High-definition 3D Research Articles

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ РОБОТОТЕХНІКИ В ГІНЕКОЛОГІЇ: НАШ ДОСВІД

Middle East has launched its first comprehensive robotic surgery programme, Known as one of the most sophisticated laparoscopic surgical technologies available, the device – created by Intuitive – is part of the new programme aimed at enhancing the group’s “current comprehensive general surgery and laparoscopic surgery services”. American Hospital was selected as the hub for this robotic programme as it is already considered a market leader in advanced laparoscopic surgery. According to the manufacturer, the da Vinci Xi HD 4 works by combining conventional laparoscopic techniques with high precision robotic technology that uses four robotic arms controlled by the surgeon from a console. Through the console, the surgeon is also able to access a 3D high-definition view of the surgical area. Robotic surgery is a state of the art surgical procedure in which the conventional laparoscopic technique is combined with high precision robotic technology. Articulated instruments allow the same movement capacity as the human wrist and the tremor filter eliminates any small uncontrollable movement in the surgeon's hands. We would like to share our experience in implementation of Robotic Assisted surgery in gynecological practice of out hospital. Commencement of our program coincided with very difficult period for all World. Regardless COVID pandemic, we started successfully our robo- surgical journey, and within 6 months we performed 150 Robotic assisted surgeries, 50 of them- gynecological. Gynecologic surgery has been transformed in the last three decades in the western world, from mostly open abdominal surgeries with increased length of stay and morbidity to today with minimally invasive surgeries with short length of stay, decreased morbidity, faster return to normal activities and work. Long past the days of doing laparoscopic surgery with direct viewing through a scope, later poor quality imaging monitors to our current High definition 2D and 3D imaging. In the last decade the introduction of Robotics to our surgical armamentarium has steadily increase the likelihood that patients will have minimally invasive procedure instead of an open laparotomy.

A laparoscopic study investigating 3D vs 2D imaging systems using a pelvitrainer model with experts, non-experts, and students

BackgroundVision is an essential element of laparoscopic surgery that defines the outcome of an operation in regards to time, mistakes and precision. A 3-dimensional (3D) perspective may improve vision during an operation. Therefore, this study was designed to compare 3D versus 2-dimensional (2D) perspectives using a pelvitrainer model.MethodsFifty candidates were divided into 3 categories based on different experience levels. The candidates were randomised into two groups, with each group performing the same 4 standardised tasks. Group A approached the tasks first with 3D high definition and in a second turn with 2D high definition. Group B carried out the tasks with the systems in reverse order. Task completion time and the number of mistakes made for each task were recorded. After completing the tasks, participants answered questions concerning the two systems.ResultsGroup A was, on average, 20% faster at all four tasks and made approximately 18% fewer mistakes in two of the tasks in comparison to group B. The experts significantly benefited from the 3D system in terms of accuracy compared to non-experts and students. The students demonstrated a significantly greater benefit from the 3D system when performing non-linear, continuous movements. Loss of concentration occurred at the same rate for subjects using the 2D and 3D systems. Nausea and dizziness were reported only when working with the 3D system. 91% found the 3D system advantageous for accomplishing the tasks.ConclusionsIrrespective of experience level, 3D laparoscopy shows advantages in saving time, increasing accuracy and reducing mistakes. These benefits were also accompanied by subjective advantages that were noted by the participants. However, the more complex the task, the less significant the benefit of the 3D system and some people feel handicapped by the eyewear.

Scanning Proton FLASH Irradiation Using a Synchrotron Accelerator: Effects on Cultured Cells and Differences by Irradiation Positions

