High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol In Women Research Articles

Associations of surfactant protein SP-A and SP-D content with blood lipid parameters in men and women of Novosibirsk

The aim of the study was to evaluate associations between content of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D and blood lipid parameters in men and women in Novosibirsk. Material and methods. In 2022, 174 people (87 men and 87 women), aged 45 to 69 years, randomly selected from the residents of Novosibirsk, were examined. Content of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) in blood was determined by direct enzymatic method, concentration of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D – by enzyme immunoassay. Results. It was found that in the general sample of examined individuals, the content of SP-A in the blood is directly related to the level of HDL cholesterol and negative with the concentration of TG and hypertriglyceridemia; in men it was positively correlated with the level of HDL cholesterol, and in women it was positively correlated with low levels of HDL cholesterol (hypoHDL cholesterol). According to the results of ROC and multivariate analyze, it was found that blood SP-A level of at least 1642 pg/ml has a diagnostic value in the detection of hypo HDL-C in women (sensitivity is 56.3 %, specificity is 81.7 %,) and increases the risk of having hypo HDL-С in the total sample of the examined persons and in the women by 3.4 and 7.4 times, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, the reverse effect of blood SP-A content on hypertriglyceridemia was determined in the total sample of men and women in Novosibirsk. No associations were found between SP-D concentration and the studied lipid characteristics of the blood. One of the possible mechanisms of the SP-A influence on lipid metabolism (level of HDL-C, TG, hypoHDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia) in men and women in Novosibirsk is its effect on cell membranes, inducing the redistribution of the CD36 scavenger receptor, as well as changes in expression of this receptor.

Beneficial effects of statins on adropin level in patients with arterial hypertension

Introduction. Adropin is a new secretory hormone that takes part in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Hormone is known to have positive effects on endothelial cell proliferation and prevention of atherosclerosis, and low adropin level may be a risk factor and potential predictor of atherosclerosis. Arterial hypertension (AH), which remains one of the most common somatic pathologies among middle-aged and older people, plays an important role in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A number of medications that are used as antihypertensive therapy contribute to an increase in the content of adropin. At the same time there are not enough studies on the effect of statins on the content of adropin.
 Aim of the study.To investigate the effects of statins on adropin level in patients with AH.
 Material and methods. 70 patients with hypertension aged 62,1 ± 9,9 years were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: 1 group – patients with AH, overweight and obesity who did not take statins (n=40); group 2 – persons with AH, overweight and obesity who took statins (n=30). All individuals underwent determination of basic indicators of biochemical blood analysis, lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), atherogenicity ratio). The level of adropin was determined by enzyme immunoassay (Finetest Elisa Kit) in blood serum.
 Results. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in group 1 individuals (p<0.05), while diastolic BP remained unchanged (p>0.05). Among patients who took statins, a significantly lower level of TC, LDL, atherogenicity ratio (p<0.01), HDL (p<0.05) was found, while the level of TG remained unchanged.
 Taking statins and achieving the target level of LDL improves the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular pathology, as evidenced by a significant increase in the content of adropin in blood serum in patients of the 2nd group. In women who took statins, a direct correlation was found between the level of adropin and HDL (r=0.609; p<0.05).
 Conclusions. Taking statins is associated with significantly higher levels of adropin in patients with AH compared to individuals who did not take these drugs. A direct correlation was noted between the level of adropin and HDL in women who took statins. Statins effectively reduce atherogenic fractions of cholesterol and help to increase the concentration of adropin in blood serum.

Sex-specific differences in the associations of metabolic syndrome or components with gallstone disease in Chinese euthyroid population

In euthyroid population, it is uncertain whether there is sex-specific difference in the associations of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components with gallstone disease (GSD); in general population, MetS increases the risk of GSD. This was a cross-sectional study to investigate the sex-specific difference in the prevalence of MetS according to GSD status and the associations of MetS or its components with GSD in Chinese euthyroid population. The total prevalence of GSD was 8.1% (6.5% in men and 11.0% in women, with a significant difference (p < 0.001)). The total presence of MetS was 10.7% (12.1% in men and 8.2% in women,with a significant difference (p = 0.001)). The age-adjusted odds ratio of MetS for GSD was 2.775 in men (p < 0.001), 2.543 in women (p = 0.007) and 2.503 in the oveall samples (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were associated with the prevalence of GSD. After adjustment for age, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that above three parameters were still significantly associated with the risk of GSD in general population; FPG and HDL-C but not TSH levels were significantly associated with the risk of GSD in men; and FPG and TSH levels but not HDL-C in women. Our study demonstrated that in euthyroid population, MetS appeared to be strongly associated with GSD regardless of sex, and FPG and TSH were two independent risk factors for GSD in men, while FPG and HDL-C in women.

