High-density Block Research Articles

Surface energy balance-based surface urban heat island decomposition at high resolution

Urban heat island (UHI) is among the most pronounced human impacts on Earth. To formulate locally adapted mitigation strategies, a comprehensive understanding of the influencing mechanisms of UHI at high resolution is imperative. Based on surface energy balance, we attributed surface UHI (SUHI) into five biophysical terms (surface radiation, anthropogenic heat, convection, evapotranspiration and heat storage term) using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images in Beijing. The simulated SUHI intensity, derived by combining all five contribution terms, exhibited a good consistency but a higher spatial resolution, than SUHI intensity extracted from Landsat-8 land surface temperature product. SUHI intensity tended to decrease from the old city to outsides, attributed to the decrease of evapotranspiration, solar radiation and anthropogenic heat term. The convection and heat storage term play a positive role in reducing SUHI. Among urban morphological blocks, low-rise and high-density blocks had the strongest SUHI, with the evapotranspiration term contributing the most. The results highlighted the capacity of the urban surface to evaporate water in affecting Beijing SUHI. The proposed method provides one useful tool to analyze the drivers of SUHI from the aspect of heat formation, which can be potentially applied worldwide for large-scale comparisons of how urbanization affects UHI.

A novel method of high-density urban block form generation based on multi-objective solar performance optimization: A case study of Nanjing

Efficiently harnessing solar radiation in high-density urban environments to optimize block forms holds significant potential for advancing urban low-carbon development. This paper introduces a novel method for generating high-density block forms based on comprehensive solar utilization. Grasshopper was used to compile an automated workflow for block form generation, solar simulation, and multi-objective optimization algorithms. Leveraging maximum solar radiation within and surrounding the block and effective photovoltaic utilization ratio are the three objectives in the multi-objective optimization process. From 60,000 generated samples, 1200 block forms were selected as the Pareto fronts. As the plot ratio of the generated blocks increases from 3 to 7, the annual mean solar radiation around the block decreases from 891.3 kWh/m2 to 863.5 kWh/m2, a reduction of only 3.1 %. When the number of blocks within the block increases from 1 to 4, the average solar radiation inside the block increases from 484.8 kWh/m2 to 516.1 kWh/m2, an increase of about 6.5 %. Additionally, as site coverage increased from 30 % to 60 %, the average solar radiation inside the block decreased from 549.2 kWh/m2 to 459.8 kWh/m2, a decrease of approximately 17 %. Notably, the photovoltaic power generation fell from 90.3 kWh/m2 to 61.2 kWh/m2, a decrease of about 32 %. The results indicate that the grid modeling method and multi-objective optimization algorithm adopted in this study can significantly improve the diversity of block morphology and achieve multiple solar performance requirements. The findings support designers in swiftly assessing building volume rationality and solar utilization potential at the early stages of urban design.

Impact of Urban Morphology on High-Density Commercial Block Energy Consumption in Severe Cold Regions

In sustainable city development, urban form plays an important role in block energy consumption, and as different environmental contexts and block functions create differences in energy use, it is necessary to study the relationship between morphology and energy consumption under the dual constraints of special environments and special block functions. Urban high-density blocks have concentrated energy consumption, high energy intensity, and complex morphological layout, but the influencing mechanism of the block’s morphology on its energy consumption remains unclear. Accordingly, this study focuses on the mechanism and evaluation method of the influence of morphology on the energy consumption of high-density commercial blocks in severe cold regions. Through Grasshopper model extraction, EnergyPlus performance simulation, Pearson correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis, this study extracts and classifies high-density commercial blocks in Harbin, China, into six basic layout types (Courtyard, Courtyard-T, Slab, Slab-T, Point, Point-T) according to their horizontal and vertical morphology, analyzes the energy consumption characteristics of each basic type, examines the relationships between energy use intensity (EUI) and building density (BD) and between floor area ratio (FAR) and building height standard deviation (BHSD), and constructs theoretical models by controlling variables to study the effect of a single form parameter on block EUI. The research findings are as follows: (1) The annual energy consumption of Point and Slab blocks is relatively low, whereas that of Courtyard and Courtyard-T blocks is higher due to the lack of open space in Courtyards and the poor ventilation in summer. (2) FAR is significantly correlated with the energy consumption of high-density commercial blocks in severe cold regions, while the effects of BD and BHSD are weaker than those of FAR. For every 0.1 increase in BD, every 1 increase in FAR, and every 1(m) increase in BHSD, the Winter Daily EUI of the Slab block changes by +0.87, −2.26, and −0.22 (kWh/m2), respectively, whereas that of the Slab-T block changes by −0.38, +0.68, and +0.08 (kWh/m2), respectively. (3) Controlling other variables, a large BD is theoretically beneficial to energy performance in the blocks, and increasing BD in the range of 0.4–0.55 has a significant effect on lowering energy consumption in Point blocks. EUI increases with the increase in FAR, while the change depends on different block types with the increase in BHSD. This study provides design strategies for high-density commercial blocks in severe cold regions. Under different layout types, though EUI shows different relationships with BD, FAR, and BHSD, Slab-T and Point-T blocks can achieve excellent energy performance by appropriately increasing BD and decreasing FAR, whereas Slab blocks need to decrease BD while increasing FAR. The patterns found in this paper can provide strategic help for policymaking and early urban design.

