High Crystallinity Research Articles

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate from new isolated bacteria of Acidovorax diaphorobacter ZCH-15 using orange peel and its underlying metabolic mechanisms

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is considered a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. In this study, Acidovorax diaphorobacter ZCH-15, an efficient PHA-producing strain, was isolated from activated sludge. Using food waste-derived orange peel as a substrate, the strain initially achieved a PHA concentration of 0.39 g/L. Under optimal fermentation conditions (30℃, pH 8, 2 % inoculum concentration, and 30 g/L carbon source), the PHA concentration increased by 138 % to reach a maximum of 0.93 g/L. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography analyses identified the PHA composition as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), which exhibited high crystallinity and structural stability. Metabolomic analysis indicated that the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway were involved in producing succinyl-CoA, a precursor required for PHA synthesis. This study demonstrates the potential for cost-effective industrial PHA production while enabling the high-value utilization of food waste.

Debranched rice starch with highly enriched B1 chains enhanced the encapsulation of aroma molecules.

Three debranched rice starch (DBS) with varying chain lengths were isolated in the hydrolysate solution-to-ethanol ratio of 1:3, 1:1.5, and 1:0, which were named as DBS1:3, DBS1:1.5, and DBS1:0, respectively. Three C8 aroma molecules with distinct functional groups, namely 1-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and γ-octalactone, were selected as the research objects. DBS1:1.5 exhibited a narrow chain length distribution and the content of B1 chains with degree of polymerization 13-24 was 58.77%. The inclusion rates of DBS1:1.5 with the aforementioned aroma molecules ranged from 42.30% to 68.09%, which were higher than those of DBS1:0 (8.72%-12.16%) and DBS1:3 (24.26%-48.24%). Additionally, DBS1:1.5-aroma complexes showed high crystallinity, short-range order, and thermal stability. DBS1:0-aroma and DBS1:3-aroma complexes possessed a hybrid crystal structure combining B-type and V-type arrangements, characterized by low short-range order and thermal stability. The mechanism by which aroma molecules affected their interaction with starch was associated with their structure and hydrophobicity. High hydrophobicity and linear structure facilitated the interaction of 1-octanol with starch, thereby enhancing its encapsulation effect. Contrastingly, the low hydrophobicity and large size of the lactone ring attenuated the interaction between γ-octalactone and DBS. This research held significant implications for improving aroma quality in starch-based food processing.

Non-fullerene acceptors with high crystallinity and photoluminescence quantum yield enable >20% efficiency organic solar cells.

The rational design of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with both high crystallinity and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is of crucial importance for achieving high-efficiency and low-energy-loss organic solar cells (OSCs). However, increasing the crystallinity of an NFA tends to decrease its PLQY, which results in a high non-radiative energy loss in OSCs. Here we demonstrate that the crystallinity and PLQY of NFAs can be fine-tuned by asymmetrically adapting the branching position of alkyl chains on the thiophene unit of the L8-BO acceptor. It was found that L8-BO-C4, with 2-butyloctyl on one side and 4-butyldecyl on the other side, can simultaneously achieve high crystallinity and PLQY. A high efficiency of 20.42% (certified as 20.1%) with an open-circuit voltage of 0.894 V and a fill factor of 81.6% is achieved for the single-junction OSC. This work reveals how important the strategy of shifting the alkyl chain branching position is in developing high-performance NFAs for efficient OSCs.

Bi2O3‐Modified Rice‐Like Brookite TiO2 for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity under Visible‐Light Irradiation

AbstractBrookite TiO2 is a metastable crystalline phase, which is difficult to prepare manually. In this study, brookite TiO2 with controllable morphology was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The prepared brookite TiO2 was a complete rice‐like granular particle with a smooth surface and sharp edges at the tip of both ends. And the diameter of an individual brookite TiO2 was approximately 200 nm. Then, to improve the photocatalytic degradation performance of brookite TiO2, we prepared Bi2O3/brookite TiO2 nanocomposites. After Bi2O3 composite, the crystalline phase of brookite TiO2 did not change, and still maintained high purity and crystallinity. The Bi2O3 nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of brookite TiO2, forming heterogeneous structures in close contact. The Bi2O3/brookite TiO2 nanocomposite exhibited a significantly higher degradation rate of ofloxacin (20 mg L−1) under visible light (300 W Xenon lamp, λ ≥ 400 nm) compared to pure brookite TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of 5 mol% Bi2O3/brookite TiO2 was the best, the degradation rate of OFX reached 90.7%. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3/brookite TiO2 nanocomposites was attributed to the formation of Bi2O3/brookite TiO2 heterojunction, which accelerated the photogenerated charge‐hole separation. This study provided theoretical support for efficient photocatalytic degradation of pollutants.

