Abnormal High-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness with HDL and LDL Levels in Overweight Female Student

Background: Indonesia is now facing overweight problem as one of the major nutritional problems. It occurs due to excessive fat in the body. The distribution of body fat from subcutaneous fat can increase health risks such as dyslipidemia, one of which is characterized by abnormal High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL LDL levels in overweight students at Universitas Darussalam Gontor. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The research subjects were 50 overweight adult women aged 18-25 years using the Lemeshow formula selected using consecutive sampling while the data analysis using the Chi-Square test. Data taken includes body fat percentage from measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat folds using a skinfold caliper measuring instrument, and checking the lipid profile from HDL and LDL levels. Results: The average thickness of subcutaneous fat in overweight female students was 32% body fat with high category (64%). The average HDL level was classified as normal (70%), while the LDL level was classified as high (58%). The results of the analysis test on the relation between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL levels showed no significant difference with HDL levels (p-value = 0.199 [>0.05]). While there is a significant relationship between the subcutaneous fat thickness and LDL levels with a p-value of 0.042 (<0.05). Conclusions: There is no significant relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL level contrarily, there is a relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and LDL levels. Monitoring the thickness of subcutaneous fat needs to be done as a form of controlling LDL levels.

Comparison of Serum Lipid Levels between Ischemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke Patients: An Observational Study

Stoke is the leading cause of adult disability and the second leading cause of mortality. The incidence of stroke has decreased in the developed world but increased in developing countries like Bangladesh. Association between serum lipid levels and stroke is controversial and regional data is limited. In this study, we aimed to compare the difference in serum lipid levels among ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) patients. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical College Hospital, Faridpur, from February to June, 2021. Admitted 50 consecutive IS patients, and 50 HS patients were enrolled. After clinical and radiological confirmation, detailed history was taken and 8 hours of fasting blood sample for serum lipid profiling were collected. Data were analyzed to observe the difference in lipid levels between the two groups. Among the 100 stroke patients mean age of the IS and HS groups was 67.62 ± 8.33 and 65.14 ± 9.43 years, respectively. Males were predominant in both groups, and the majority of them had a history of hypertension. Mean serum total cholesterol (TC) was above the normal range in IS group (5.28 ± 2.18 mmol/L), and serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) was lower in IS group (0.82 ± 0.28 mml/L), and both differences were statistically significant between the IS and HS groups. This study found that patients with IS had a higher incidence of abnormal TC and HDL levels. Preventive measures using lipid-lowering agents can be considered for high-risk patients. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2023;2(2):83-87

Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism and apolipoprotein B with cardiometabolic abnormalities among young adults: a pilot study from Delhi

BackgroundAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) are important risk factors for several cardiometabolic abnormalities. However, much less attention has been given to the relationship between these risk factors and cardiometabolic abnormalities among young adults. Considering this gap, the present study explored the association of ACE I/D polymorphism and apoB with cardiometabolic abnormalities among young adults of Delhi, India.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults (aged 18–30) of either sex residing in Delhi, India. A total of 330 individuals were invited to participate in the study, and data on the socio-demographic variables were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. Somatometric and physiological measurements were obtained using standard protocols. However, blood sample collection and biochemical and genetic analyses could successfully be performed for 178 individuals. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were estimated using Erba XL-640 biochemical analyzer. LDL and TG values were used to calculate apoB levels. Genotyping for ACE I/D polymorphism was performed by allele-specific PCR amplification followed by electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v.20.ResultsACE I/D polymorphism was not found to be associated with hypertension, obesity, and abnormal FBG, TG, and HDL levels. However, DD and ID genotypes and D allele, with II as the reference genotype, significantly reduced the risk for high TC (OR, p value = 0.14, 0.01*; 0.29, 0.04*; 0.22, < 0.01*, respectively) and high LDL (OR, p value = 0.17, 0.03*; 0.20, 0.03*; 0.19, < 0.01*, respectively). Except for abnormal FBG, the prevalence of all the studied cardiometabolic abnormalities was significantly higher in the 4th quartile of apoB when compared to other quartiles. Linear regression model revealed a significant positive association of apoB levels with diastolic blood pressure, studied obesity parameters, TC, TG, and LDL levels.ConclusionThe D allele of ACE I/D polymorphism was not associated with most of the studied cardiometabolic abnormalities in the present study. Further, the association of high apoB with cardiometabolic abnormalities hints toward the importance of apoB in the early diagnosis of CVDs.