An ultra-high dose rate radiation (FLASH) is now attracting great attention. Although FLASH radiation with a cyclotron-type proton therapy machine has been reported, production of the ultra-high dose rate using other machines has scarcely been reported. In this study, we established a FLASH radiation system using a synchrotron proton beam accelerator and compared the effects of FLASH and conventional dose-rate radiation on cultured cells. Both types of radiation were delivered at the 1-cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) and plateau region before SOBP. Protons were accelerated by adjusting the application pattern of high-frequency power. Other incident conditions for passive irradiation were also applied to increase proton accumulation to approximately twice the normal scanning conditions. Ultra-high dose rates were achieved by applying a high-frequency power dozens of times higher than usual to extract all protons within approximately 50 ms, thereby monitoring with a Faraday cup immediately after synchrotron extraction and adjusting the waveform. The dose and dose rates were measured using a float glass, gafchromic film, and plane parallel ionization chamber. Four cultured tumor cell lines and two normal cell lines were used. FLASH radiation at 6 and 10 Gy (200 Gy/s, 1 shot) and conventional radiation at 6 and 10 Gy (3 Gy/s) were delivered to the SOBP and plateau region before SOBP. After radiation, appropriate amounts of reagents to stain caspase-3/7 were added, and differences in cell growth rates and cell cycle were examined using live-cell fluorescence time-lapse imaging. The cell confluence ratio and apoptotic change were also quantified. V79 spheroids were subjected to FLASH (300 Gy/s, 10 and 18 Gy, 1 shot) and conventional radiation (3 Gy/s, 10 and 18 Gy) at SOBP. Subsequently, they were disaggregated to single cells and assayed for cell survival by colony assay. A 1-cm SOBP was formed by a mini-ledge filter was prepared with a high-definition 3D printer. FLASH radiation could be achieved at 40-800 Gy/s. In vitro, similar cell-killing effects were observed for FLASH and conventional radiation in the cancer cells, with cell-cycle delay. Significant apoptotic effects and G2 arrest during the cell cycle were observed for FLASH peak irradiation, probably due to the higher LET at the Bragg peak. Decreased proliferation and cell-killing effects were also observed in the normal cells for FLASH, but the apoptotic effect was not different between FLASH and conventional irradiation. Stronger cell-killing effects were observed with the V79 spheroids for FLASH peak than conventional peak irradiation. Scanning proton FLASH radiation with a synchrotron accelerator was established for biological studies. FLASH seemed to be equally effective for cancer and normal cells in vitro. The effects were higher with FLASH peak irradiation owing to the high LET at the Bragg peak, which is a characteristic of synchrotron accelerators.

3D Exoscope-Assisted Microvascular Anastomosis: An Evaluation on Latex Vessel Models.

Background. Over the last few years, advances in technologies and digital imaging have led to the introduction of systems that enable a new approach to microsurgery and supermicrosurgery. The exoscope is a new magnification system that provides a 3D image of the surgical field: microsurgical procedures can be performed with the aid of this instrument. Here, we describe our preliminary experience with a high-definition 3D exoscope (VITOM®, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), evaluating the characteristics of the instrument, and also its use as a magnification device for microanastomosis training. Methods. Six microsurgeons with various levels of experience were asked to perform three end-to-end anastomoses and two end-to-side anastomoses on latex vessel models, using, as a magnification system, the VITOM® 3D 4K exoscope. None of the surgeons involved had previous experience with the exoscope, with robotic surgery, with endoscopic surgery, nor with training simulators. Results. The results of the reported evaluation of the tool’s qualities, (VITOM Quality Assessment Tool) included: a good focusing of the surgical field; high image quality; strong luminance; good magnification; clear stereoscopy; and excellent freedom of movement. The exoscope proved to be user-friendly. A constant reduction in the time needed to perform the microsurgical anastomosis at each exercise was recorded. Among other advantages were the easy switching from the magnified image to the macroscopic view, superior ergonomics allowing a relaxed posture while performing the anastomosis, adequate space, and a convenient setting for the assistants to view the operating field. Conclusions. Our study showed that the exoscope VITOM 3D can be successfully used as a magnification tool for microsurgical anastomosis on synthetic vessels, and that it can also be helpful during training courses in microsurgery.

Comparative Evaluation of 3-Dimensional High Definition and 2-Dimensional 4-K Ultra-High Definition Endoscopy Systems in Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