Psychosocial job conditions and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS).

The aim of this study was to investigate associations between psychosocial work exposure and the presence of biological and imaging biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sub-cohort of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Psychosocial exposure was evaluated with the job demand-control model, and analysed according to the standard categorization: high strain, active, passive and low strain (reference). Biomarkers (blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, coronary artery calcification (CAC) and metabolic syndrome) were measured, or derived through measurements, from clinical examinations. Gender-specific prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with regression models and adjusted for age, education, smoking, physical activity, general life stress and body mass index (BMI). The analyses included 3882 participants (52.5% women). High strain (high demands-low control) was linked to increased PR for low HDL cholesterol in women, adjusted for all covariates (PR 1.76; 95% CI 1.25-2.48). High strain was also related to moderately increased PR for metabolic syndrome in men, after adjustments for all covariates except BMI (PR 1.25; 95% CI 1.02-1.52). In addition, passive work (low demands-low control) was associated with diastolic hypertension in women (fully adjusted: PR 1.29; 95% CI 1.05-1.59). All relationships between psychosocial factors and LDL cholesterol or CAC (both genders), or hypertension (men), were non-significant. Poor psychosocial job conditions was associated with the presence of low HDL cholesterol and diastolic hypertension in women, and metabolic syndrome in men. These findings contribute to the knowledge of potential pathways between stressful work and coronary heart disease.

Metabolic syndrome and its component traits present gender-specific association with liver cancer risk: a prospective cohort study

Background & AimsLittle is known on the gender-specific effect and potential role of non-linear associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and liver cancer risk. We evaluated these associations based on the UK Biobank cohort.MethodsWe included 474,929 individuals without previous cancer based on the UK Biobank cohort. Gender-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Non-linear associations for individual MetS components were assessed by the restricted cubic spline method.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 6.6 years, we observed 276 cases of liver cancer (175 men, 101 women). MetS [HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.27–1.72] and central obesity [HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.18–2.31] were associated with higher risk of liver cancer in men but not in women. Participants with hyperglycaemia has higher risk of liver cancer. High waist circumference and blood glucose were dose-dependently associated with increased liver cancer risk in both genders. For high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (both genders) and blood pressure (women), U-shaped associations were observed. Low HDL cholesterol (< 1.35 mmol/L) in men and high HDL cholesterol in women (> 1.52 mmol/L) were associated with increased liver cancer risk.ConclusionsMetS components showed gender-specific linear or U- shaped associations with the risk of liver cancer. Our study might provide evidence for individualized management of MetS for preventing liver cancer.

Association between Different Types of Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Dyslipidemia: A Prospective Cohort Study.

We evaluated the associations among different types of plant-based diet indices, risk of dyslipidemia, and individual lipid disorders in Asian populations with different dietary patterns from Western populations. Participants included 4507 Korean adults aged ≥40 years without dyslipidemia and related chronic diseases at baseline (2001–2002). Dietary intakes were assessed using an average of validated food frequency questionnaires measured twice. We calculated three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). During a follow-up of 14 years, 2995 incident dyslipidemia cases occurred. Comparing the highest with lowest quintiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident dyslipidemia were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.69–0.88) for PDI, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56–0.70) for hPDI, and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.30–1.69) for uPDI (P-trend < 0.0001 for all). Associations between PDI and individual lipid disorders differed by sex. The PDI was inversely associated with risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia in men and with risk of developing low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. The hPDI was inversely associated with risk of all lipid disorders, whereas the uPDI was positively associated with individual lipid disorders. The quality of plant foods is important for prevention of dyslipidemia in a population that consumes diets high in plant foods.

