric measures included in the review were total body mass (Wt), fat mass (FM), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). The lipid profile included in this review was serum cholesterol level, serum HDL, serum LDL, and serum triglycerides (TAG). The shortest intervention in these studies lasted for 4 days, and the longest intervention lasted for 12 months. There was a significant Wt loss in all studies. A significant reduction in BMI, FM, and WC was also observed in many studies. In most studies, variable effects on lipid profile were observed. Serum TC level fell in 10 studies, and serum TAG levels decreased in 13 studies, but this reduction was statistically insignificant in most studies. Serum LDL level fell in 10 studies and increased in 3 studies, and serum HDL levels fell in 7 studies and increased in 6 studies, but these changes were also not statistically significant in most studies. This review article found beneficial effects of ketogenic diet weight loss and lipid profile, but the studies in this review included the dietary intervention of a period≤12 months. Studies for extended periods (at least ≥2 years) should be done to observe the long-term effects of a ketogenic diet.

Altered triglyceride glucose index and fasted serum triglyceride high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predict incidence of cardiovascular disease in the Mashhad cohort study.

The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and triglyceride/high lipoprotein density cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) are two important risk markers to evaluate the insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). To assess the association between TG/HDL-C and TyG index and CVDs. The Mashhad stroke and heart association disorder cohort study started in 2010 and has been continued until 2020. During 6-year follow-up of 9704 participants, 235 events including 118 acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 83 chronic coronary syndrome, 27 myocardial infarction, and 27 cardiac death were confirmed. SPSS software (version 21) was used for statistical analysis and figures were drawn by GraphPad Prism 6 software. The prevalence of ACS and cardiac death were higher in the fourth quartile of serum TG/HDL-C (>4.43) and higher prevalence of ACS was considered in subjects classified in the fourth quartile of TyG index (>8.98). A high TyG index was associated with an increased risk of ACS and cardiac death [1.362 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.013-1.831]) and 2.3 (95% CI: [1.247-4.241])] respectively; based on Cox regression analysis elevated TyG and TG/HDL-C increased the chance of CVD by [1.634 (95% CI: 1.304-2.047) and 1.068 (95% CI: 1.031-1.105)], respectively. Our results strongly showed that TyG index and TG/HDL-C are independent risk factors for incident CVD, suggesting that TyG index and TG/HDL-C may be as an important unique biomarker for predicting CVD outcomes and progression.

Efficacy of Lipid Ratios and Platelet Distribution Width for Assessment of Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

IntroductionThe clinical course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in its long term may follow a benign course or have an adverse outcome leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation. Such patients represent only a small proportion of all NAFLD cases, making case finding a real challenge.AimsThis study was planned to test the efficacy of simple laboratory parameters for their ability to screen advanced cases of NAFLD who need early attention to extricate them from the cumbersome outcome.Material and methodThe study protocol enrolled 129 diagnosed cases of NAFLD. Patients were categorized as group I with mild/moderate fibrosis (MF) comprising of F0 to F2 and group II with advanced fibrosis (AF) comprising of F3 and F4 based on Fibroscan kPa (kilopascal) score.ResultsGroup I consisted of 96 MF patients, while group II included 33 AF patients. Mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) ratio, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio, and platelet distribution width (PDW) were significantly higher in patients with AF (group II), while platelet count (PC) was significantly lower in group II. The area under the receiver operative characteristic (AUROC) curve was highest for PDW [0.730 (0.644-0.815)] and TG/HDL ratio [0.719 (0.612-0.827)]. TG/HDL ratio at a cut-off of >2.4 had a sensitivity and specificity of 84.85% and 34.38%, respectively, and PDW at a cut-off of >16.40 had a sensitivity and specificity of 84.85% and 54.17%, respectively.ConclusionDecent sensitivity at particular cut-offs for TG/HDL ratio and PDW makes them suitable to be applied for screening advanced cases of NAFLD that require early ministration and medication to block its further progression to its intricate form.

Vitamin D supplementation and cardiometabolic risk factors among diverse schoolchildren: a randomized clinical trial

