High Degree Of Crystallization Research Articles

Cyanogroup-Modified PEO-Based Electrolytes Achieve High Free Al3+ Concentration and Improve the Transport Dynamics in Solid-State Aluminum-Ion Batteries.

Polymer-based solid electrolyte boasting ultra-high safety, energy density, mechanical strength and flexibility, attracting much attention in the field of battery applications. However, its widespread application is hindered by the low conductivity, insufficient aluminium salt dissociation, high crystallization degree, short service life, etc. To solve the above problems, a composite solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) design based on polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw = 6 000 000) with AlCl3·6H2O as aluminum salt and butanedinitrile (SN) as plasticizer is proposed in this paper. The disorder and mobility of the PEO chains, conductivity, degree of aluminum salt dissociation, and service life are enhanced by the addition of plasticizer SN. Theoretical calculation demonstrates the formation of solvated sheath-like structure [SN…Al3+] has strong interactions with the polymer PEO, allowing rapid transport of Al3+ through the polymer segments. These results are also further verified by subsequent tests, which can reveal the Al3+ transport mechanism of room-temperature SPEs in a more reasonable way. Meanwhile, the relatively strong binding energy between PEO and SN can help to avoid the parasitic reaction between SN and Al, increase the service life of solid-state aluminium-ion batteries. Providing a promising solution for the design of solid-state battery electrolytes that can be applied at room temperature.

The key controlling factors on Sn–Cu mineralization: A case study from the world-class Gejiu Sn–Cu-polymetallic deposit

Gejiu, a globally prominent Sn–Cu-polymetallic district, contains an extensive suite of magmatic rocks. Magmatic rocks in the southeastern portion of the Gejiu district comprise the Masong and Laoka equigranular and porphyritic granites, and basalts. Previous studies have suggested that Sn mineralization in this region is primarily associated with the equigranular granite, whereas Cu mineralization is predominantly associated with the basalts. Despite this, the major factors controlling the formation and distribution of Sn–Cu mineralization in this region remain poorly constrained. This contribution characterizes the mechanisms of formation of the Gaofengshan Sn–Cu and Zhuyeshan Cu–Sn deposits, focusing on the petrogenesis of the host Masong and Laoka equigranular granites, and the evolution of the ore-forming magmatic–hydrothermal fluids. This is accomplished by combining bulk-rock geochemistry of the Masong and Laoka equigranular granites, and basalt, with biotite geochemistry from both granites and pyrite geochemistry from associated skarns. The Masong and Laoka equigranular granites crystallized from hybrid crust–mantle-derived magmas. Reduced granites like the Masong that underwent high degrees of fractional crystallization, and have elevated halogen are prospective for Sn mineralization. The abnormally high concentrations of Cu in pyrite in the Zhuyeshan deposit suggest that the Cu was primarily derived from sources external to the granite. Garnets from skarn-type ores and stratiform ores at Gaofengshan and Zhuyeshan yielded U–Pb ages of 88.2 ± 1.4 Ma and 81.8 ± 3.7 Ma, respectively, while vesuvianite from the skarn-type ores at Zhuyeshan yield a U–Pb age of 84.1 ± 0.5 Ma. These ages confirm that both the Sn and Cu mineralizing events occurred during the Late Cretaceous, coeval with emplacement of the granitic intrusions. Notably, there is no direct geochronological link between Cu mineralization and the basalt (ca. 244.4 Ma), which has a close spatial relationship with the Laoka equigranular granite. Combined with previous S–Pb isotope data, we propose that large-scale Cu mineralization in Gejiu resulted from the extraction of Cu from basalt by fluids exsolved from the Late Cretaceous equigranular granitic magmas.