Carotid Intima-media Thickness in the Algerian Population: Reference ranges and association with cardiovascular risk factors

Carotid intima-media thickness as measured with ultrasonography is an inexpensive and noninvasive predictor of cardiovascular events. The objectives of this study were to determine the population reference ranges of carotid intima-media thickness for individuals aged 35-84 years in Algerian cohort and to analyze the association of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, pulse pressure, lipid profile, and body mass index). Population-based cross-sectional study conducted in military hospitals of Constantine and algiers (Algeria). We described the mean and maximal values of carotid intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and of its 3 segments (common carotid, carotid bulb and internal carotid). We assessed cardiovascular risk factors and analyzed their association with carotid intima-media thickness using adjusted linear regression models. A total of 1547 individuals (54% women) were included, with mean age 58 years. Men showed significantly higher mean common carotid intima-media thickness than did women (0.71 vs. 0.67 mm). The strongest predictors of this measure were age (coefficients for 10-year increase: 0.65 and 0.58 for women and men, respectively), smoking in men (coefficient: 0.26), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women (coefficient for 10 mg/dL, increase: - 0.08) and pulse pressure in both sexes (coefficients for 10 mmHg increase: 0.08 and 0.23 for women and men, respectively). The results were similar for the mean carotid intima-media thickness of all the segments. This population-based study presents the reference ranges for carotid intima-media thickness in the Algerian population. The main determinants of carotid intima-media thickness were age and pulse pressure in both sexes.

Sex-Specific Associations of Risk-Based Alcohol Drinking Level with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Scores.

To assess sex-specific associations between risk-based alcohol drinking levels and the 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Data from 9,995 Koreans (4,249 men, 5,746 women), aged 40 to 79years who did not have CVD and participated in the 2011 to 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were used to assess risk-based alcohol drinking levels in the past year (no drinking, drinking at low risk, and drinking at risk) categorized by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, components of the 10-year CVD risk scores using the Adult Treatment PanelIII risk score and the 10-year hard atherosclerotic CVD risk score, CV risk factors, and confounding factors (age, smoking status, body mass index, educational attainment, income level, and physical activity). Drinking levels had positive associations with blood pressure and levels of glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and inverse associations with levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-HDL-C and ratio of total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C in men, while higher drinking levels were associated with higher HDL-C levels and lower ratio of TC to HDL-C in women after adjusting for confounding factors (p for trend<0.001). With respect to the 10-year CVD risk scores, higher drinking levels were associated with lower scores in both sexes (p for trend<0.001). Risk-based drinking levels were more likely to have dose-dependent associations with CV risk factors in men than in women and had inverse relationships with 10-year CVD risk in both men and women.

3104Associations between cardiovascular disease, cancer and very low hdl cholesterol in the reasons for geographical and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study

AIMS: Relatively little is known about the health outcomes associated with very low plasma concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) mainly because of the small numbers of individuals with such extreme values included in clinical trials. We therefore investigated the association between low and very low HDL-C concentration at baseline and incident all-cause-mortality, death from malignant disease (i.e. cancer), and with fatal or non-fatal incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals from the Reasons for Geographical And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis was based on 21,751 participants from the REGARDS study who were free of CHD, other cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline and were categorized by baseline HDL-C into <30 mg/dL (very low), 30 -<40 mg/dL (low), and ≥40 mg/dL (reference). A series of incremental Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the association between the HDL-C categories and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using both complete case methods and multiple imputations with chained equations. After adjustment for age, race and sex, the hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the lowest and highest HDL-C categories were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28, 1.73) for all-cause mortality, 1.35 (95%Cl: 1.03, 1.77) for cancer-specific mortality and 1.39 (95%Cl: 0.99, 1.96) for incident CHD. These associations became non-significant in models adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors and treatment for dyslipidemia. We found evidence for an ‘HDL paradox’ whereby low HDL (30-<40 mg/dL) was associated with reduced risk of incident CHD in black participants in a fully-adjusted complete case model (HR 0.63; 95%CI: 0.46, 0.88) and after multiple imputation analyses (HR 0.76; 95%CI 0.58, 0.98). HDL-C (<30 mg/dL) was significantly associated with poorer outcomes in women for all outcomes, especially with respect to cancer mortality (HR 2.31; 95%Cl: 1.28, 4.16) in a fully-adjusted complete case model, replicated using multiple imputation (HR 1.81; 95%CI 1.03, 3.20). CONCLUSIONS: Low HDL-C was associated with reduced risk of incident CHD in black participants suggesting a potential HDL paradox for incident CHD. Very low HDL-C in women was significantly associated with cancer mortality in a fully-adjusted complete case model.