High-Density Lipoprotein Lipidomics and Mortality in CKD

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles that lack cardioprotective properties; altered lipid composition may be associated with these changes. To investigate HDL lipids as potential cardiovascular risk factors in CKD, we tested the associations of HDL ceramides, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylcholines with mortality. We leveraged data from a longitudinal prospective cohort of participants with CKD. We included participants aged greater than 21 years with CKD, excluding those on maintenance dialysis or with prior kidney transplant. HDL particles were isolated using density gradient ultracentrifugation. We quantified the relative abundance of HDL ceramides, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylcholines via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We tested associations using Cox regressions adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions, laboratory values, medication use, and highly correlated lipids with opposed effects, controlling for multiple comparisons with false discovery rates (FDR). There were 168 deaths over a median follow-up of 6.12 years (interquartile range, 3.71-9.32). After adjustment, relative abundance of HDL ceramides (HR, 1.22 per standard deviation; 95% CI, 1.06-1.39), sphingomyelins with long fatty acids (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05-1.98), and saturated and monounsaturated phosphatidylcholines (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06-1.41) were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (FDR<5%). We were unable to test associations with cardiovascular disease given limited power. HDL lipidomics may not reflect plasma lipidomics. LC-MS/MS is unable to differentiate between glucosylceramides and galactosylceramides. The cohort was comprised of research volunteers in the Seattle area with CKD. Greater relative HDL abundance of 3 classes of lipids was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality in CKD; sphingomyelins with very long fatty acids were associated with a lower risk. Altered lipid composition of HDL particles may be a novel cardiovascular risk factor in CKD. Patients with chronic kidney disease have abnormal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles that lack the beneficial properties associated with these particles in patients with normal kidney function. To investigate if small lipid molecules found on the surface of HDL might be associated with these changes, we tested the associations of lipid molecules found on HDL with death among patients with chronic kidney disease. We found that several lipid molecules found on the surface of HDL were associated with increased risk of death among these patients. These findings suggest that lipid molecules may be risk factors for death among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Intrapartum Factors Affecting Abnormal Lipid Profiles in Early Postpartum Period

The aim of this research is to investigate the risk factors during pregnancy affect abnormal lipid profiles in women with early postpartum period. This was a single-center retrospective study including 869 women who delivered between December 2017 and May 2019. We collected total cholesterol levels, both at 24-28 GWs and 1 month before delivery. Lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 6 weeks after delivery were retrieved. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups such as normal, borderline and abnormal group according to the lipid profile levels. The risk factors associated with borderline to abnormal HDL level were body mass index (BMI) of pre-pregnancy (OR = 1.182, 95% CI: 1.116-1.252, p < 0.001), weight gain during pregnancy (OR = 1.085, 95% CI: 1.042-1.131, p < 0.001) and hypertension (HTN) (OR = 3.451, 95% CI: 1.224-9.727, p = 0.02). The risk factors associated with borderline or abnormal TG were BMI of pre-pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy and weight reduction after delivery. HTN was associated with borderline to abnormal TG in postpartum (OR = 2.891, 95% CI: 1.168-7.156, p = 0.02), while GDM correlated purely with abnormal TG in postpartum (OR = 2.453, 95% CI: 1.068-5.630, p = 0.03). Abnormal lipid profiles in postpartum were significantly associated with BMI of pre-pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy and weight reduction after delivery. In addition, pregnancy-related HTN was highly associated with abnormal HDL level, and GDM was associated with abnormal TG level in the early postpartum period.