Quasi-static mechanical evaluation of canine cementless total hip replacement broaches: effect of tooth design on broach and stem insertion

BackgroundBiomedtrix BFX® cementless total hip replacement (THR) requires the use of femoral broaches to prepare a press-fit envelope within the femur for subsequent stem insertion. Current broaches contain teeth that crush and remove cancellous bone; however, they are not particularly well-suited for broaching sclerotic (corticalized) cancellous bone. In this study, three tooth designs [Control, TG1 (additional V-grooves), TG2 (diamond tooth pattern)] were evaluated with a quasi-static testing protocol and polyurethane test blocks simulating normal and sclerotic bone. To mimic clinical broaching, a series of five sequential broach insertions were used to determine cumulative broaching energy (J) and peak loads during broach insertion. To determine the effect of broach tooth design on THR stem insertion, a BFX® stem was inserted into prepared test blocks and insertion and subsidence energy and peak loads were determined.ResultsBroach tooth design led to significant differences in broaching energy and peak broaching loads in test blocks of both densities. In low density test blocks, TG1 required the lowest cumulative broaching energy (10.76 ±0.29 J), followed by Control (12.18 ±1.20 J) and TG2 (16.66 ±0.78 J) broaches. In high density test blocks, TG1 required the lowest cumulative broaching energy (32.60 ±2.54 J) as compared to Control (33.25 ±2.16 J) and TG2 (59.97 ±3.07 J). During stem insertion and subsidence testing, stem insertion energy for high density test blocks prepared with Control broaches was 14.53 ± 0.81 J, which was significantly lower than blocks prepared with TG1 (22.53 ± 1.04 J) or TG2 (19.38 ± 3.00 J) broaches. For stem subsidence testing in high density blocks, TG1 prepared blocks required the highest amount of energy to undergo subsidence (14.49 ± 0.49 J), which was significantly greater than test blocks prepared with Control (11.09 ±0.09 J) or TG2 (12.57 ± 0.81 J) broaches.ConclusionsThe additional V-grooves in TG1 broaches demonstrated improved broaching performance while also generating press-fit envelopes that were more resistant to stem insertion and subsidence. TG1 broaches may prove useful in the clinical setting; however additional studies that more closely simulate clinical broach impaction are necessary prior to making widespread changes to THR broaches.

The Effect of Green Stormwater Infrastructures on Urban-Tier Human Thermal Comfort—A Case Study in High-Density Urban Blocks

Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is a key approach to greening and cooling high-density blocks. Previous studies have focused on the impact of a single GSI on thermal comfort on sunny days, ignoring rainwater’s role and GSI combinations. Therefore, based on measured data of a real urban area in Nanjing, China, this study utilized 45 single-GSI and combination simulation scenarios, as well as three local climate zone (LCZ) baseline scenarios to compare and analyze three high-density blocks within the city. Among the 32 simulations specifically conducted in LCZ1 and LCZ2, 2 of them were dedicated to baseline scenario simulations, whereas the remaining 30 simulations were evenly distributed across LCZ1 and LCZ2, with 15 simulations allocated to each zone. The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was calculated using the ENVI-met specification to evaluate outdoor thermal comfort. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal GSI combinations for different LCZs, their impact on pedestrian thermal comfort, GSI response to rainwater, and the effect of GSI on pedestrian recreation areas. Results showed that GSI combinations are crucial for improving thermal comfort in compact high-rise and mid-rise areas, while a single GSI suffices in low-rise areas. In extreme heat, rainfall is vital for GSI’s effectiveness, and complex GSI can extend the thermal comfort improvement time following rainfall by more than 1 h. Adding shading and trees to GSI combinations maximizes thermal comfort in potential crowd activity areas, achieving up to 54.23% improvement. Future GSI construction in high-density blocks should focus on different combinations of GSI based on different LCZs, offering insights for GSI planning in Southeast Asia.