0242: Carotid intima-media thickness in the Algerian population: reference ranges and association with cardiovascular risk factors

Carotid intima-media thickness as measured with ultrasonography is an inexpensive and noninvasive predictor of cardiovascular events. The objectives of this study were to determine the population reference ranges of carotid intima-media thickness for individuals aged 35-84 years in Algerian cohort and to analyze the association of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, pulse pressure, lipid profile, and body mass index). Population-based cross-sectional study conducted in military hospitals of Constantine and Algiers (Algeria). We described the mean and maximal values of carotid intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and of its 3 segments (common carotid, carotid bulb and internal carotid). We assessed cardiovascular risk factors and analyzed their association with carotid intima-media thickness using adjusted linear regression models. A total of 1547 individuals (54% women) were included, with mean age 58 years. Men showed significantly higher mean common carotid intima-media thickness than did women (0.71 vs 0.67mm). The strongest predictors of this measure were age (coefficients for 10-year increase: 0.65 and 0.58 for women and men, respectively), smoking in men (coefficient: 0.26), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women (coefficient for 10mg/dL, increase: – 0.08) and pulse pressure in both sexes (coefficients for 10mmHg increase: 0.08 and 0.23 for women and men, respectively). The results were similar for the mean carotid intima-media thickness of all the segments. This population-based study presents the reference ranges for carotid intima-media thickness in the Algerian population. The main determinants of carotid intima-media thickness were age and pulse pressure in both sexes.

Food insecurity and dyslipidemia in a representative population-based sample in the US

ObjectiveThe association of food insecurity with dyslipidemia has not been firmly established. The main objective of this study was to assess whether food insecurity was associated with dyslipidemia. MethodA population-based sample of 1,663 adults from the 2008–2011 Survey of the Health of Wisconsin was used. Food insecurity was defined as an affirmative response to either of the questions: (1) “In the last 12months, have you been concerned about having enough food for you or your family?” (2) “In the last 12months, have your food choices been limited because there wasn’t enough money?” High total cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol (TC) >240mg/dL or taking prescribed lipid-lowering medication. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was defined as <40mg/dL in men and <50mg/dL in women. ResultsFood insecurity was not associated with high TC either among men or women. Food insecurity was associated with a higher likelihood of low HDL-C among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.31 {95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42, 3.76}), but not among men. Obesity appears to be a partial mediator of the association among women (P from the Sobel test=0.01). ConclusionThese findings suggest that food insecurity may contribute to an increased risk of low HDL-C in women.

Study of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Sohag niversity Hospital

Objective: To estimate the prevalence, and impact of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on in-hospital outcomes among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients in Sohag University Hospital. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 273 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS. A low HDL-C was defined as a level <40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) for males and <50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) for females and satisfactory HDL-C is defined as a level ≥40mg/dl for males and ≥50mg/dl for females. Results: The overall mean age of the study patients was 58.9_+11.3 years and majority was males (51.4%). The overall prevalence of low HDL-C was 73.3% and satisfactory HDL-C was 26.7%. During in-hospital stay and at discharge, the majority were on statin therapy (83.2%) while 7.7% were on fibrates. Low HDL-C patients were associated with higher in-hospital mortality than satisfactory HDL-C patients (12% vs. 11%; p=0.012) and higher CHF (18% vs.5.5%; p=0.01). Conclusion: ACS patients in Sohag governorate in upper Egypt have a high prevalence of low HDL-C. Insignificantly higher in-hospital mortality and CHF were associated with low HDL-C in women but not in men.