Power doppler ultrasound signal predicts abnormal HDL function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and impaired function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Previous work suggests that HDL may become dysfunctional through oxidative modifications within the RA joint. The current work evaluates an association of synovial power doppler ultrasound signal (PDUS) with HDL function and structure. Two open-label clinical therapeutic studies using PDUS as a disease outcome measure were included in this analysis, including a 12-month trial of subcutaneous abatacept in 24 RA patients and a 6-month trial of IV tocilizumab in 46 RA patients. Laboratory assays included assessments of HDL function and structure, HDL and total cholesterol levels, and a cytokine/chemokine panel. Patients with the highest baseline PDUS scores in both clinical studies, had worse HDL function, including suppression of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity as well as lower HDL-C levels. Associations between other disease assessments (DAS28 and CDAI) and HDL function/structure were noted but were generally of lesser magnitude and consistency than PDUS across the HDL profile. Treatment with tocilizumab for 6 months was associated with increases in cholesterol levels and improvements in the HDL function profile, which correlated with greater decreases in PDUS scores. Similar trends were noted following treatment with abatacept for 3 months. Higher baseline PDUS scores identified patients with worse HDL function. This data supports previous work suggesting a direct association of joint inflammation with abnormal HDL function.

Evaluation of Metabolic Derangement among Bahrainis in Relation to Body Mass Index

Objective: To evaluate metabolic derangements among Bahraini adults in relation to body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross sectional design was used on a convenient sample of Bahraini patients in the age group of 20-65 attending King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH) outpatient clinics. Participant’s data was checked using the electronic record and further verified through a phone call. Furthermore, Patients who met the inclusion criteria and consented to the research were approached on their scheduled appointment day and anthropometric, blood pressure measurements along with blood investigations were obtained. Then data were analyzed and interpreted using a statistical significance of less than 0.05. A total of 194 participants were investigated. According to the findings, the prevalence of obesity among the participants was 39.2% with age and marital status being the only two variables having statistical significance with BMI (P&lt; 0.001). On the other hand, statistical significance with BMI was achieved with all the metabolic variables, with the strongest association being between obesity and low- density lipoprotein (LDL-C). It was demonstrated that among obese individuals the percentage of hypertension was 28.9% (P=0.002), pre-diabetes was 36% (P &lt; 0.001), abnormal total cholesterol was 47.4% (P=0.006), abnormal triglycerides (TG) was 25% (P=0.002), abnormal LDL-C 100% and abnormal high density lipoprotein (HDL- C) was 31.6% (P=0.009). Conclusion: It was concluded that obese individuals demonstrated higher incidence of metabolic abnormalities than their under/normal weight counterparts. This demonstrates that BMI has a significant negative impact on metabolic parameters that increases as BMI rises and worsens over time.

THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP OF PARAOXONASE GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND LIPID METABOLISM

Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) is one of the major reasons for mortality in developing and developed countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 50% of the overall disease burden in Pakistan. And among the NCDs, the most prevalent disease is CVD, as approximately every 1 out of 4 adults suffered from coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary artery disease mainly causes ischemia or hypoxia of the heart due to coronary vessels stenosis or atherosclerosis.1 The key risk factors include smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, family history, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The genetic contribution to CAD is an independent factor that includes genetic polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) suggest many genes SNPs involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.2 Although many studies identified the genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms but still, the role of these genetic factors is not clearly understood. Paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster is one of the most widely studied genes that consist of three genes PON1, PON2, and PON3, and located on chromosome 7. The PON2 is the oldest gene among this cluster however, all the 3 genes have a high structural homology. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology classified the paraoxonases as aryldialkyl phosphatases. The enzymes coded by these gene clusters exhibit the antiatherosclerotic properties that play an essential role in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or antioxidant properties. The PON1 activity is highly influenced by both genetic (non-modifiable) and environmental factors (modifiable).3 It involves a complex interaction between both genetic and modifiable factors. The human PON1 is a calcium-dependent glycoprotein that is first identified by its ability to hydrolyze various organophosphates. Through lipid peroxides hydrolysis, it reduces the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Low enzyme levels are associated with cardiac disorders, familial hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. To date, approximately 184 SNPs reported, and some coding region SNPs i.e. rs662 and rs854560 are the most widely studied single nucleotide polymorphisms.4 The most commonly studied Q192R polymorphism is associated with poor patient outcomes. The risk allele or R allele is associated with abnormal HDL and triglycerides levels and the worst CVD outcome. Furthermore, the levels of paraoxonase levels are also decreased in CVD patients and there is a complex relationship between different variables particularly genetic markers, lipid profile, or environmental factors with PON activity.5 The PON2 and PON3 similarly play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and inhibit atherosclerosis due to their protective role against the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries. In PON2 rs12704796 is significantly associated with coronary heart disease risk.6 Robertson et al. first reported single nucleotide polymorphism in PON3 at positions number 107 and 99 but the exact mechanism of these SNPs in the pathophysiology of CAD remains to be understood.7 The multi-locus model also revealed a gene to gene interaction between PON2 and PON3 and gene-environment in the Pakistani cardiac patients.8 The single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene cluster are significantly important in CAD patients. These SNPs may exert their effect by modulating the lipid metabolism and enzyme concentrations in CAD patients, which can be varied according to certain environmental factors and ethnic groups. Thus, in the future, it is suggested to perform a study with more sample size in different populations that can help us in better understanding disease pathophysiology and prevention.

Association of METS-IR with incident hypertension in non-overweight adults based on a cohort study in Northeastern China.

Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the progression of hypertension (HTN); therefore, early identification of IR is clinically important for preventing HTN. Our study aims to explore the relationship between the metabolic score for IR (METS-IR) and HTN in Chinese population who maintained non-overweight. A total of 4678 adults who underwent annual health check-up in our institution from 2010 to 2017, did not have HTN at the first check-up and maintained non-overweight at follow-up were selected as subjects. The baseline METS-IR was calculated and the outcome was incident HTN. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate hazards ratios of HTN for METS-IR. Additionally, sensitive analyses and stratification analyses were used to deeply verify the relationship of METS-IR with HTN. The dose-response association between METS-IR and HTN risk was investigated using restricted the cubic spline analysis fitted for the Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with the first quartiles of METS-IR, the risk of incident HTN was increased by 58% [hazard ratio (HR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-2.22] and 96% (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.40-2.76) in the Q3 group and the Q4 group, respectively. The results remained consistent when analyses were restricted to people without abnormal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride or fasting plasma glucose level at baseline. A linear dose-response relationship between METS-IR and HTN risk was identified (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12). The risk of incident HTN was associated with elevated METS-IR levels in non-overweight individuals. METS-IR could help predict the risk of HTN in non-overweight individuals.

Implications of High-Density Cholesterol Metabolism for Oocyte Biology and Female Fertility.

Cholesterol is an essential component of animal cells. Different regulatory mechanisms converge to maintain adequate levels of this lipid because both its deficiency and excess are unfavorable. Low cell cholesterol content promotes its synthesis and uptake from circulating lipoproteins. In contrast, its excess induces the efflux to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and their transport to the liver for excretion, a process known as reverse cholesterol transport. Different studies suggest that an abnormal HDL metabolism hinders female fertility. HDL are the only lipoproteins detected in substantial amounts in follicular fluid (FF), and their size and composition correlate with embryo quality. Oocytes obtain cholesterol from cumulus cells via gap junctions because they cannot synthesize cholesterol de novo and lack HDL receptors. Recent evidence has supported the possibility that FF HDL play a major role in taking up excess unesterified cholesterol (UC) from the oocyte. Indeed, genetically modified mouse models with disruptions in reverse cholesterol transport, some of which show excessive circulating UC levels, exhibit female infertility. Cholesterol accumulation can affect the egg´s viability, as reported in other cell types, and activate the plasma membrane structure and activity of membrane proteins. Indeed, in mice deficient for the HDL receptor Scavenger Class B Type I (SR-B1), excess circulating HDL cholesterol and UC accumulation in oocytes impairs meiosis arrest and hinders the developmental capacity of the egg. In other cells, the addition of cholesterol activates calcium channels and dysregulates cell death/survival signaling pathways, suggesting that these mechanisms may link altered HDL cholesterol metabolism and infertility. Although cholesterol, and lipids in general, are usually not evaluated in infertile patients, one study reported high circulating UC levels in women showing longer time to pregnancy as an outcome of fertility. Based on the evidence described above, we propose the existence of a well-regulated and largely unexplored system of cholesterol homeostasis controlling traffic between FF HDL and oocytes, with significant implications for female fertility.