Exploring the diurnal variations of the driving factors affecting block-based LST in a “Furnace city” using ECOSTRESS thermal imaging

Numerous studies have explored the spatial variations of land surface temperature (LST). However, few have analyzed the diurnal variations of LST and its driving factors at the block scale, nor have they utilized the Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) LST products. To fill the gap, this study divided 1865 urban blocks into nine block categories and explored the diurnal variations of the driving factors influencing LST in a “Furnace city” using ECOSTRESS LST data. Our results revealed that the spatial patterns of LST varied diurnally; high LST tended to be distributed in blocks with low-rise high-density buildings in the daytime, whereas in high-rise high-density blocks at nighttime. The diurnal variations of the driving factors were explored according to correlation and stepwise regression analyses. The correlation coefficients between urban structures and LST varied diurnally, and this variance was most apparent in different block types. The stepwise regression analyses indicated that the driving factors considered in this study could explain over 35% of the variations in LST in the nighttime and daytime. Meanwhile, the adaptive planning strategies for different block categories were developed. Our findings provide a new perspective for block-level mitigation of the urban thermal environment.

Scalable Fabrication of Reversible Antifouling Block Copolymer Coatings via Adsorption Strategies.

Fouling remains a widespread challenge as its nonspecific and uncontrollable character limits the performance of materials and devices in numerous applications. Although many promising antifouling coatings have been developed to reduce or even prevent this undesirable adhesion process, most of them suffer from serious limitations, specifically in scalability. Whereas scalability can be particularly problematic for covalently bound antifouling polymer coatings, replacement by physisorbed systems remains complicated as it often results in less effective, low-density films. In this work, we introduce a two-step adsorption strategy to fabricate high-density block copolymer-based antifouling coatings on hydrophobic surfaces, which exhibit superior properties compared to one-step adsorbed coatings. The obtained hybrid coating manages to effectively suppress the attachment of both lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, which can be explained by its dense and homogeneous surface structure as well as the desired polymer conformation. In addition, the intrinsic reversibility of the adhered complex coacervate core micelles allows for the successful triggered release and regeneration of the hybrid coating, resulting in full recovery of its antifouling properties. The simplicity and reversibility make this a unique and promising antifouling strategy for large-scale underwater applications.

Synergistic densification treatment technology of phosphogypsum and aluminum ash

Phosphogypsum and aluminum ash are typical bulk industrial solid wastes produced by phosphorus chemical and aluminum electrolysis industries respectively, both of which are characterized by large yield, low utilization rate and high environmental risk. In this article, high-density blocks were synthesized for the first time by densification treatment with phosphogypsum and aluminum ash. The mechanical and waterproof properties of the blocks formed after densification treatment under different ratios, densification pressures and curing time were also investigated. The experimental results indicate that the blocks treated by densification demonstrate a remarkable comprehensive performance under the optimal conditions of a ratio between phosphogypsum and aluminum ash of 1:9, densification pressure of 300 MPa and curing time of 5 d. Under such conditions, the compressive and flexural strength of the blocks are 58 MPa and 1.7 MPa respectively, with water absorption rate of about 5.3% and softening coefficient of 0.99. The leachable efficiency of toxic and harmful elements in the block materials is low, meeting the requirements for environmental protection, and thus densification treatment can be used for the harmless treatment of solid waste. The method provides a feasible research idea for simulating the change of underground minerals under the action of surface pressure and exploring the harmless and resourceful treatment of bulk solid waste. The technology is expected to be applied in the field of high-density filling and building materials prepared from solid waste.