Relationships Among Cardiometabolic Risks Indexes Based on Blood Pressure and HDL-C in Women

Cardiometabolic (CME) risks are predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in African American women (AAW). Since the same criteria for CME risks are used to predict CVD in AAW and European American women (EAW) further study is needed to determine if population specific criteria are warranted. PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine if relationships among CME risks are similar for AAW and EAW based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). METHODS: Participants were 213 volunteers (132 AAW; 81 EAW) who were measured for CME risks (glucose, waist circumference (WC), SBP, HDL-C and triglyceride (TRIG)). A CME index was developed by dividing the measured CME risk value by the disease risk criteria. A reverse index was used for HDL-C. The CME index was assessed for disease risk (value ≥1.0) and evaluated for differences based on race. Analyses were completed with descriptive statistics and regressions. RESULTS: The AAW and EAW were not different on personal characteristics, except for age (AAW 34.0 and EAW 42.5 yrs). When the women were evaluated for CME risk based on SBP (≥ 130 mmHg) there were no differences for any of the CME risks (p gt 0.05), but the EAW had four (Glucose 1.03; HDL-C 1.06; TRIG 1.00 and WC 1.09) and the AAW had three (SBP 1.06; TRIG 1.17 and WC 1.31) CME mean indexes that were disease risks. Comparing the groups for CME risks when SBP was lt 130 mmHg, the EAW had higher values for TRIG and WC, but neither had mean values gt1. For HDL-C < 60 mg/dl all EAW CME risk indexes were gt 1 while only WC (1.06) was gt 1 for the AAW. Using the other CME risks to predict HDL-C index when HDL-C was lt 60 mg/dl WC was the only risk predictor (R2 13.3%; SEE .19) for the AAW and TRIG (R2 = 11.2%; SEE .19) for the EAW. There were no predictors (p gt 0.05) for AAW or EAW when HDL-C was ≥ 60 mg/dl. When SBP was ≥ 130 mmHg no predictors for either AAW or EAW was observed, but when SBP was lt 130 mmHg all CME indexes were included for AAW (R2 = 30.8%; SEE 0.05) and only WC was included for EAW (R2 = 13.8%; SEE 0.06). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that relationships among CME risks are different for AAW and EAW and systolic blood pressure has a stronger association with the other CME risk in AAW. This may partially explain the greater CVD morbidity and mortality observed in AAW.

Association between Obesity and Chronic Laryngitis in Women - Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and chronic laryngitis in South Korea using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) collected during 2008-2010. Methods: KNHANES was a cross-sectional survey of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of South Korea (n = 13,819). Obesity status was measured by using BMI and waist circumference. Results: Among the population over 19 years of age, the prevalence of chronic laryngitis was 4.0 ± 0.4%. Chronic laryngitis was significantly associated with age, BMI, waist circumference, fat proportion, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. Old age and current smoking were significantly associated with chronic laryngitis in men. Obese women were at a higher risk for chronic laryngitis than women without obesity (odds ratio (OR) 2.022, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.412-2.895) after further adjustment for confounders. Women with abdominal obesity were also at higher risk for chronic laryngitis (OR 1.475, 95% CI 1.024-2.126). Conclusion: Obese women in Korea have an elevated risk for developing chronic laryngitis. Further epidemiological and experimental studies are necessary to clarify the impact of obesity on this condition.

Comparison of metabolic profile and abdominal fat distribution between karyotypically normal women with premature ovarian insufficiency and age matched controls

ObjectiveWe designed a prospective case-control study in order to investigate the lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the abdominal fat distribution in karyotypically normal women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). MethodsAnthropometric measurements, FSH, estradiol, total testosterone (T), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), fasting glucose and insulin, homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, the prevalence of MetS and ultrasonographic abdominal fat measurements were assessed in 56 women with POI and 59 healthy controls at the same age range. ResultsSerum levels of T, SHBG and FAI were not significantly different between both groups. Total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were higher in women with POI. There were no differences in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride levels between the two groups. A significant positive correlation was identified between T and TG and also between FAI and LDL-C; SHBG levels were correlated inversely with FSH, and positively with HDL-C in women with POI. The presence of MetS was significantly higher in women with POI. The subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral fat thicknesses were not significantly different between the groups. ConclusionsEarly cessation of ovulatory function may associated with higher levels of serum TC and HDL-C, but does not seem to cause differences in abdominal fat distribution in women with POI. POI is associated with higher risk of MetS.