A Pattern of Lipid Profile Among Saudi Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Study.

Objective: Dyslipidemia is prevalent in adults living with type 1 diabetes, and it can worsen the presentation of microvascular complications such as retinopathy. This study aims to identify the pattern coupled with the frequency of dyslipidemia in diabetic adults who followed up at different clinics in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, and evaluate the associations with demographic and clinical characteristics.Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective chart review study of 514 adults with type 1 diabetes was conducted in a tertiary health care facility in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Demographics were retrieved by using the implemented electronic medical records. Fasting lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were checked for all subjects.Results: Five hundred and fourteen (514) subjects aged 18-65 years were studied (mean age: 26.1 ± 7.1 years). There were 318 (62%) females in the sample, and their mean age was significantly different from the mean age of males (p = 0.01). The mean duration of having diabetes was 12.8 ± 6.9 years. The prevalence of lipid abnormalities included abnormal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (70%), hypercholesterolemia (23%), abnormal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (8%), and hypertriglyceridemia (5%). Abnormal HDL was significantly higher in males than in females (p=<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of other lipid abnormalities between the two genders and the age group < or ≥ 25 years. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean of the tested lipids levels between the two genders. One hundred and forty-three (143) (27.8%) patients had more than one abnormal lipid condition. A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean HbA1c between males and females (p=0.001). Otherwise, there was no significant association of lipid abnormalities with gender, age, diabetes duration, and weight.Conclusion: The most prevalent lipid abnormality was high LDL cholesterol. Nearly a third of the tested individuals had more than one lipid abnormality. Furthermore, poor glycemic control was linked to abnormal lipid profiles. Consequently, local programs must aim to screen and intervene early to delay and prevent future severe vascular complications related to non-treated dyslipidemia.

Normal HDL Cholesterol Efflux and Anti-Inflammatory Capacities in Type 2 Diabetes Despite Lipidomic Abnormalities.

ObjectiveTo assess whether, in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, lipidomic abnormalities in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with impaired cholesterol efflux capacity and anti-inflammatory effect, 2 pro-atherogenic abnormalities.Design and MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of the Lira-NAFLD study, including 20 T2D patients at T0 and 25 control subjects. Using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, we quantified 110 species of the main HDL phospholipids and sphingolipids. Cholesterol efflux capacity was measured on THP-1 macrophages. The anti-inflammatory effect of HDL was measured as their ability to inhibit the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs).ResultsThe cholesterol-to-triglyceride ratio was decreased in HDL from T2D patients compared with controls (-46%, P = 0.00008). As expressed relative to apolipoprotein AI, the amounts of phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were similar in HDL from T2D patients and controls. Phosphatidylethanolamine-based plasmalogens and ceramides (Cer) were, respectively, 27% (P = 0.038) and 24% (P = 0.053) lower in HDL from T2D patients than in HDL from controls, whereas phosphatidylethanolamines were 41% higher (P = 0.026). Cholesterol efflux capacity of apoB-depleted plasma was similar in T2D patients and controls (36.2 ± 4.3 vs 35.5 ± 2.8%, P = 0.59). The ability of HDL to inhibit the TNFα-induced expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 at the surface of HUVECs was similar in T2D patients and controls (-70.6 ± 16.5 vs -63.5 ± 18.7%, P = 0.14; and -62.1 ± 13.2 vs -54.7 ± 17.7%, P = 0.16, respectively).ConclusionDespite lipidomic abnormalities, the cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory capacities of HDL are preserved in T2D patients.

Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors in southwest iran: results from Hoveyzeh cohort study

BackgroundIncreasing trend of prediabetes and diabetes is a global public health issue. On the other hand, prediabetes can increase the risk of developing some non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, fatty liver disease, etc. Given that there are modifiable various risk factors for prediabetes, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of prediabetes and its risk factors among adults.MethodsThe present study included the baseline data from the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies of the Iranian Adult and Neonates (PERSIAN), Hoveyzeh Cohort Study (N = 10,009). The demographic data, lifestyle habits, anthropometric data, and clinical and biochemical parameters were gathered. The odds ratio of prediabetes was assessed by logistic regression.ResultsThe final analysis was conducted on 7629 participants. The prevalence of overweight (36.7%), obesity (37.5%), prediabetes (30.29%), abnormal high density lipoprotein (35.4%), cholesterol (33.8%) and triglyceride (39.7%), and HTN (21.3%) were common. In the adjusted analysis, there were higher odds of having prediabetes for overweight (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: (1.19, 3.03), p = 0.007), obesity (OR = 3.18, 95% CI: (1.99, 5.07), p < 0.001), waist circumstance (WC) (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: (1.002, 1.03), p < 0.001), hip circumstance (HC) (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: (1.003, 1.02), p = 0.008), older age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: (1.04, 1.05), p < 0.001), hypertension (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: (1.21, 1.57), p < 0.001),), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (OR = 1.013, 95% CI: (1.007, 1.019), p = 0.001), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: (1.006, 1.013), p < 0.001), triglyceride = 150–199 mg/dl (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: (1.16, 1.51), p < 0.001), triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dl (OR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.44, 1.86), p < 0.001), cholesterol = 200- 239 mg/dl (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: (1.18, 1.49), p < 0.001), and cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: (1.72, 2.42), p < 0.001) in general population.ConclusionThe prevalence of prediabetes, overweight, obesity, HTN, and dyslipidemia was common. The greater chances of prediabetes were related to aging, overweight, obesity, HTN, higher liver enzymes, HC, abnormal WC, and dyslipidemia. It seems that practical interventions are necessary to prevent prediabetes.

HDL Receptor in Schistosoma japonicum Mediating Egg Embryonation: Potential Molecular Basis for High Prevalence of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency in East Asia.

Schistosomiasis is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by blood flukes, Schistosomes. In its intestinal type, the parasites reside in visceral/portal veins of the human hosts and lay eggs to excrete in feces via intestinal tracts, and some of the aberrant eggs plug into the liver via the portal blood flow. Ectopic growth of these eggs causes fatal granulomatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. The parasites ingest nutrients from the host blood plasma by using nonspecific and specific transport via their body surface and alimentary tracts. It is especially important for the female adults to obtain lipid molecules because they synthesize neither fatty acids nor sterols and yet produce egg yolk. Low-density lipoprotein receptors have been identified in the body of the Schistosomes but their functions in the parasite life cycle have not clearly been characterized. On the other hand, CD36-related protein was identified in the body and the eggs of Asian blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum, and characterized as a molecule that mediates selective uptake of cholesteryl ester from the host plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). This reaction was shown crucial for their eggs to grow to miracidia. Interestingly, abnormal large HDL generated in lack of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a poor substrate for this reaction, and, therefore, CETP deficiency resists pathogenic ectopic growth of the aberrant parasite eggs in the liver. This genetic mutation is exclusively found in East Asia, overlapping with the current and historic regions of Schistosoma japonicum epidemic, so that this infection could be related to high prevalence of CETP deficiency in East Asia.