Effects of roadside trees three-dimensional morphology characteristics on traffic-related PM2.5 distribution in hot-humid urban blocks

Urban plants play a significant role in improving the deterioration of air quality caused by extremely heavy traffic. This study aims at exploring the effects of three-dimensional morphology characteristics of road-trees on traffic-related PM2.5 distribution through ENVI-met simulations. Firstly, this study verifies the performance of ENVI-met pollutants dispersion model by comparison with field measurements. Then a typical high-density block model is built and thirteen simulation groups under varied morphology parameters of height of tree, height of trunk and width of crown are designed in ENVI-met. The results indicate that planting 10 m-height roadside trees is effective for pollutant dilution in the vertical direction, and the trees with high trunk height have a strong capacity in clearing the traffic-related PM2.5 at pedestrian level and promote the diffusion of PM2.5, but excessive crown width would cause PM2.5 escaping from the block hardly and increase pedestrian exposure levels. A practical range of plant morphological parameters is recommended and applied in landscape design that takes seasonal requirements into account.

Osmosis across defensible space: observations and lessons from dérives in London during COVID-19

ABSTRACT The idea of “defensible space” was/is to give residents control of public spaces they feel they have no control over. If they gained control, they would defend these spaces, care for them, and protect them (and their property) from crime. The pandemic required a rapidly retrofitted public space – emergency cycle lanes, widened pavements, or play streets. The practices of negotiating public space to take permitted exercise or queue for essential groceries forced us all to rethink ideas of territoriality and safe encounter. Closer to home, domestic territories were also altered. Walking past terraced homes’ front gardens onto housing estates, or past high-density blocks and fenced-off playgrounds, we realized how valuable leftover “wasted spaces” had become. Courtyards became spaces to sit out amongst abandoned cars. Doors and windows were left open, renegotiating senses of privacy and ownership. People appropriated what would have been thought of as the public realm for social[ly distanced] activities. Wandering strangers were often waved through, acknowledged with a nod if their mask obscured a smile of greeting, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us that social ritual can overcome confused territoriality, and that some indefensible spaces can be remodeled.

Research on outdoor thermal comfort of high-density urban center in severe cold area

With high intensity of urban land development and dense population, urban high-density central area has obvious heat island effect, which has a great impact on thermal comfort. Taking Qiulin commercial district, the high-density central area of Harbin as the research object, this paper uses physical measurement and questionnaire survey to evaluate the outdoor thermal comfort. The results show that: (1) In high-density blocks of Harbin, there is a strong correlation between TCV and TSV, which is mainly affected by air temperature and globe temperature. And the correlation is stronger in transition season and winter than in summer; (2) The applicability PET in severe cold area was verified. The logistic regression method was used to obtain the range of neutral PET [12.99 °C, 19.89 °C] and the acceptable PET [5.14 °C, 27.15 °C]. At the same time, the 11-point TSV scale was verified to be accurate in assessing the thermal sensation in severe cold area; (3) Preferred PET in summer and transition season were 24.8 °C and 23.5 °C, respectively. Temperature expectation is the main factor influencing the difference of preferred temperature between cold and hot seasons; (4) Residents in severe cold area have become psychologically adapted to the cold environment due to long-term exposure to cold conditions, so that people are less sensitive to low temperatures in winter. In this situation it is important to have a general understanding of the outdoor thermal comfort in severe cold regions, which can guide planners to a better urban design.

Wooden hoof blocks: are we using the right wood?

ABSTRACT Aims To investigate the association between the density of wooden hoof blocks and resistance to wear in pasture-based dairy herds, and to assess the density of commercially available wooden hoof blocks. Methods Three types of wooden hoof blocks with different densities (low, medium and high) were attached to 36 lactating dairy cows with parity ≤2 and sound locomotion (score ≤2 on a scale of 1–4). The height of wooden blocks was measured in three different regions, front, abaxial and caudal on Days 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28 after application. Due to the loss of low-density wooden blocks, the data for these blocks were analysed for only two measurements on Days 7 and 11. The data for medium and high-density wooden blocks were analysed from Days 7–25. A linear mixed model with repeated measures was used to analyse the repeated observations. Height, density and surface area of commercially available hoof blocks (n = 19) were measured and compared to the blocks used in this study. Results The magnitude of wear, in the front and the abaxial point of the blocks were greater in blocks made of low-density wood compared to those made of medium and high-density wood (p < 0.001). The amount of wear increased over time for all groups (p < 0.001). Wood density was negatively associated with wear and loss. Measurements of commercial wooden blocks revealed that the 13/19 (63%) had lower density and 12/19 (68%) less surface area than the wooden blocks with medium density used in this study. Conclusion In this study, the density of the wood was significantly associated with the longevity of hoof blocks when applied to hooves of pasture-based dairy cows. Clinical relevance The longevity of the wooden hoof blocks applied to treat lame cows plays a significant role in the healing of the claw horn lesions. The density of a wooden hoof block affects the rate of wear of the block, and this should be considered by manufacturers and those treating lame cows.