Abstract P112: Association between sleep duration and serum lipid levels in an elderly Korean population: The Korean Urban and Rural Elderly (KURE) Study

Importance: Sleep duration has been considered as a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Several studies suggest that sleep duration can influence the serum lipid levels, but the association remains unclear. Objective: The aim of present study is to assess the association of sleep duration with serum lipid levels in an elderly Korean population. Methods: The KURE study is a cohort study to investigate risk factors for major disorders of the elderly. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 926 participants (302 men and 624 women aged 64-87 years) who completed baseline health examination in 2012. Sleep duration was measured by the interviewer-assisted questionnaire. Habitual sleep time was calculated based on the response to the questions about hour of bedtime, hour of rising, and hours of nap during the passing year. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations in serum were measured from overnight fasting blood samples. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated from total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels using Friedewald’s formula. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to examine whether sleep duration was associated with serum lipid levels. Results: Sleep duration was not significantly associated with total cholesterol (β=-0.154mg/dL per sleep hour, p =0.843), triglyceride (β=-1.000, p =0.506) and LDL cholesterol (β=0.678, p =0.339) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and stroke. However sleep duration was inversely associated with HDL cholesterol (β=-0.644, p =0.015) in fully adjusted model. In the sex-specific analysis, sleep duration was marginally associated with HDL cholesterol in men (β=-0.770, p =0.078) and significantly associated with HDL cholesterol in women (β=-0.685, p =0.037) after fully adjustment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that longer sleep duration was associated with lower serum HDL cholesterol level in an elderly Korean population. Keywords: Sleep duration, lipids, HDL cholesterol, elderly

Carotid Intima-media Thickness in the Spanish Population: Reference Ranges and Association With Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Introduction and objectivesCarotid intima-media thickness as measured with ultrasonography is an inexpensive and noninvasive predictor of cardiovascular events. The objectives of this study were to determine the population reference ranges of carotid intima-media thickness for individuals aged 35-84 years in Spain and to analyze the association of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, pulse pressure, lipid profile, and body mass index). MethodsPopulation-based cross-sectional study conducted in Gerona (Spain). We described the mean and maximal values of carotid intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and of its 3 segments (common carotid, carotid bulb and internal carotid). We assessed cardiovascular risk factors and analyzed their association with carotid intima-media thickness using adjusted linear regression models. ResultsA total of 3161 individuals (54% women) were included, with mean age 58 years. Men showed significantly higher mean common carotid intima-media thickness than did women (0.71 vs 0.67mm). The strongest predictors of this measure were age (coefficients for 10-year increase: 0.65 and 0.58 for women and men, respectively), smoking in men (coefficient: 0.26), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women (coefficient for 10mg/dL, increase: −0.08) and pulse pressure in both sexes (coefficients for 10mmHg increase: 0.08 and 0.23 for women and men, respectively). The results were similar for the mean carotid intima-media thickness of all the segments. ConclusionsThis population-based study presents the reference ranges for carotid intima-media thickness in the Spanish population. The main determinants of carotid intima-media thickness were age and pulse pressure in both sexes.

Grosor íntima-media carotídeo en población española: valores de referencia y asociación con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Introduction and objectivesCarotid intima-media thickness as measured with ultrasonography is an inexpensive and noninvasive predictor of cardiovascular events. The objectives of this study were to determine the population reference ranges of carotid intima-media thickness for individuals aged 35-84 years in Spain and to analyze the association of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, pulse pressure, lipid profile, and body mass index). MethodsPopulation-based cross-sectional study conducted in Gerona (Spain). We described the mean and maximal values of carotid intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and of its 3 segments (common carotid, carotid bulb and internal carotid). We assessed cardiovascular risk factors and analyzed their association with carotid intima-media thickness using adjusted linear regression models. ResultsA total of 3161 individuals (54% women) were included, with mean age 58 years. Men showed significantly higher mean common carotid intima-media thickness than did women (0.71 vs 0.67 mm). The strongest predictors of this measure were age (coefficients for 10-year increase: 0.65 and 0.58 for women and men, respectively), smoking in men (coefficient: 0.26), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women (coefficient for 10 mg/dL, increase: −0.08) and pulse pressure in both sexes (coefficients for 10 mmHg increase: 0.08 and 0.23 for women and men, respectively). The results were similar for the mean carotid intima-media thickness of all the segments. ConclusionsThis population-based study presents the reference ranges for carotid intima-media thickness in the Spanish population. The main determinants of carotid intima-media thickness were age and pulse pressure in both sexes.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org