Two-dimensional BiTeX crystals with persistent luminescence induced by photochemical reactions.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are highly valued for their unique properties and potential applications, as they can display exotic behaviors differing from those of their bulk forms. Research on elementary and binary solids has been making great progress recently, while synthesizing multi-component 2D materials experimentally remains a challenge, despite the possibility of greatly extending the number of members of the 2D realm. In this study, we synthesized ternary BiTeX (X = Cl, Br, I) nanosheets with high crystallinity through an electrochemical exfoliation method. Structural analysis confirmed the retention of bulk composition in these nanosheets. Interestingly, the BiTeX nanosheets display a persistent luminescence effect, where the photogenerated carriers exhibit lifetimes of over 100 seconds. Furthermore, the recovery time increased at lower temperatures. The persistent luminescence in 2D BiTeX, which can be ascribed to reversible bond cleavage and recovery under photoexcitation, exhibits potential for applications in fluorescence and photo-responsive systems.

Electromagnetism and thermostability of Cr7C3synthesised with high-temperature and high-pressure quenching method.

The interactions between the carbon skeleton and the metal atoms of a binary transition metal carbide (BTMC) are particular interest for industrial applications with openning physics and chemitry questions, especially in magnetoelectric (ME) functional materials and cemented carbides. Chromium and carbon BTMCs are a series of intermetallic compounds with typical chemical formulas and sharepolycrystalline powder c somehromium special characteristics.and carbon as precursors, In this paper,and synthesized s we usedingle-phase bluk Cr7C3 (orthorhombic, with space group: Pnma) with high density and good crystallinity by means of high-temperature and high-pressure quenching method (HTHPQM). We studied the material properties and electronic structures of Cr7C3studied with both experimental measurements and Density Functional Theory (DFT) ab intio simulations, and found that Cr7C3 is acompaction conductor(97.2 %), with anexcellent electrical conductivitythermostability (oxidation (2.32 10×at 1175 -3K)Ω·m), relative highand a magnetic phase transition from paramagnetism to soft ferromagnetism around 50 K, and the electromagnetic propertities are chiefly due to the abundancy of the 3d electrons of Cr, and the orbital hybridization between C and Cr with their 2p and 3d electrons is the reason for the crystal sturcture and high thermostability. Therefore, the prepared Cr7C3 is multifunctional material with better application prospects, and the HPHTQM is a simple and effective mothed to prepare samples as BTMCs.&#xD.

Enhancement of Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐67 in Polyethylene Oxide‐Based Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Improved Ionic Conductivity and Stability

ABSTRACTPolyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based polymers are commonly used in solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries, though their high crystallinity at room temperature reduces ionic conductivity. In this research, zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67), with its regular dodecahedral structure, large surface area, and numerous nanoscopic pores, is synthesized and uniformly dispersed into a PEO matrix to create a novel composite polymer electrolyte (CPE). ZIF‐67 effectively reduces PEO crystallinity and enhances the mechanical properties of the electrolyte by disrupting the order structure of the PEO polymer chains. The resulting CPE achieves an ion conductivity of 6.50 × 10−4 S cm−1, and demonstrated high interfacial compatibility and stability with optimized ZIF‐67 content. Furthermore, the LiCoO2/CPE/Li battery exhibits good cycle stability at 0.1 C, with discharge capacities of 130.81, 125.31, and 112.25 mAh/g at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 C. Therefore, ZIF‐67 presents a promising strategy for enhancing battery performance and developing high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.

The Design of Intrinsically Conductive Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Thermoelectric Materials

Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer exciting promise in the development of sustainable, green energy alternatives. Ideal TE materials promote high electrical conductivity, whilst effectively scattering phonons for reduced thermal conductivity, thus giving the phonon‐glass electron‐crystal concept. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials that could meet these criteria. The high crystallinity of MOFs can offer effective pathways for charge transport whilst their intrinsic high porosity yields ultralow thermal conductivity. The high structural diversity of MOFs, owing to the versatile coordination of metal cation/cluster and linker offers the potential to systematically tune their properties for TE performance. This review examines the advancement in the design strategies that have thus far been implemented toward intrinsically conductive MOFs and how these should be tailored for application toward TE materials. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the unique properties of MOFs, future research can pave the way for innovative and efficient TE MOF materials.

Surface Template Realizing Oriented Perovskites for Highly Efficient Solar Cells.