High-Density Block Transformation to Increase Natural Ventilation Based on CFD Simulation

Many countries in the world have experienced extremely rapid urbanization during recent decades. The rapid development of densely populated areas has produced many urban environmental problems. This research explores the relationship between urban morphology and ventilation conditions. Through 3D modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, we focus on the large scale ventilation of an extended area with several buildings. As a testbed, in particular, the core part of Kwun Tong industrial park in Hong Kong is examined, and in order to validate the approach, 10 measurement points are used to get experimental values to be used for comparison (such points are located in different positions involving traffic road, pedestrian path and open space). The error range (±0.7 m/s) indicates that the agreement between field measurement and CFD calculation is good. On the basis of design guidelines and earlier studies, the effective configuration (in terms of building) of this area is partially transformed (virtually, i.e., in the numerical simulations) in order to assess the ensuing changes in terms of wind speed in different locations. This results in a general design and analysis methodology potentially applicable to other areas.

STABILITY OF HIGH DENSITY CUBES IN RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS

The stability number for rubble mound breakwaters is a function of several parameters and depends on unit shape, placing method, slope angle, relative density, etc. In this study two different densities for cubes in breakwater armour layers were tested to determine the influence of the density on the stability. The experimental results show that the stability of high density blocks were found to be more stable and the damage initiation for high density blocks started at higher stability numbers compared to normal density cubes.

A method of calculating urban-scale solar potential by evaluating and quantifying the relationship between urban block typology and occlusion coefficient: A case study of Wuhan in Central China

Relevant research shows that the potential of solar energy utilization varies greatly in different occlusion conditions. However, existing methods of assessing macro-city-scale solar roof utilization potential are not capable of considering the factor of mutual occlusion between urban buildings. To measure the overall solar photovoltaic utilization potential of the city, it is necessary to quantify the occlusion caused by the urban environmental building roof. This paper uses typical high-density blocks to quantify differences of occlusions on the building roof caused by urban blocks and building functions. Taking Wuhan as an example, a large number of urban blocks which form indicators were counted were selected as research samples, the data sets covers six types of morphological indicators to classify the urban blocks, and then the above blocks was modelled to simulate the solar radiation in order to obtain the values and combine with their morphological parameters, which will help to get roof solar occlusion factors by linear regression ways. The overall roof occlusion coefficient result of Wuhan is 0.079. By applying the above-mentioned occlusion coefficient to measure the solar energy potential of Hongshan District in Wuhan, the annual photovoltaic power generation was calculated to be able to reach 168.02GWh.

Baboon biogeography, divergence, and evolution: Morphological and paleoecological perspectives

Papio originated in the early Pleistocene and diverged into multiple species, six of which are extant. Among parapatric Papio species, there are obvious phenotypic differences that arose during the radiation of the genus. We use data from modern baboon ecology and morphology, as well as fossils and paleoecology, to examine baboon biogeography, divergence, and evolution, focusing on skull form and body mass. To provide context, techniques of historical biogeography, combining data from modern distributions in statistical models alongside qualitative assessments of the fossil record, were used to estimate ancestral ranges in papionins. The ancestral range of Papio was estimated to be in South Tropical Africa rather than in the far south of the continent, followed by multiple movements south and west. Progress to the north and east may have been slowed because of high-density blocking of niches by other monkeys. Geometric morphometric data were used in partial least squares analysis with dietary, environmental, and other variables to investigate skull differentiation. Environment was significantly correlated with skull form, but diet emerged as more significant. Exploitation of subterranean foods was found to be an important influence on skull morphology. Bayesian modeling of cercopithecid body mass data allowed reconstruction of ancestral body mass and showed a pattern of accelerating body mass evolution in a number of lineages. This appears to be related to exploitation of terrestrial niches in the Pliocene, with terrestriality also implicated in the large geographic distributions of many fossil and modern papionins, including Papio. Given the greater heterogeneity of body masses in males, size differentiation within Papio seems most likely to be linked to sexual selection rather than environmental factors, although further work is required to examine the relative importance of plasticity versus local adaptation in shaping baboon phenotypic variation.