Risk of coronary heart disease is associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men

Although the physiologic interrelationships between triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are not fully understood, studies typically are adjusted for one when one is examining the role of the other. If the mechanism of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is mediated through the other, then controlling for the second factor may mask the true effect of the first. We investigated the relationship between the combined effect of increased (↑) TG and decreased (↓) HDL-C compared with isolated ↑TG or isolated ↓HDL-C on CHD risk in men and women and compared these TG/HDL-C categories to non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Subjects (936 women and 746 men) from the San Luis Valley Study were grouped on the basis of 4 sex-specific NCEP-ATP III cutpoints (↑TG ≥150 mg/dL, and ↓HDL-C, <40 and <50 mg/dL for men and women, respectively). Descriptive statistics and survival analyses were used. The reference group was ↓TG/↑HDL-C (TG <150, and HDL-C >50 and >40 mg/dL for women and men, respectively). Non-HDL-C was analyzed as a continuous variable. Among women, all groups had greater risk of CHD compared with the ↓TG/↑HDL-C reference in univariate analysis: ↓TG/↓HDL-C HR= 2.82 [95% confidence interval 1.12-7.1], ↑TG/↑HDL-C HR= 3.82 [1.50-9.74], ↑TG/↓HDL-C HR= 4.32 [1.91-9.80]. The risk remained significant in the ↓TG/↓HDL-C group (HR= 3.27 [1.26-8.50] and marginally significant in other groups in multivariable analysis. Neither ↑TG nor ↓HDL-C was related to CHD risk in men. Non-HDL cholesterol was significantly related to CHD in men but not in women. The CHD risk associated with ↓HDL-C in women was >2- to 4-fold elevated depending on TG levels. Non-HDL cholesterol was a significant predictor of CHD in men. Examining the combined effects of risk factors that share physiologic pathways may reveal important associations that can be otherwise obscured. Further dissection of gender specific pathways that affect HDL-C and TG and non-HDL cholesterol are important in understanding CHD risk.

The association of cytochrome P450 1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism with biological markers of health and menopausal symptoms in Slovak midlife women

In this study, the CYP1B1 polymorphism was examined in relationship to recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In particular, this study focused on plasma lipid levels, atherogenic indices, and body composition. Furthermore, this polymorphism was analyzed as a predisposing factor for menopausal symptoms among women during midlife, subdivided according to their menopause status. A total of 399 women aged from 39 to 60 years were examined. They were recruited from the western and middle parts of Slovakia. Participants were interviewed during their medical examination, and they were investigated with respect to a variety of aspects such as anthropometric and medical aspects, and a menopause-specific questionnaire was included. The participants provided a saliva or blood sample for DNA genotyping and a blood sample for biochemical analysis. The Leu432Val genotype demonstrated statistically significant associations with triglycerides, with the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and with the logarithm of the ratio of plasma concentration of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women in their reproductive period. The mean values were significantly lower in women carrying the Val/Val genotype. Four atherogenic indices showed a decreasing trend in relationship to the CYP1B1 genotypes in women during their reproductive period (in the following order of magnitude: Leu/Leu + Leu/Val vs Val/Val) and an increasing trend among postmenopausal women in the same order. Furthermore, the Val/Val genotype diminished experiences of bloated stomach, of vaginal dryness in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, and of palpitations in premenopausal women. The Leu432Val polymorphism may be associated with the lipid profile in midlife women. Moreover, this polymorphism may influence the risk of some menopausal symptoms.