Synthesis and characterization of InGaZnO nanocomposites: An insight of optical, dielectric, and magnetic properties

In this study, pure Indium oxide (In2O3 100 %) and its composite films Indium gallium oxide (IGO 50 %:50 %), and Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO 33 %:33 %:34 %) are deposited on glass substrate by Sol-gel dip coating method. Indium oxide and its composites have a high degree of crystallization, as evident by the strong diffraction peaks. The SEM images depict distinctly diverse morphologies of nanostructures varied in size from 22.2 nm to 138 nm. The wider band gap (Eg) engineering (reported (Eg≈ 3.62 eV)–In2O3, (Eg ≈ 3.83 eV)–IGO, (Eg≈3.74 eV) –IGZO) and heterostructure formation is also advantageous for novel In2O3 applications in advanced (transparent) devices and sensors. Complex impedance analysis provides insights into the grains and grain boundaries of In2O3 and its composite films (IGO, IGZO). The VSM measurements confirms that IGZO has a higher saturation magnetization value of 13.33 emu/cm3 and a lower coercivity value of 429.54 Oe as compared to In2O3 and IGO highlighting their magnetic properties suitable for spintronic and high-frequency device applications.

Modification of chain extension and crosslinking structures of recycled polyester textile for 3D printing filament

AbstractThe increase in amount of polyester textile waste is contributing to the severity of environmental pollution because polyester cannot be easily recycled. To reduce the limits of its recyclability, a value‐added recycling approach should be explored. This work introduces an approach for recycling polyester textiles into 3D printable filaments. To increase recyclability of polyester textiles, the polyester materials are modified by ADR4468 additive. After the polyester is 3D printed, the sample with 1.0 wt% of ADR4468 shows the highest tensile and compressive strength properties compared with 1.5 and 2.0 wt%, owing to its fewer voids between the printed lines, a fish scale‐like morphology that spreads out, and a higher degree of crystallization. Moreover, the mechanism of modification suggests that ADR4468 extends and crosslinks the polyester chains by ring‐opening reactions of epoxy groups of ADR4468 and forms sea‐island structures. The sea‐island structures of bonded polyester branched cores with tangled polyester shell interface areas and unbonded polyester chain areas performed suitable rheological behaviors to recycle polyester textiles for 3D printable filaments production. The filaments can be used to replace commercially available filaments, offer a sustainable option for consumers, and impact both the polyester textile‐related recycling and 3D printing industries.Highlights An approach is proposed to recycle polyester textiles for 3D printing filament The approach uses a mechanical method to recycle polyester textiles Recycled polyesters were modified by ADR4468 to form core‐shell structures Core‐shell structures were separated by short polyesters(sea‐island structure) The structures met rheological behaviors for 3D printing filament

Rubidium (Rb) enrichment processes in a highly evolved granitic system: Insights from the petrology and geochemistry of the Guobaoshan Rb deposit in eastern Tianshan, NW China

Highly fractionated granitoids are closely associated with Rb mineralization, yet the mechanisms that control Rb enrichment and details about the enrichment process have not been well constrained. The Guobaoshan Rb deposit in eastern Tianshan, NW China, is one of the largest granite-related Rb deposits; it preserves a series of gradual lithofacies ranging from biotite granite and muscovite granite to Rb-rich amazonite granite and pegmatite, and provides an excellent opportunity to constrain the Rb enrichment processes in granitic systems. The large Guobaoshan Rb deposit hosts 281,000 tons of Rb2O at a grade of 0.12% mainly in its amazonite-bearing granite and amazonite granite lithofacies. In this contribution, we integrate geochronology, bulk-rock geochemistry, and analysis of Nd and zircon Hf isotopes to characterize the evolution of the Guobaoshan granitic pluton and the mechanisms that generated Rb enrichment. The zircon U-Pb age of the biotite granite and columbite U-Pb age of the amazonite granite are 244.8 ± 1.8 Ma (1σ, mean square of weighted deviates [MSWD] = 1.1) and 241.9 ± 2.3 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 1.0), respectively. In situ Rb-Sr analysis of orthoclase, mica, and albite from the amazonite-bearing granite, amazonite granite, and pegmatite yields ages of 249.1 ± 7.3 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.6), 245.5 ± 16.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.63), and 245.8 ± 9.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 3.3), respectively. Together, these ages demonstrate that the Guobaoshan granitic pluton formed during the Triassic and underwent a protracted magmatic evolution. The Guobaoshan granitic pluton is characterized by high concentrations of SiO2, alkalis, and Al2O3, and low concentrations of MgO, Fe2O3, CaO, P2O5, and TiO2, with an Al saturation index (A/CNK) of 1.01−1.14. It is enriched in Rb, but depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Eu, has low total rare earth element (REE) contents (83.1−221 ppm), and is characterized by significantly negative anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.01−0.44). The biotite granite is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), whereas the muscovite granite, amazonite-bearing granite, amazonite granite, and pegmatite are depleted in LREEs, and exhibit a marked tetrad effect (TE1.3 = 1.05−1.50). These geochemical characteristics, combined with the non-CHARAC (charge-radius−controlled) ratios of Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, Y/Ho, and K/Rb, are indicative of melt-fluid interaction during the evolution of the Guobaoshan magma. Given that the biotite granite is the least-evolved rock, its petrological and geochemical characteristics suggest that it is an I-type granite. The slightly variable εHf(t) and consistently negative εNd(t) values indicate that the magma from which the Guobaoshan granitic pluton crystallized was likely sourced from the Mesoproterozoic crust, with limited mantle contributions. The coeval ages and coherent geochemical variations and mineral compositions of these rocks suggest that they formed via fractional crystallization of plagioclase, mica, quartz, and K-feldspar in the same magmatic system. This is supported by fractional crystallization simulations using the rhyolite-MELTS software package. Based on the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of the muscovite granite, amazonite-bearing granite, amazonite granite, and pegmatite, as well as simulations using rhyolite-MELTS, high degrees of fractional crystallization of granitic magma and interaction of this evolving magma with F-rich fluids are suggested to have been the key mechanisms that caused enrichment of Rb, while the melt-fluid interaction was more critical for Rb mineralization.