The differences between 3-dimensional (3D) high definition (HD) and 2-dimensional (2D) 4-K ultra-HD (4K) endoscopy and their respective advantages remain unclear. To evaluate the utility of these endoscopy systems in endonasal skull base surgery. Consecutive series of endoscopic endonasal surgeries performed after introduction of 3D/HD and 2D/4K systems (July 2017) were retrospectively evaluated. Sporadic cases treated with either system, or a conventional 2D standard definition (SD) system, during the rental period from March 2016 were also included. Objective comparisons between the systems were made for newly diagnosed Knosp grade 0 to 3 pituitary adenomas. Surgical procedures were divided into nasal, sphenoidal, and intradural phases, and the surgical procedural time was compared for each phase. The time required for and accuracy of suturing the sellar floor dura was also evaluated. A total of 74 cases were treated with 3D/HD and/or 2D/4K, and 12 cases with 2D/SD. 3D/HD was advantageous in the nasal phase because of its intuitive depth perception. 2D/4K was advantageous in the intradural phase because of its superior image quality. Surgical time of the nasal phase with 3D/HD, and that of the intradural phase with 2D/4K, were significantly shorter than that with 2D/SD. The time required for and accuracy of sellar floor dural suturing showed a trend toward improving in the order of 2D/SD, 2D/4K, and 3D/HD. 3D/HD and 2D/4K endoscopy systems have different advantages, which are useful in distinct surgical phases. Understanding the characteristics of endoscopy systems is important for selecting the most appropriate system for distinct surgical situations.

The role of 3D-high definition mapping systems in treating postoperative drug-resistant intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia

We report the case of a patient with recurrent episodes of postoperative intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia occurring after surgical patch closure of a sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD). Arrhythmic episodes, as usually reported in scar-related arrhythmias, were resistant to antiarrhythmic therapy and worsened patient's quality of life. Therefore, we decided to perform an intracardiac electrophysiology study using a 3D-high definition mapping system to identify and treat the precise arrhythmic substrate with radiofrequency ablation. There is a growing evidence that this technique represents a valid therapeutic option in postoperative arrhythmias refractory to medical treatment in patients with repaired congenital heart disease.

A high-definition 3D exoscope as an alternative to the operating microscope in spinal microsurgery.

Since the 1970s, the operating microscope (OM) has been a standard for visualization and illumination of the surgical field in spinal microsurgery. However, due to its limitations (e.g., size, costliness, and the limited movability of the binocular lenses, in addition to discomfort experienced by surgeons due to the posture required), there are efforts to replace the OM with exoscopic video telescopes. The authors evaluated the feasibility of a new 3D exoscope as an alternative to the OM in spine surgeries. Patients with degenerative pathologies scheduled for single-level lumbar or cervical spinal surgery with use of a high-definition 3D exoscope were enrolled in a prospective cohort study between January 2019 and September 2019. Age-, sex-, body mass index-, and procedure-matched patients surgically treated with the assistance of the OM served as the control group. Operative baseline and postoperative outcome parameters were assessed. Periprocedural handling, visualization, and illumination by the exoscope, as well as surgeons' comfort level in terms of posture, were scored using a questionnaire. A 3D exoscope was used in 40 patients undergoing lumbar posterior decompression (LPD) and 20 patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF); an equal number of controls in whom an OM was used were studied. Compared with controls, there were no significant differences for mean operative time (ACDF: 132 vs 116 minutes; LPD: 112 vs 113 minutes) and blood loss (ACDF: 97 vs 93 ml; LPD: 109 vs 55 ml) as well as postoperative improvement of symptoms (ACDF/Neck Disability Index: p = 0.43; LPD/Oswestry Disability Index: p = 0.76). No intraoperative complications occurred in either group. According to the attending surgeon, the intraoperative handling of instruments was rated to be comparable to that of the OM, while the comfort level of the surgeon's posture intraoperatively (especially during "undercutting" procedures) was rated as superior. In cases of ACDF procedures and long approaches, depth perception, image quality, and illumination were rated as inferior when compared with the OM. By contrast, for operating room nursing staff participating in 3D exoscope procedures, the visualization of intraoperative process flow and surgical situs was rated to be superior to the OM, especially for ACDF procedures. A 3D exoscope seems to be a safe alternative for common spinal procedures with the unique advantage of excellent comfort for the surgical team, but the drawback is the still slightly inferior visualization/illumination quality compared with the OM.

Utility of a high-definition 3D digital exoscope for spinal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic creates unique challenges in the practice of spinal surgery. We aim to show how the use of a high-definition 3D digital exoscope can help streamline workflows, and protect both patients and healthcare staff.

Utility of a high-definition 3D digital exoscope for spinal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic creates unique challenges in the practice of spinal surgery. We aim to show how the use of a high-definition 3D digital exoscope can help streamline workflows, and protect both patients and healthcare staff.