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films, ensuring optically active phase purity with uniform crystal orientation, are ideal for photovoltaic applications. However, the optically active α-FAPbI3 phase is easy to degrade into δ-phase due to numerous defects within randomly oriented films. Here, a "quasi-2D" perovskite template is pre-deposited on the film surface within the crystallization process based on the two-step preparation technology, which directly induced pure and highly orientated crystallization of α-FAPbI3 across the downward growth process. Furthermore, the enlarged interaction between 2D components with colloidal properties and lead iodide delayed the crystallization process effectively, yielding high crystallinity with low trap state density. The resulting perovskite photovoltaic devices exhibited a champion efficiency as high as 25.79% with comprehensively improved device stability. This work provides new insights into the utilization of 2D components and the formation mechanism behind 2D perovskites.

CO2 Plasma Treatment To Prepare the Rear Emitter with a Boron-Doped Hydrogenated Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Silicon Stack for a High-Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell.

A rear emitter with a p-type boron-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon/nanocrystalline silicon [a-Si:H(p)/nc-Si:H(p)] stack was prepared for the silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell to improve its short-circuit current density (JSC). CO2 plasma treatment (CO2 PT) was applied to a-Si:H(p) to facilitate the crystallization of the subsequently deposited nc-Si:H(p). To evaluate the effect of the CO2 PT, two different nc-Si:H(p) layers with low and high crystallinity (χC) were investigated. For the emitter with low crystallinity (χC = 21%), the solar cell efficiency could boost from 23.6 to 25.0% with a 10 s short-time CO2 PT primarily due to the significant increase in fill factor (FF) and JSC. χC of the emitter increased to 41%. For the emitter with high crystallinity (χC = 60%), the solar cell efficiency increased from 25.1 to 25.2% with a 7 s short-time CO2 PT. χC of the emitter increased to 70%. The corresponding improvement mechanisms were analyzed by combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements. It is considered that an appropriate short-time CO2 PT to a-Si:H(p) can make the subsequent nc-Si:H(p) more transparent and conductive by facilitating its crystallization without deteriorating the underneath passivation layer. Thus, the solar cell efficiency can be improved, especially with the enhanced FF and JSC. As a demonstration, the SHJ solar cell with the CO2 PT-treated a-Si:H(p)/nc-Si:H(p) stack emitter achieved an efficiency of up to 25.27%.

Interface Engineering and Modulation of Nickel Oxide for High Air-Stable p-Type Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells.

Dopant-free passivating contact crystalline silicon solar cells hold the potential of higher efficiency and cost down. In the hole-transport terminal, one still faces the challenge of trade-off between efficiency and stability. In this work, a H-Al2O3/NiOx/Ni stacked hole-transport layer is proposed, where the H-Al2O3 standing for H-rich Al2O3 film can effectively reduce the interfacial defects and the high work function Ni metal results in a low contact resistance of 47.12mΩcm2. Consequently, the solar cell achieves an efficiency of 20.51%, with a fill factor of 84.83%, demonstrating satisfactory stability. This work provides a strategy for reducing interfacial defects and highlights the potential of stacked structure design for enhancing passivated contact solar cell performance.

A Comparative Study on Centella Asiatica‐Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Implications for Wound Healing

AbstractConventional wound dressings often lack efficient antimicrobial properties and may exhibit limited bio‐compatibility, necessitating the development of advanced solutions for effective wound healing. Green synthesis of nanoparticles opens the door to a strategy that is efficient in terms of pharmaceutical biotechnology, besides being nontoxic and eco‐friendly. In the present study, Centella asiatica leaf extract conjugated with silver nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and their bioactivity is compared. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) results show 4‐butoxy‐1‐Butanol, Phthalic acid, and 2‐propyldecan‐1‐ol as major phytochemicals in Centella asiatica. The green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs) are characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TEM results confirm the circular morphology for Ag‐NPs and elliptical structures for CuO‐NPs, whereas energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) spectrum confirms the presence of Cu and Ag in their respective samples. XRD spectrum confirms that both the nanoparticles exhibit high crystallinity. Both nanoparticles demonstrate satisfactory radical scavenging activity as confirmed by the 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. CuO‐NPs exhibit greater antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in comparison to the Ag‐NPs evident from the clear zone of inhibition obtained. In conclusion, green synthesized CuO‐NPs prove to have enhanced wound healing activity in the NIH3T3 fibroblast cells than Ag‐NPs.