Effect of Water Content in Semidry Grinding on the Quality of Glutinous Rice Flour.

The grinding process is one of the key factors affecting the quality of glutinous rice flour (GRF). As an emerging grinding method, semidry grinding aims to solve the problems of the high yield of wastewater in traditional wet grinding and the high content of damaged starch in dry grinding, in which the water content has a great influence on the quality of GRF. However, semidry grinding has not yet been formally put into production due to limitations such as the long time required to adjust the water content of rice grains. Therefore, this work was carried out to shorten the soaking time of glutinous rice (GR) by hot air pretreatment, and to conduct a systematic and in-depth study of the effect of water content on the quality of GRF, including water distribution, water hydration properties, thermal properties, rheological properties, and microstructure. The results showed that the GRF with higher water content had lower water solubility and higher enthalpy of pasting, which were due to the low content of damaged starch and the high degree of crystallization. The particle size of the GRF became smaller as the interaction between water and starch was enhanced and the GR was softened. In addition, the viscosity and elasticity of the GRF were also improved with an increase in water content. This work provides theoretical guidance for the improvement of semidry grinding to a certain extent.

METHOD FOR OBTAINING NANOPARTICLES OF IRON-CONTAINING OXIDES AND STUDYING THEIR PROPERTIES

The synthesis of iron-containing oxide nanoparticles is of interest in medicine, electronics and ecology due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as magnetic, catalytic and adsorption properties, which allow their use in various technological processes. In this regard, this article presents the results of obtaining nanoparticles of iron-containing oxides and studying their physical and chemical properties. It is known that stabilization with natural polymers is of great importance in the production of metal nanoparticles. Therefore, in this work, the synthesis is carried out at high temperature by stabilization with potassium humate. To study the properties of the resulting iron-containing nanoparticles, methods of X-ray phase analysis, transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used. As a result of physicochemical studies, the heterogeneity and monodispersity of the synthesized metal nanoparticles was established. The average particle size of the synthesized samples was 8.3 nm, the crystal lattice parameter was 0.8426 nm. The result of the study using IR spectroscopy confirms the assumption of oxidation of the samples. In addition, it was found that the prepared samples have a high degree of crystallization. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in the sizes of nanoparticles. Pure iron oxide is not formed during the synthesis of iron nanoparticles using the method used in the research work. The unique properties of iron-containing oxide nanoparticles obtained as a result of research are promising for the creation of innovative technologies and solutions aimed at improving the quality of life and sustainable development of society.