Effect of Inertial Measurement Unit on Creating High-Definition 3D Map for Autonomous Vehicle

One of the most famous technologies for the autonomous vehicle was using a scan matching algorithm, in which a high-definition 3D map created by the LIDAR sensor plays a significantly important role in localizing and path planning. Within this manuscript, a novel way of finding the effect from the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on creating a high-definition 3D map from the LIDAR sensor was investigated. The collection data system was first ever created and collected in Vietnam. The results show that the normal distributions transform shows very good performance for creating the HD 3D map with have IMU sensor. On the other hand, without IMU the accuracy and the robustness of the creating map were reduced especially in the non-flat area. This manuscript will start the evolution of preparation for autonomous vehicles in Vietnam as well as contribute to the autonomous vehicle research society in the world.

Robotic surgery for gynecologic cancers: indications, techniques and controversies.

Minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic cancers is associated with fewer postoperative complications including less blood loss and quicker recovery time compared to traditional laparotomy. The robotic platform has allowed patients access to minimally invasive surgery due to its increased utilization by gynecologic oncologists. Many surgeons have embraced the robotic platform due to its technological advances over traditional laparoscopy including high-definition 3D optics, wristed instrumentation, camera stability and improved ergonomics. While robotic surgery continues as a mainstay in the management of gynecologic cancers, it remains controversial in regards to its cost effectiveness and more recently, its long-term impact on clinical and oncologic outcomes. A strong component of the justification of this surgical platform is based on extrapolated data from traditional laparoscopy despite limited prospective randomized trials for robotic-assisted surgery. In this review, we highlight the use of robotic surgery in the management of gynecologic cancers in special populations: fertility sparing patients, the morbidly obese, the elderly, and patients with a favorable response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

High definition three-dimensional exoscope (VITOM3D) for microsurgery training: a preliminary experience.

To assess the feasibility of a high definition 3D exoscope (VITOM®) for microsurgery training in a cohort of naïve medical students. Twenty-two consecutive medical students performed a battery of four exercises assessing basic microsurgical skills. The students were randomized in two different groups based on two different VITOM® holding systems (VERSACRANE™ and ARTip™ cruise). Participants self-reported the VITOM® system quality on a 4-point Likert scale (VITOM Quality Assessment Tool). The time needed to complete the exercises was analyzed. All students successfully completed the training, and no technical issues were raised during the simulation. The majority of the individual items were judged "good" or "very good" (n = 187; 94.4%), regardless of the two groups. "Image quality" (n = 21; 95%), "magnification rate" (n = 20; 91%), "stereoscopic effect" (n = 19; 86%), and "focusing" (n = 18; 82%) represented the best-rated items. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was measured in almost all items of the VITOM Quality Assessment Tool (p > 0.05). The time needed to perform each exercise showed a statistically significant difference between groups in two tests (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated the feasibility of a VITOM-based microsurgery training. The students' subjective assessment of the VITOM® 3D system was promising in terms of technological quality and technical feasibility. Further studies are recommended to define which VITOM® holding system could be more appropriate for microsurgery training.

High Definition 3D Map Creation Using GNSS/IMU/LiDAR Sensor Integration to Support Autonomous Vehicle Navigation.

Recent developments in sensor technologies such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), radar, and camera have led to emerging state-of-the-art autonomous systems, such as driverless vehicles or UAS (Unmanned Airborne Systems) swarms. These technologies necessitate the use of accurate object space information about the physical environment around the platform. This information can be generally provided by the suitable selection of the sensors, including sensor types and capabilities, the number of sensors, and their spatial arrangement. Since all these sensor technologies have different error sources and characteristics, rigorous sensor modeling is needed to eliminate/mitigate errors to obtain an accurate, reliable, and robust integrated solution. Mobile mapping systems are very similar to autonomous vehicles in terms of being able to reconstruct the environment around the platforms. However, they differ a lot in operations and objectives. Mobile mapping vehicles use professional grade sensors, such as geodetic grade GNSS, tactical grade IMU, mobile LiDAR, and metric cameras, and the solution is created in post-processing. In contrast, autonomous vehicles use simple/inexpensive sensors, require real-time operations, and are primarily interested in identifying and tracking moving objects. In this study, the main objective was to assess the performance potential of autonomous vehicle sensor systems to obtain high-definition maps based on only using Velodyne sensor data for creating accurate point clouds. In other words, no other sensor data were considered in this investigation. The results have confirmed that cm-level accuracy can be achieved.

The effect of three-dimensional visualisation on performance in endoscopic sinussurgery: A clinical training study using surgical navigation for movement analysis in a randomised crossover design.