Impact of Toxoplasma gondii human infections on blood lipid levels

To evaluate the impact of Toxoplasma gondii human infections on blood lipid levels. A total of 1 000 healthy volunteers that were randomly sampled from a tertiary hospital during the period from December 2017 through December 2019 were enrolled, and assigned into the infection group and the control group according to the detection of serum anti-T. gondii antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) were detected and compared between the two groups. The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibody was 8.40% in the study subjects, and there were no significant differences between the infection and control groups in terms of gender (χ2 = 1.29, P > 0.05) or age (χ2 = 1.41, P > 0.05). The mean serum LDL (t = 3.89, P < 0.05) and TC levels (t = 3.81, P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the infection group than in the control group, while no significant differences were seen between the two groups in terms of mean serum TG (t = 0.97, P > 0.05) or HDL levels (t = 0.75, P > 0.05). In addition, the proportions of abnormal LDL (χ2 = 9.69, P < 0.01) and TC levels (χ2 = 10.39, P < 0.01) were significantly greater in the infection group than in the control group, while no significant differences were found in the proportion of abnormal TG (χ2 = 0.02, P > 0.05) or HDL level (χ2 = 0.11, P > 0.05) between the two groups. T. gondii human infections affect blood lipid levels, and the individuals sero-positive for anti-T. gondii antibody have higher mean serum LDL and TC, as well as higher proportions of abnormal TC and LDL than sero-negative individuals.

Intraindividual double-burden of anthropometric undernutrition and "metabolic obesity" in Indian children: a paradox that needs action.

BackgroundIntraindividual coexistence of anthropometrically defined undernutrition and “metabolic obesity”, characterised by presence of at least one abnormal cardiometabolic risk factor, is rarely investigated in young children and adolescents, particularly in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition.MethodsPrevalence of biomarkers of metabolic obesity was related to anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics in 5-19 years old participants from the population-based Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey in India (2016-2018). The biomarkers, serum lipid-profile (total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides), fasting glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and all jointly were analysed in 22567, 23192, 25962 and 19143 participants, respectively.ResultsOverall (entire dataset), the prevalence of abnormalities was low (4.3-4.5%) for LDL and TC, intermediate for dysglycemia (10.9-16.1%), and high for HDL and triglycerides (21.725.8%). Proportions with ≥1 abnormal metabolic obesity biomarker(s) were 56.2% overall, 54.2% in thin (BMI-for-age <-2SD) and 59.3% in stunted (height-for-age <-2SD) participants. Comparable prevalence was evident in mild undernutrition (-1 to -2 SD). Clustering of two borderline abnormalities occurred in one-third, warranting active life-style interventions. Metabolic obesity prevalence increased with BMI-for-age. Among those with metabolic obesity, only 9% were overweight/obese (>1SD BMI-for-age). Among poor participants, triglyceride, glucose and HDL abnormalities were higher.ConclusionsA paradoxical, counter-intuitive prevalence of metabolic obesity biomarker(s) exists in over half of anthropometrically undernourished and normal-weight Indian children and adolescents. There is a crucial need for commensurate investments to address overnutrition along with undernutrition. Nutritional status should be characterized through additional reliable biomarkers, instead of anthropometry alone.

Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a comparative evaluation of lipid profile

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The scientific community often sees association of blood lipid levels with the risk of cardiovascular disease. Strong association has often been found between high levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the development of atherosclerosis while elevated levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) are understood to play protective role. This study was conducted to compare lipid profile among ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This observational study was conducted in Department of Neurology, Medanta, Medicity Gurugram, where 50 patients’ cases of infarct and 50 cases of hemorrhagic stroke were studied during: April 2020 to October 2020. All patients with clinically and radiologically proved cerebrovascular accident were included in the study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Mean total cholesterol (TC) for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was 175.2 mg/dl and 192.4±41.6 mg/dl respectively. Deranged LDL among subjects with ischemic stroke was 32%. Deranged LDL was seen in 76% of patients reporting ischemic stroke. The mean values for triglycerides (TG) stood at 122±34.6 mg/dl and 141±43.3 mg/dl for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke respectively. It was seen that the risk of developing ischemic stroke increased with rise in total cholesterol and LDL value. Lipid derangement thus formed an important risk factor for stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;A significant association is found between raised LDL, abnormal HDL and ischemic stroke, however, a significant rise in total cholesterol level was found in case of both the groups. It is very apparent that patients under high risk should be regularly screened for serum lipid profile.&lt;/p&gt;