Late Triassic lithium pegmatites in Northwest China: A response to continental collision during Paleo‐Tethys Ocean closure

Spodumene‐bearing pegmatite dyke swarms have recently been discovered in the Chaqiabeishan area, at the northeastern margin of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in northwest China. In order to elucidate the connection between the Chaqiabeishan lithium pegmatites and Triassic magmatism and mineralization within the West Kunlun – Songpan ‐Garzê rare‐metal belt, this study presents new columbite‐group mineral and monazite U–Pb dating results, mineral chemistry, monazite in situ Nd isotope analyses and gamma‐ray spectrometric measurements. Magmatism and mineralization at Chaqiabeishan mainly occurred ca. 216 Ma, and the mineralized pegmatites (Mn‐rich columbite‐group minerals, highly evolved monazite compositions and high effective uranium contents in the gamma‐ray survey) were generated from the high degree of the fractional crystallization in a volatile‐rich granitic magma. The source material of the Chaqiabeishan lithium pegmatites (εNd(t) values from −14.4 to −12.8) was more enriched than that of other pegmatite‐type lithium deposits (Jiajika and Bailongshan) in the West Kunlun – Songpan – Garzê rare‐metal belt and is ascribed to melting of ancient crustal materials in the basement. These late‐Triassic mineralizing events were closely related to the collision‐related tectonic setting at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan‐Qinghai Plateau, a product of Paleo‐Tethys Ocean closure.

Fabrication and enhanced degradation behavior of sinterless porous apatite scaffolds with centrosymmetric structure

The primary component of natural bone minerals, hydroxyapatite (HA), has been the subject of research on materials for bone implants. Sintered HA scaffolds, on the other hand, degrade slowly after implantation and exhibit a high degree of crystallization at high temperatures, making it challenging to match the rate at which new bone grows. In this study, the benefit of self-curing calcium phosphate bone cement was employed to create porous apatite scaffolds without sintering. The lamellar pore structure was created by directional freeze-casting, and the enhanced specific surface area aided the in-situ hydration process. The crystallinity of sinterless porous apatite scaffolds diminishes when the TTCP and DCPD molar ratios drop. When the molar ratio is adjusted to 1:2.25, the crystallinity of the fabricated scaffold is reduced to 63.99 %, and 10.21 % can be degraded in 30 days. The degradation of porous scaffolds in simulated body fluids mainly depends on the rapid dissolution and transformation of solid phase powders in the early hydration reaction and the slow diffusion of the apatite in the later stage. The compressive strength of the porous scaffold is 5.3 MPa and its elastic modulus is 0.68 GPa. After 14 days of degradation, the compressive strength was 4.0 MPa and the elastic modulus was 0.64 GPa, which was still within the applicable range of cancellous bone repair. It has a promising application prospect as a substitute scaffold for absorbable cancellous bone.

Use of synthetic calcium hydrosilicate in Portland cement compositions

We investigated the patterns of the synthesis of calcium hydrosilicate of tobermorite composition in the "amorphous silica–calcium hydroxide–water" system. The gradual interaction of calcium hydroxide and amorphous silicon(IV) oxide leading to the formation of synthetic tobermorite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. It was determined that the optimal duration of the synthesis of calcium hydrosilicate was 5 days, which, according to electron microscopic studies, ensured the production of grains with a size of 0.4–4 m. The influence of the synthesized tobermorite on the change in strength characteristics of cement stone during setting was studied using cement-sand mortar mixtures with sands of different particle size distribution. A comparative analysis of the effect of storage conditions of the synthesized product on the structure-forming processes of cement stone was carried out. It was established that the modifying effect of synthetic tobermorite was observed when it was dried after synthesis and stored in a dry state. Conversely, prolonged storage of calcium hydrosilicate in a wet state led to a loss of its activity and a decrease in the strength characteristics of cement stone. The mechanism of the influence of calcium hydrosilicate additive was studied by measuring the change in the rate of heat release of cement dough at the initial stage of hydration. It was shown that the addition of dry calcium hydrosilicate accelerated the physicochemical processes of hydration of clinker minerals, while the addition stored in wet conditions slowed down hydration. Electron microscopic studies of cement stone after 28 days of setting confirmed that the introduction of dry calcium hydrosilicate contributed to the formation of a structure characterized by a higher degree of crystallization and an increase in the strength of the samples.