There remains a lack of evidence demonstrating a potential relationship between vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk among children. We examined the effect of 3 different dosages of vitamin D on cardiometabolic risk factors among children at risk of deficiency. Racially diverse schoolchildren aged 8-15 y were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to supplementation with 600, 1000, or 2000 IU vitamin D3/d for 6 mo. Changes in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and blood glucose over 6 mo and at 12 mo (6 mo post-supplementation) were assessed. Subgroup analyses were also performed by weight status and race. Among 604 children, 40.9% were vitamin D-inadequate at baseline (<20ng/mL; mean±SD: 22.0±6.8ng/mL), 46.4% were overweight/obese, and 60.9% had ≥1 suboptimal blood lipids or glucose. Over 6 mo, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased in all 3 dosage groups from baseline (mean±SE change: 4.4±0.6ng/mL, 5.7±0.7ng/mL, and 10.7±0.6ng/mL for 600, 1000, and 2000 IU/d, respectively; P<0.001). Whereas HDL cholesterol and triglycerides increased in the 600 IU group (P=0.002 and P=0.02, respectively), LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol decreased across dosage groups. At 6 mo post-supplementation, HDL cholesterol remained elevated in the 600 and 1000 IU groups ( P<0.001 and P=0.02, respectively) whereas triglycerides remained elevated in the 1000 and 2000 IU groups (P=0.04 and P=0.006, respectively). The suppression of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol persisted in the 2000 IU group only (P=0.04 and P<0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in blood glucose and similar responses were observed overall by weight status and racial groups across dosages. Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated generally positive effects on HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, especially at the lower dosage of 600 IU/d, with several significant changes persisting during the post-supplementation period. Increases in triglycerides across dosage groups may be due to natural changes during adolescence warranting further study.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01537809.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Its Distribution among Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women from Northern India.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and recognize its abnormal components in pre and postmenopausal women. We also aim to recognize the abnormal components in postmenopausal women with regard to duration since menopause. The cross-sectional study was undertaken among pre- and post-menopausal women between 40 and 65 years. Women with MS were identified as per the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. A total of 220 women were enrolled comprising 112 premenopausal and 108 postmenopausal women, the prevalence of MS among them being 33% and 51.85%, respectively. Postmenopausal status was found to be independently associated with MS when adjusted for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratios = 14.77, 95% confidence intervals: 1.77-23.33). All the components were proportionately higher in postmenopausal group, the rise in blood pressure (BP) (P = 0.003) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (0.027) being statistically significant. The risk of MS, abdominal obesity, and high BP were highest in <5 years since menopause and decreased thereafter. The risk for low HDL and high triglyceride increased with the number of years since menopause, reaching the peak level in the 5-9-year group and then decreased while the risk of high fasting blood sugar increased reaching peak in the 10-14 years' group. The prevalence of MS is significantly high in postmenopausal women. Screening of women in premenopausal period will give an opportunity to intervene and prevent the menace of MS in Indian women predisposed to abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular adverse events.

Hypertriglyceridemia promotes dysfunctions in high-density lipoprotein increasing the cardiovascular risk

Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with several metabolic diseases. The triglycerides (TG) disrupt the cholesterol reverse transport and contribute to increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts in cholesterol reverse transport as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to investigate the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the functionality of HDL. Individuals were divided into 4 groups based on high or low HDL-c and triglycerides levels. Biochemical and anthropometric analysis were performed. This study demonstrated that triglycerides promote dysfunctions on HDL, increasing the cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure was higher in subjects with low HDL. Women presented higher levels of HDL-c and low percentage of fat mass. The highest levels of triglycerides were observed in older age. In addition, high levels of triglycerides were associated with higher total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, non-HDL-c, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood glucose, increasing in the ratio of non-HDL-c/HDL-c and ApoB/ApoA-I. The increase of triglycerides levels progressively impairs the antioxidant capacity of HDL, probably due to a higher occurrence of fatty acid peroxidation in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with high HDL and low TG levels increased the Lag Time. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between TG versus HDL particle size, variables that depend on age and anthropometric parameters.

Serum Biochemical and Meat Fatty Acid Profiles of Different Chicken Genotypes

Serum biochemical and meat fatty acid profile of different chickens were studied. A total of 144 mixed sex matured chickens of Cosmopolitan (C), Improved Horro (H), Cosmopolitan♂*Improved Horro♀(CH), Improved Horro♂*Cosmopolitan♀ (HC), Indigenous (L) and Koekkoek (KK) were used to determine serum biochemical, of which 36 chickens were also used for fatty acid profile study. Completely randomized design in 6 × 2 factorial arrangements was set up. Serum biochemical and fatty acid profiles were determined by Roche/Hitachi cobas c 501 and gas liquid chromatography (GC) procedures, respectively. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) in Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) among genotypes and between sexes. HDL was inversely related with TC, TG and LDL. Male had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) TC, TG, LDL but lower HDL than female. SFA, (Myristic, Pentadecanoic and Palmitic acids) had significantly (P α-linolenic acid significantly (P ≤ 0.01) varied between sexes. The serum biochemical differed across genotypes and between sexes. The difference in the number of carbons, double bond and position of the double bond could affect fatty acid profile among genotypes and between sexes. Chicken products with higher level TC, TG, LDL and SFA might affect human health problems. It could also be interesting topic for future studies.

Weight stigma, Mediterranean diet and obesity

Introduction: obesity is a disease that affects a high percentage of the world's population. Although its origin is multicausal and multifactorial, less attention has been paid to psychological and behavioral variables. Aim: to determine whether psychological variables (weight stigma, stress and depressive symptomatology) and behavioral variable (Mediterranean diet index) predict obesity according to body mass index (BMI), controlling for the effect of physiological variables (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and blood pressure) and sociodemographic variables (sex, income, educational level). Methods: non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design. By means of a non-probabilistic convenience sampling, 344 persons were selected from the general Chilean population from the Araucanía region (Mage = 55.7 years; SD = 5.1 years; 55.8 % women). A blood sample, anthropometric measurement of weight and height, and self-report measures of psychological and behavioral variables were obtained. Results: a 5-block hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Sociodemographic covariates did not significantly predict BMI, however physiological covariates, the behavioral variable and weight stigma, were significantly associated with BMI, with weight stigma being the predictor that explained the most variance. Conclusions: the findings allow us to verify the role of psychological and behavioral variables in the multifactorial etiology of obesity. The findings are discussed in the light of the biopsychosocial approach, and a multidisciplinary approach to obesity is suggested.