ObjectivesEndoscopic imaging techniques and endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) expertise have evolved rapidly. Only few studies have assessed the effect of three‐dimensional (3D) endoscopy on endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The present study aimed to objectively and subjectively assess the additional value of 3D high‐definition (HD) endoscopy in ESS.DesignA randomized crossover study of endoscopic surgery performance, using five ESS tasks of varying complexity, performed on Thiel embalmed human specimens.SettingSimulated surgical environment.ParticipantsThirty participants, inexperienced in ESS.Main outcome measuresPerformance was assessed using video imaging, surgical navigation and questionnaires. Main outcome measures were as follows: efficiency (defined by time to task completion), distance covered inside the nose, average velocity towards target, accuracy (measured by error rate), and subjective assessment of endoscope characteristics.ResultsDuring ESS tasks, both efficiency and accuracy did not differ significantly between 2D HD and 3D HD endoscopy. Subjectively, imaging characteristics of the 3D HD endoscope were rated significantly better.ConclusionsESS performance of inexperienced participants was not significantly improved by the use of 3D HD endoscopy during ESS tasks, although imaging characteristics of the 3D HD endoscope were rated significantly better. Surgical field characteristics and surgical techniques are likely to influence any additional value of 3D HD endoscopy.

Comparison of three-dimensional and 4K imaging systems in novice surgeons: a cross-over study.

Laparoscopy has revolutionized the surgical field with the advent of minimally invasive techniques leading to smaller surgical wounds, enhanced recovery, early discharge from the hospital and early return to work. Since the initiation of three-dimensional (3D) systems, studies have failed to prove significant advantages over traditional two-dimensional systems which could be attributed to suboptimal image quality, poor illumination and high cost of earlier systems. Recent advances in stereoscopy have led to the introduction of high-definition (HD) systems with improvement in image quality in both two-dimensional and 3D systems. With HD and new 4K imaging system, the previous data are now obsolete. We devised a cross-over study using the Olympus 4K camera imaging system compared with the HD 3D systems using 40 novice surgeons with no prior surgical skills to perform standardized surgical tasks and the groups were crossed over to assess any difference in the learning curve with the imaging systems. The data showed a statistically significant difference in errors performed with the 3D imaging system with reduction in errors for passing needle through a ring, knot tying, cutting circle and touching circles with a needle. The time taken to perform those tasks was comparable except in knot tying where there was significant reduction in the time taken to tie knots with a P-value of <0.001 in both groups. The study showed no significant difference in the time to perform tasks. The precision of the tasks was significantly improved with the 3D systems.

Efficient 3D Road Map Data Exchange for Intelligent Vehicles in Vehicular Fog Networks

Through connecting intelligent vehicles as well as the roadside infrastructure, the perception range of vehicles can be significantly extended, and hidden objects at blind spots can be efficiently detected and avoided. To realize this, accurate road map data must be downloaded in real time to these intelligent vehicles for navigation and localization purposes. Besides, the cloud must be updated with dynamic changes that happened in the road network. These involve the transmissions of high-definition 3D road map data for accurately representing the physical environments. In this work, we propose solutions under the fog computing architecture in a heterogeneous vehicular network to optimize data exchange among intelligent vehicles, the roadside infrastructure, as well as regional databases. Specifically, the efficiency of 3D road map data dissemination at roadside fog nodes is achieved by exploiting index coding techniques to reduce the overall data load, while opportunistic scheduling of heterogeneous transmissions can be done to judiciously manage network resources and minimize operating cost. In addition, 3D point cloud coding and hashing techniques are applied to expedite the updates of various dynamic changes in the network. We empirically evaluate the proposed solutions based on real-world mobility traces of vehicles and 3D LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) data of city streets. The proposed system is also implemented in a multi-robotic testbed for practical evaluation.

Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization

Ecomorphological studies evaluating the impact of environmental and biological factors on the brain have so far focused on morphology or size measurements, and the ecological relevance of potential multi-level variations in brain architecture remains unclear in vertebrates. Here, we exploit the extraordinary ecomorphological diversity of squamates to assess brain phenotypic diversification with respect to locomotor specialization, by integrating single-cell distribution and transcriptomic data along with geometric morphometric, phylogenetic, and volumetric analysis of high-definition 3D models. We reveal significant changes in cerebellar shape and size as well as alternative spatial layouts of cortical neurons and dynamic gene expression that all correlate with locomotor behaviours. These findings show that locomotor mode is a strong predictor of cerebellar structure and pattern, suggesting that major behavioural transitions in squamates are evolutionarily correlated with mosaic brain changes. Furthermore, our study amplifies the concept of ‘cerebrotype’, initially proposed for vertebrate brain proportions, towards additional shape characters.