Partitioning of tin between mafic minerals, Fe-Ti oxides and silicate melts: Implications for tin enrichment in magmatic processes

The partition coefficients of Sn (tin) between minerals and silicate melts (DSnmin/melt) are vital for understanding the Sn enrichment during magmatic processes related to tin-granites. However, experimentally determined DSnmin/melt values remain scarce due to the difficulty in avoiding severe Sn loss to noble metal capsules. In this study, we performed mineral/melt Sn partitioning experiments at 0.5–1.0 GPa, 850–1000 °C, and fO2 of FMQ + 8 to ∼ FMQ − 1. The fO2s were imposed by solid buffers of Ru–RuO2, Re–ReO2, Ni–NiO, Co–CoO and graphite using three improved capsule designs: 1) a single sample capsule (Pt) for the Ru–RuO2 buffered runs, 2) double capsules with Pt95Rh05 as outer capsule and Re as inner sample capsule for the graphite and Re–ReO2 buffered runs, and 3) triple capsules for the Co–CoO and Ni–NiO buffered runs, with Pt95Rh05 (or Au) as outer capsule, Re lined Pt as inner sample capsule. These new capsule designs avoided significant Sn loss and enabled us to obtain accurate DSnmin/melt at a controlled fO2. The experimental results show that DSnmin/melt values are 0.08–12.66 for amphibole, 0.01–5.55 for biotite, 0.09–10.39 for clinopyroxene, 0.004–0.97 for orthopyroxene, < 0.01 for olivine, 1.34–108.43 for Ti-magnetite, 0.04–4.17 for spinel and 0.10–0.64 for ilmenite. The large variation of DSn for each mineral was mainly ascribed to the effect of fO2, which results in an arresting decrease of DSn with decreasing fO2. Under the reducing conditions (fO2 < FMQ), Sn is highly incompatible (DSn < 0.1) in almost all the minerals. Modeling results indicate that partial melting at low fO2 conditions results in Sn enrichment in the derived magma, while subsequent high degree of fractional crystallization is also important for the Sn enrichment in the residual melt. The experimental and modeling results thus explain why major primary tin deposits are always related to reducing and highly fractionated granites.

Weakening the silicate network through six-coordinated magnesium to achieve a high degree of crystallization of β-CaSiO3 in calcium borosilicate glass ceramics for 5G application

β-CaSiO3 with a low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss is one of the decisive components of commercial calcium borosilicate (CBS) low-temperature co-fired ceramic substrate. However, achieving a high degree of crystallization of β-CaSiO3 is difficult in CBS glass ceramics because of the competitive multiphase crystallization during sintering. We have shown that six-coordinated magnesium can be used to weaken the silicate network to achieve a high degree of crystallization of β-CaSiO3 in CBS glass ceramics. The appropriate MgO content to ensure a large amount of MgO6 production gradually destroys the [SiO4] tetrahedral network as the temperature increases, resulting in a β-CaSiO3 content of 76.2 vol%, when the MgO content is 2.71 mol%. The resulting material has the lowest dielectric constant (4.95@15 GHz) and dielectric loss (8 × 10−4@15 GHz), and the best three-point bend strength (77.43 MPa). Our work provides an effective method of changing the crystallization by modifying the glass network in silicate-based glass ceramics with a low dielectric constant.

Thermal Transitions and Structural Characteristics of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/cucurbit[7]uril) Polypseudorotaxane and Polyrotaxane Thin Films.

Herein, we report the thermal transitions and structural properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/cucurbit[7]uril) pseudopolyrotaxane (PEDOT∙CB7-PS) and polyrotaxane (PEDOT∙CB7-PR) thin films compared with those of pristine PEDOT. The structural characteristics were investigated by using variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). VTSE and DSC results indicated the presence of an endothermic process and glass transition in the PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films. X-ray diffraction of PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR powders displayed the presence of interchain π-π stacking revealing a characteristic arrangement of aromatic rings in the internal structure of the crystallites. AFM imaging of PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films exhibited significant differences in the surface topographies compared with those of PEDOT. A high degree of crystallization was clearly visible on the surface of the PEDOT layer, whereas the PEDOT∙CB7-PS and PEDOT∙CB7-PR thin films exhibited more favorable surface parameters. Such significant differences identified in the surface morphology of the investigated layers can, therefore, be clearly associated with the presence of surrounding CB7 on PEDOT skeletons.