Cooling effects of block-scale facade greening and their relationship with urban form

Green facades in cities have great potential for facilitating climate change adaptation and mitigation due to their well-documented energy and cooling effects. Many studies have reported that a green facade can noticeably reduce the building surface temperature and cooling loads in summer. However, little is known about the extent to which large-scale facade greening cools the ambient air or the relationship between the cooling effects and urban form. This research employed the ENVI-met model to evaluate the summer cooling effects of block-scale facade greening and their relationship with urban form in Nanjing City in China. Six idealized urban blocks (IUBs) representing typical urban forms in Nanjing combined with five hypothetical facade-greening ratios generated 30 scenarios for simulation. The results revealed a distinct spatial pattern of cooling effects in each IUB. The cooling intensity decreases with increasing elevation, and it is strongest in ground spaces on the downwind side. The maximum cooling intensity is 0.96 °C and observed in the high-rise high-density site (HH). Among the six IUBs, the low-rise high-density block (LH) appears to be optimal for facade greening since it ranks in the top 1–3 for the four cooling-effect indicators. The threshold values were evaluated to further estimate the minimum greening ratios required to achieve corresponding energy-saving targets in each IUB. The findings can provide insights into the cool air dispersion process in urban canyons that have varying geometries. Furthermore, the results can inform vertical greening practices for the determination of appropriate sites and coverage ratios.

Kirschner wire prepared pilot holes improve screw pullout strength in synthetic osteoporotic-type bone

ObjectivesTo compare the pullout strength and maximal insertional torque of pilot holes prepared with the traditional twist drill bit versus a smooth Kirschner wire. MethodsPilot holes were prepared using a drill press with either a 2.5 mm twist drill bit or a 2.5 mm smooth Kirschner wire into 2 distinct polyurethane foam densities representing severe and mild osteoporotic bone. 3.5 mm cortical and 4.0 mm cancellous screws were then inserted freehand into the prepared holes. All permutations of pilot hole type, screw size and foam density were tested for maximum pullout strength and maximum insertional torque. ResultsKirschner wire prepared pilot holes resulted in significantly higher pullout load than drill bit holes in low density blocks (P < 0.001), but not in high density blocks (P = 0.232). There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) for maximum insertional torque in the pilot hole preparation type. ConclusionIn severely osteoporotic bone, Kirschner wire pilot hole preparation may improve screw pullout strength.

An alternative to slow transit, drunk driving, and walking in bad weather: An exploratory study of ridesourcing mode choice and demand

Companies providing ridesourcing, or the use of mobile phone apps to request rides from drivers of privately-owned vehicles, have expanded rapidly in many cities in recent years. To shed light on this phenomenon, this paper reports an exploratory study of ridesourcing trip patterns and mode choice in Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, which obtained a convenience sample of 167 respondents (reporting 192 trips) via geographically targeted online and offline ads. Consistent with previous empirical studies, ridesharing users are younger and a greater percentage are female than the the general public, and most trips occur in a small number of high density block groups. When asked what other options were available for ridesourcing trips, respondents reported transit (63%), private vehicles (32%), walking (32%) and bicycling (18%). Specific reasons for choosing ridesourcing instead of these options included the frequency of transit, alcohol use for driving, and weather and distance for walking and biking. A multivariate analysis found variables related to greater ridesourcing use for a block group included job density, jobs-housing balance, bar and restaurant density, and presence of households without vehicles. The paper demonstrates the potential of survey data to generate greater geographic insights into ridesourcing use, as well as the potential for extending established travel-behavior research approaches to ridesourcing.

고층고밀도 도시블록 형태의 규제 요소 분석 : 2010년대 국내 사례를 중심으로

Purpose: Korea, one of the countries with most built high-rise buildings, and many densified urban mega-blocks continue to refine its planning regulations and approval process with room for improvement. Meanwhile, recent year’s acceleration of high-rise building construction across the globe has brought attention from many academic researchers and policy-makers around the world for developing design guidelines and policies that will ensure responsible high-rise, high-density developments. Purpose of this paper is to evaluate Korea’s current status in the context of global trends. This research will provide the basis for developing design guidelines for future high-rise, high-density block developments possibly, beyond the legal boundaries. Method: This paper examines, reviews relevant regulations and design guidelines of four international cities that affect urban integration of high-rise, high-density blocks and A few common design parameters that directly influence physical morphology of such typology are identified for further evaluation of the recent projects in Korea. Result: The research identifies limitations of Korea’s current policies through analysis of actual projects based on the selected morphological parameters and provides recommendations for improvements.