3D video-assisted trans-oral removal of deep hilo-parenchymal sub-mandibular stones.

SUMMARYThe aim of this paper is to describe the intra-operative findings and surgical results of the first application of 3D high-definition (HD) endoscopic support to the trans-oral surgical treatment of five patients with deep hilo-parenchymal sub-mandibular stones who underwent clinical and ultrasonographic (US) follow-up examinations at one month after the procedure. Five patients undergoing 2D-HD video-assisted transoral surgery for the same condition were used as controls. The results were classified as successful (US - demonstrated complete clearance) or unsuccessful (US - demonstrated total or partial persistence). Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used post-surgically to evaluate the sharpness and brightness of the 2D and 3D images on the screen and stereoscopic depth perception (SDP) of the 3D-HD endoscope. Successful stone removal and significant subjective improvement (lack of obstructive symptoms) was obtained in all but one of the patients in the 3D group, in whom the one-month US evaluation revealed a residual 3 mm asymptomatic hilo-parenchymal stone that was successfully treated by sialendoscopy-assisted intra-corporeal laser lithotripsy. Wharton’s duct and the lingual nerve were identified and preserved in all cases. The mean 3D-HD VAS results were brightness 7 (range 6-8), sharpness 7.8 (range 7-9) and SDP 8.2 (range 8-9); the mean 2D-HD results were brightness 7.8 (range 7-9) and sharpness 7 (range 7-8). Our findings confirm the safety and efficacy of conservative transoral surgical treatment of hilo-parenchymal sub-mandibular stones. From a surgeon’s perspective, 3D-HD guided exploration of the oral floor seems to provide a better view of Wharton’s duct and the lingual nerve, especially near the sub-mandibular parenchyma. The 3D-HD video-assisted transoral removal of deep hilo-parenchymal sub-mandibular stones can therefore be considered a useful new means of preserving the function of an obstructed salivary gland.

The application and perspectives of 3D heads-up display viewing system in vitreoretinal surgery

There has been ongoing progress in the new technique and equipment in vitreoretinal surgery in recent years, contributing to the improvement of treatment of various vitreoretinal diseases. The application of 3D heads-up display viewing system (3D viewing system) has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in vitreoretinal surgery. Unlike the traditional method in which the surgeons have to look through the microscope eyepieces, this system allows them to turn their heads up and operate with their eyes on a high-definition 3D monitor. It provides the surgeons with superior visualization and stereoscopic sensation. And increasing studies have revealed it to be as safe and effective as the traditional microscopic system. Furthermore, the surgeons can keep a heads-up position in a more comfortable posture and lesson the pressure on cervical spine. Meanwhile, 3D viewing system makes it easier for the teaching and learning process among surgeons and assistants. However, there are still potential disadvantages including the latency between surgeon maneuver and visualization on the display, learning curves and cost. We hope that the 3D viewing system will be widely used and become a useful new tool for various vitreoretinal diseases in the near future with rapid development in the technology and constant upgrade of the system. Key words: Retinal diseases/surgery; Vitreoretinal surgery; Ophthalmology/trends; Editorial; 3D heads-up display viewing system

Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP‐based 3D resource allocation algorithm

With the improvement of people's quality of life, the demand for three-dimensional (3D) video has gradually grown in recent years. However, there are many challenges to providing high-definition and high-fidelity 3D video. One of the most difficult challenges for users to provide 3D video is a large amount of energy lost during 3D video transmission. In this study, the authors present a 3D resource allocation system architecture, which can effectively alleviate the problem of large transmission energy loss. They propose that multiple users in a small cell can share video resources in the downlink from the cloud to the client. In the cloud processing, multiple users can share part of the cloud computing work cycle. In the downlink, multiple users can share part of video resources. They presume that some share output bits can be multicast to overall users, and the other bits can be sent to every user in unicast. They model this and derive the simulation results. The simulation results show that the resource allocation scheme in this study achieves greater energy savings under certain conditions than the traditional case without sharing the resource.