Facile preparation of Fe2O3 catalyst and assessment of its photodegradation performance for industrial effluent purification

This study focuses on synthesizing nano-scaled Fe2O3 particles using Araucaria columnaris (Cook's pine) leaf extract under atmosphere circumstances. These extracts serve as both a reductant and a stabilizer. Fe2O3 nanoparticle synthesis was confirmed through a comprehensive characterization process using many analytical techniques. The analysis of XRD patterns indicated that the examined samples consisted of nanoparticles of γ-Fe2O3, exhibiting a cubic crystal structure with a high degree of crystallization. Furthermore, the calculated crystallite size was resolute to be 24.5 nm. The scanning electron microscopy pictures revealed that the created samplesexhibited a combination of spherical and polyhedral morphologies. The investigation of optical characteristics, such as light absorption and bandgap width, was conducted usingUV–visible spectroscopy, employing a bandgap energy value of 3.78 eV. The study aimed to assess the removal effectiveness of Eosin yellow, Malachite green, Reactive black, and Rhodamine 6G dyes using Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized as a photocatalyst which exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficacy in the breakdown of dyes when exposed to sunlight, and the reaction period of 90 min resulted in a maximum degradation rate of 97.4 %. Considering the promising results, utilizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a photocatalyst for degrading dyes in wastewater is feasible. Additionally, Araucaria columnaris leaf extract can be an environmentally friendly and economically viable method for synthesizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

An initiator loaded separator triggering in situ polymerization of a poly(1,3-dioxolane) quasi-solid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries.

An in situ polymerization strategy is regarded as a promising approach to fabricate gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) and improve interface contact between the electrolyte and electrodes, in which the initiator is initially dissolved in the precursor solution. Herein, aluminum trifluoromethanesulfonate (Al(OTf)3) is preloaded onto a separator sheet as the initiator to trigger the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL). The polymer matrix near the separator has a higher crystallization degree than that far away from the separator. Fluoroethyl carbonate (FEC) is further introduced as a liquid plasticizer to produce an amorphous GPE for enhanced ionic conductivity and interfacial stability. As a result, the as-synthesized FEC based GPE exhibits a substantial ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature, an expanded electrochemical window of 4.8 V, and a high Li+ transference number of 0.63. The symmetric Li|Li cell exhibits a stable lifespan for 650 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2. Moreover, the LiFePO4 full cell exhibits stable cycling for 300 cycles at 1C with a capacity retention of 94.5%. This work provides a novel idea for the in situ synthesis of advanced GPEs toward practical application of solid-state lithium metal batteries.

Imine-linkage covalent organic framework synthesis in deep eutectic solvent at ambient conditions

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are important porous materials with large surface areas and adjustable pore channels with the ability of being effective adsorbents. The solvothermal synthesis of COFs usually requires elevated temperature, closed systems under high pressure, and harmful organic solvents. In addition, different conditions are needed to produce different COFs depending in part on the type of monomers used, meaning there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach synthesis route for COFs. In this work, a green synthesis routine was proposed for a series of imine-linkage COFs by using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the reaction media at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The obtained COFs are equipped with a large surface area (∼1300 m2 g−1), mesopore structure, high degree of crystallization and were synthesized with high yield. In addition, the stability of the DES structure under different temperatures and the effect of adding acetic acid (AC) for the catalytic synthesis of the COFs was also verified for the first time. Finally, the proposed routine showed good reusability which can fabricate COFs with good crystallization after four times. The synthesized COFs also showed excellent adsorption performance for dye solutions with ultra-fast kinetics, achieving nearly 100 % dye removal within 3 min with an adsorption rate of 7.399 g mg−1 min−1. The proposed routine showed clear advantages of using DES as a reaction media which includes lower synthesis temperature and pressure (i.e. room temperature and atmospheric pressure), open-air vessels, eco-friendly solvents, and good reaction media reusability.