Stress Relaxation for Lead Iodide Nucleation in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Porous lead iodide (PbI2) film is crucial for the complete reaction between PbI2 and ammonium salts in sequential-deposition technology so as to achieve high crystallinity perovskite film. Herein, it is found that the tensile stress in tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) electron transport layer (ETL) is a key factor influencing the morphology and crystallization of PbI2 films. Focusing on this, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiOTf) is used as an interfacial modifier in the SnO2/PbI2 interface to decrease the tensile stress to reduce the necessary critical Gibbs free energy for PbI2 nuclei formation. The relaxed tensile stress facilitates the more porous PbI2 generation with larger particles and higher roughness, resulting in superior-quality perovskite films. Besides, this strategy effectively passivates the inherent electron traps of SnO2 and smooths the interfacial energy levels, boosting the charge extraction and transfer. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.33% (25.10% stabilized for 600 s) is achieved. Furthermore, the device demonstrates exceptional stability, retaining 90% of its initial PCE at its maximum power point tracking measurement (under 100mW cm-2 white light illumination at ≈55°C temperature, in N2 atmosphere) after 600 h.

Self-Organized Protonic Conductive Nanochannel Arrays for Ultra-High-Density Data Storage.

While the highest-performing memristors currently available offer superior storage density and energy efficiency, their large-scale integration is hindered by the random distribution of filaments and nonuniform resistive switching in memory cells. Here, we demonstrate the self-organized synthesis of a type of two-dimensional protonic coordination polymers with high crystallinity and porosity. Hydrogen-bond networks containing proton carriers along its nanochannels enable uniform resistive switching down to the subnanoscale range. Leveraging such nanochannel arrays, we achieve logic operations of graphical gate circuits with negligible leakage and sneak path currents over areas ranging from 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm to 20 nm × 20 nm, providing the smallest building blocks to date for large-scale integration. The nonvolatile resistive switching exhibits high mobility (∼0.309 cm2 V-1 s-1), a large on/off ratio (∼103), and ultrahigh-density data storage (∼645 Tbit/in2), even within a trilayer (∼4.01 nm). An ultrahigh-precision artificial retina with integrated convolutional neural network calculations is demonstrated, enabling facial and color recognition capabilities.

Nickel‐Doped h‐MoO3 Cathodes: A High‐Performance Material for Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

ABSTRACTThis study introduces a novel method for the effective doping of hexagonal molybdenum trioxide (h‐MoO3) microstructures with different contents of nickel, significantly enhancing its electrochemical performance in aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs). Ni doping does not alter the high crystallinity and phase purity of the pristine oxide but modifies its defective structure and electronic properties. Electrochemical tests, including cyclic voltammograms and charge–discharge cycling, showed improvements in capacity and stability for Ni‐doped samples as compared with undoped ones. Moreover, the incorporation of Ni was found to enhance the structural integrity and electrochemical stability of h‐MoO3, preventing the formation of intermediate phases during cycling and reducing resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The existence of an optimal Ni doping of about 1 at% is evidenced. Samples with this Ni content attain a stabilized specific capacity of 230 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles, doubling that reported in previous works for h‐MoO3 composites with carbon nanotubes. Nickel‐doped h‐MoO3 shows exciting potential for advanced AIB applications, paving the way for further energy storage technology advancements.

Synthesis and Properties of Biodegradable Copolyester with Phenyl Side Groups

AbstractPoly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable copolyester that has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, its application is limited by low tensile strength and elastic modulus. Current research focuses on copolymerization modifications aimed at enhancing PBAT's performance. In this study, a novel copolyester with phenyl side groups, poly(butylene‐co‐3‐phenoxy‐1,2‐propylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBPAT), is synthesized via melt polycondensation. The impact of varying amounts of the fourth monomer, 3‐phenoxy‐1,2‐propylene glycol (PPDO), on the copolyester's properties is investigated. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy confirm the structure and composition of PBPAT. The molecular weight, thermal properties, mechanical properties, processing characteristics, and hydrophilicity of the copolymers are comprehensively evaluated. The results indicate that PPDO does not affect the crystal structure of PBAT. However, the performance of PBPAT is significantly influenced by the PPDO content, which the optimal mechanical properties are achieved with 12.5% PPDO, demonstrating a tensile strength of 26.1 MPa and an elastic modulus of 220.6 MPa. Furthermore, PBPAT copolyesters exhibit high crystallinity, heat resistance, good hydrophilicity, and superior processability. The novel PBPAT copolyester offers enhanced performance characteristics and holds potential for replace commercial PBAT, thereby expanding the application scope of biodegradable materials.