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in elderly patients with depression

Aim: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in elderly patients with depressive disorder. Methodology: By using retrospective study design, the treatment records of all the elderly patients (aged ≥60 years) diagnosed with depressive disorders diagnosed as per the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, were reviewed and data of patients for fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile, and anthropometry (height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure [BP]) were extracted. The diagnosis of MetS was made as per the consensus criteria. Results: Data of 93 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 65.65 (standard deviation [SD]: 5.61) years and the mean number of years of education was 8.33 (SD: 6.65) years. The mean duration of illness was 70.93 (SD: 107.39) months, with the mean duration of the current episode at the time of collection of data as 5.38 (SD: 3.54) months. More than half (57%) of the patients fulfilled the criteria for MetS. Besides more than half of the patients fulfilling the criteria for MetS, about one-tenth (9.7%) fulfilled one criterion, and one-third (32.3%) fulfilled 2 criteria for the MetS. The most common criteria of MetS which was fulfilled included abnormal waist circumference, followed by raised blood pressure, abnormal triglyceride levels, and abnormal high-density lipoprotein. Fasting blood glucose level was the least common abnormality. The presence of MetS was associated with a higher level of education, higher income, and presence of physical comorbidity. Conclusions: Considering that more than half of elderly patients with depressive illness also suffer from MetS, it is important to monitor elderly with depression for MetS, to reduce the risk of future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A attenuates atherosclerosis via repairing dysfunctional HDL in scavenger receptor class B type I deficient mice.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), a well-known atheroprotective factor, can be converted to proatherogenic particles in chronic inflammation. HDL-targeted therapeutic strategy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently under development. This study aims to assess the role of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) in abnormal HDL and its related disorders in scavenger receptor class B type I deficient (SR-BI-/- ) mice.First, we demonstrated that MsrA overexpression attenuated ROS level and inflammation in HepG2 cells. For the in vivo study, SR-BI-/- mice were intravenously injected with lentivirus to achieve hepatic MsrA overexpression. High-level hepatic MsrA significantly reduced the plasma free cholesterol contents, improved HDL functional proteins apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI), apoE, paraoxonase1 (PON1), and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), while decreased the pro-inflammatory property of dysfunctional HDL, contributing to reduced atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in Western diet-fed mice. Furthermore, the study revealed that hepatic MsrA altered the expression of several genes controlling HDL biogenesis, cholesterol esterification, cholesterol uptake mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and biliary excretion, as well as suppressed nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which largely relied on liver X receptor alpha (LXRα)-upregulation. These results provide original evidence that MsrA may be a promising target for the therapy of dysfunctional HDL-related CVD.

Association between decreased HDL levels and cognitive deficits in patients with bipolar disorder: a pilot study

BackgroundCognitive deficits are common in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Abnormal high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels have been implicated in cognitive deficits associated with ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to investigate serum HDL levels, cognitive deficits and their association in patients with BD.MethodsThirty-seven patients with BD and 37 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in a case–control study. Cognition was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and serum HDL levels were measured using enzymatic colourimetry.ResultsThere was no difference in serum HDL levels between patients with BD and HCs after adjusting for gender, age, education and body mass index (BMI). Cognitive test scores in patients with BD were significantly lower than those in HCs except for the visuospatial/constructional index after adjusting for confounding variables. Serum HDL levels were positively correlated with RBANS total score and language score in patients with BD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that serum HDL levels were significantly correlated with RBANS total score and subscale scores on immediate memory and language in patients with BD after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that patients with BD had poorer cognitive performance than HCs except for the visuospatial/constructional domain, and decreased serum HDL levels were correlated with cognitive deficits, especially in immediate memory and language domains in patients with BD.