Early Paleozoic granitic magmatism and mineralization in the Debao Sn-Cu deposit, South China: Constraints from zircon and cassiterite U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry

Numerous W-Sn deposits are developed in South China. While the majority of these deposits are related to the Yanshanian granites, a few of them are associated with the Early Paleozoic granites, and their geological significance is poorly understood. The Debao deposit is a typical skarn Sn-Cu polymetallic deposit that is spatially related to the Early Paleozoic Qinjia granites. Zircon U-Pb dating of three lithofacies (coarse-grained biotite granite, medium-grained porphyritic biotite granite and fine-grained porphyritic biotite granite) of the Qinjia granites yielded emplacement ages of 437.8 ± 3.0 Ma, 440.2 ± 2.0 Ma and 441.0 ± 3.0 Ma, respectively, consistent with cassiterite U-Pb ages of skarn ore (439.6 ± 2.7 Ma), indicating a close genetic relationship between the granitic magmatism and Sn mineralization. Biotite from the Qinjia granites belong to the ferro-biotite series with relatively high F contents (up to 0.70 wt. %). The Biotite compositions plot near the Ni-NiO (NNO) buffer on a Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+ diagram, suggesting formation under relatively low oxygen fugacity. The Qinjia granites are characterized by highly silicious (70.37–72.88 wt. %), high alkali (Na2O + K2O = 6.98–8.88 wt. %) and metaluminous to strongly peraluminous with the A/CNK ratios of 0.92–1.21, belonging to the I-S transform-type granites. They are enriched in U, Th, Zr, Nd and Hf, and depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta and Ti. They display right-declining chondrite-normalized REE patterns with significant negative Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.33–0.66), and have low Nb/Ta and K/Rb ratios, indicating that the Qinjia granites experienced a high degree of fractional crystallization. The zircon εHf(t) values (−2.7 to +1.4), together with TDMC of 1.59 to 1.33 Ga, indicate that the granites formed via partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crustal with minor addition of mantle materials. The reduced (fO2 near NNO and Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of zircon < 100), fractionated and volatile-rich magma facilitated the enrichment of Sn in the residual melt and hydrothermal fluids. Combined with previous studies on the Early Paleozoic magmatic rocks and tectonic activities in South China, we suggest that the Qinjia granites and associated Sn-Cu mineralization were likely formed in the post-collisional extensional environment during the Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny.

Texture evolution of refill friction stir spot welding in alclad 2A12-T42 aluminum alloy

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to investigate the microstructure and texture evolution of 2A12-T42 aluminum alloy during refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW). The stir zone (SZ) and the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) occurred dynamic recrystallization (DRX), with typical shear texture components. The texture is dominated by B component in the SZ, and dominated by A∗ and B components in the TMAZ. As the occurrence of the DRX, the storage energy of the grains gradually decreases, and there is a tendency to form lower energy grain orientations and texture weakening. The welding parameters determine the composition of the texture in different regions by influencing the degree of recrystallization. In the test group with the highest degree of crystallization, the SZ and TMAZ are dominated almost entirely by the B component. The TMAZ has more grains with soft orientation due to the difference in shear pattern and degree of recrystallization, which makes the texture reduce the mechanical properties of the joints. However, this reduction is not significant, with <10% variation for different test groups and regions. Compared to other strengthening mechanisms, the effect of texture strengthening is limited.

Directional Crystallization of Conjugated Molecules during Coating Processes.

The coating of organic molecules from the solution phase can result in directional crystal growth under certain conditions, even on a smooth isotropic surface and without the need of any kind of graphoexpitaxial preparation of the substrate. Based on reviewing the results from a variety of coating techniques and coating parameters, we identified that it is crucial for the coating speed to match the growth speed of the fastest growing crystal plane to achieve a high degree of directional crystallization.

Synergistic Effect of Calcination and Sintering on the Reduction of Grain Boundary Resistance of LATP Solid Electrolyte.

The NASICON-type Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP) solid electrolyte is a promising candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high stability in air and moisture, as well as high bulk ion conductivity. However, the grain boundary resistance of LATP limits its overall ionic conductivity, which remains a major obstacle to the commercialization of all-solid-state batteries. In this study, we made efforts to solve the problem by promoting the minimization of voids and the formation of well-defined grain boundaries by controlling the temperature of two heat treatments during the synthesis process. The crystallization temperature was confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis/DTA analysis, and the degree of crystallization was confirmed using XRD analysis. The formation of grain boundaries and the presence of voids were evaluated by cross-sectional SEM images after sintering. After sintering, the LA_900 °C sample, characterized by a high degree of crystallization and well-formed grain boundaries without voids, demonstrated a low bulk and grain boundary resistance, which was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The result was an ionic conductivity of 1.72 × 10-4 S/cm. These results provide valuable insights into the facile synthesis of LATP.