Enhanced antimycotic activity of biomodified copper oxide nanoparticles from indigenous state flowers of Jharkhand: an in vitro and in silico approach

Current study investigates the medicinal applications of Butea monosperma (Palash), the state flower of Jharkhand, India, focusing on synthesising biomodified copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and its antifungal properties. Flavonoid content in the flower extract was quantified by aluminium chloride colorimetric analysis. CuO-NPs were synthesised via co-precipitation method and then modified with methanolic flower extract. Characterization confirmed the properties of these NPs including their high crystallinity, spherical structure and nanoscale size (9–90 nm size). Anti-fungal activity revealed significant inhibition of hyphal growth at concentrations of 100–1000 ppm (76.6% for F. oxysporum and 75.05% for S. rolfsii). Statistical and computational analysis confirmed the effectiveness of these NPs by showing strong interactions between the CuO-NPs and fungal proteins.

Production, structure, and performance of guar gum based bacterial cellulose generated from soy sauce residue hydrolysate by in-situ fermentation.

Guar gum based bacterial cellulose (GG-BC) was generated from the soy sauce residue hydrolysate by in-situ fermentation, and its structure and performance were learned systematically. The GG concentration of 0.2 % was most suitable for GG-BC production with the yield of 1.21 g/L. During the in-situ fermentation, GG was implanted into the nano network of BC and thus altered its microstructure and properties. According to the FT-IR and NMR results, GG-BC had similar functional group structure and cellulose structural framework to those of BC. The degree of polymerization (DP) of GG-BC was 526.32-832.16, which was higher than that (426.32) of BC. Also, the GG-BC with low GG addition (0.2 % and 0.4 %) had a higher crystallinity than BC. Moreover, the GG-BC had a better heat tolerance than BC based on its higher temperature reaching the maximum degradation rate. The GG-BC with suitable GG addition had better texture characteristics, UV barrier property, swelling rate, and antioxidant activity than those of BC, showing that the in-situ fermentation with GG addition could promote the performance of GG-BC. Overall, this study can provide an attractive technology for both solving the environmental issue brought by soy sauce residue and producing high value-added GG-BC with good performance efficiently.

Synergistic Effects of Fluorinated Li-Based Metal-Organic Framework Filler on Matrix Polarity and Anion Immobilization in Quasi-Solid State Electrolyte for Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) based electrolyte is a promising alternative to liquid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries. However, its commercial application is limited by high crystallinity and low Li+ ion conductivity. In this study, we synthesized a fluorinated Li-based metal-organic framework (Li-MOF-F) and used it as a filler to address these limitations. The strategy for the Li-MOF-F filler stands out in two main aspects: framework structure for rapid Li+ ion transport and F-functional group with electronegativity. The LiO4 with π-π conjugated dicarboxylate enables the reversible Li intercalation in the lattice structure. The fluorine atoms with electronegativity transform the polymer matrix from non-polar to polar phase and immobilize TFSI- anions by electrostatic interaction. As a result, the PVDF-HFP electrolyte with Li-MOF-F (LMF-PE) achieves the highest polarity and Li transference number. In Li/Li symmetric cell tests, LMF-PE demonstrates stable Li plating/stripping behavior without dendrites. Additionally, we applied lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) with 94 % Ni content as a cathode material in cell test. LMF-PE cell delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 226.9 mAh g-1 and 80 % capacity retention after 150 cycles, highlighting its superior cycling performance. These enhancements are attributed to the structural and electrostatic benefits of Li-MOF-F.

Heteroepitaxial (111) Diamond Quantum Sensors with Preferentially Aligned Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers for an Electric Vehicle Battery Monitor

AbstractA platform for heteroepitaxial (111) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond quantum sensors with preferentially aligned nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers on a large substrate is developed, and its operation as an electric vehicle (EV) battery monitor is demonstrated. A self‐standing heteroepitaxial CVD diamond film with a (111) orientation and a thickness of 150 µm is grown on a non‐diamond substrate and subsequently separated from it. The high uniformity and crystallinity of the (111)‐oriented diamond is confirmed. A 150‐µm thick NV‐diamond layer is then deposited on the heteroepitaxial diamond. The T2 value measured by confocal microscopy is 20 µs, which corresponds to substitutional nitrogen defect concentration of 8 ppm. The nitrogen‐vacancy concentration and T2* are estimated to be 0.05 ppm and 0.05 µs by continuous wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW‐ODMR) spectroscopy in a fiber‐top sensor configuration. In a gradiometer, where two sensors are placed on both sides of the busbar, the noise floor is 17 nT/Hz0.5 in the frequency range of 10–40 Hz without magnetic shielding. The Allan deviation of the magnetic field noise in the laboratory is below 0.3 µT, which corresponds to a busbar current of 10 mA, in the accumulation time range of 10 ms to 100 s.